Reduction of trait anxiety through participation in outward bound

References

• Adler , J. 1984 . The fight to conquer fear . Newsweek , April 23 : 66 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Bird , A. and Cripe , B. 1986 . Psychology and sport behavior , St. Louis : Times Mirror/Mosby .
   Google Scholar
• Borstelmann , L. 1970 . “ Psychological readiness for and change associated with the Outward Bound process: North Carolina Outward Bound School ” . Morganton, NC : North Carolina Outward Bound . (Mimeographed)
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , D. 1963 . “ Social attitudes and other acquired behavioral dispositions ” . In Psychology: a study of a science , Edited by: Kock , S. Vol. 6 , 94 – 172 . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold Company .
   Google Scholar
• Carney , R. 1971 . Risk‐taking behavior , Springfield, IL : Charles C. Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Carr , A. 1979 . “ The psychopathology of fear ” . In Fear in animals and man , Edited by: Sluckin , W. 199 – 235 . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold Company .
   Google Scholar
• Cattell , R. and Scheier , I. 1958 . The nature of anxiety: a review of thirteen multivariate analyses comprising 814 variables . Psychological Reports , 4 : 351 – 398 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheek , J. . Recent research in social anxiety . Symposium presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association . Washington DC. “Shyness and self‐esteem: a personological perspective” , Edited by: Leary , M.
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi , M. 1975 . Beyond boredom and anxiety , San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , R. 1972 . The fear experience in rock climbing and its influence upon future self‐actualization , University of Southern California . Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Drebing , C. , Willis , S. and Genet , B. 1987 . Anxiety as an intervening variable in the Outward Bound process . Journal of Experiential Education , 10 (2) : 17 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Epstein , S. 1976 . “ Anxiety, arousal and the self‐concept ” . In Stress and anxiety , Edited by: Sarason , I. and Spielberger , C. Vol. 3 , Washington DC : Hemisphere Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Ewert , A. 1982 . A study of the effects of participation in an Outward Bound short course upon the reported self‐concepts of selected participants , Eugene : University of Oregon . Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Ewert , A. 1983 . Outdoor adventure and self‐concept: a research analysis , Eugene, OR : Center for Leisure Studies, University of Oregon .
   Google Scholar
• Ewert , A. 1987a . Fear and anxiety in environmental education programs . The Journal of Environmental Education , 18 (1) : 33 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Ewert , A. 1987b . “ Emerging trends in outdoor adventure recreation ” . In High adventure outdoor pursuits , (2nd ed.) , Edited by: Meier , J. , Morash , T. and Welton , G. 149 – 159 . Columbus, OH : Publishing Horizons .
   Google Scholar
• Fowler , F. 1984 . Survey research methods , Applied Social Research Methods Series Volume 1 , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Giddings , W. 1971 . An investigation of the relationship between the self‐concepts and anxiety levels of counselor‐candidates and their performance in counseling interviews , Northern Illinois University . Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Glass , C. , Merluzzi , T. , Biever , J. and Larsen , K. 1982 . Cognitive assessment of social anxiety: development and validation of a self‐assessment questionnaire . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 6 : 37 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore , D. 1987 . “ Marketing Director, Pacific Crest Outward Bound ” . Personal communication
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. 1974 . Psychology of fear and stress , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Hauck , P. 1975 . Overcoming worry and fear , Philadelphia : Westminster Press .
   Google Scholar
• Houston , C. 1968 . “ The last blue mountain ” . In Why man takes chances , Edited by: Klausner , S. Garden City, NY : Doubleday and Company .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , I. 1987 . The impact of an outdoor rehabilitation program for adjudicated juveniles . Therapeutic Recreation Journal , 21 (3) : 30 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Izard , C. and Tomkins , S. 1966 . “ Affect and behavior: anxiety as a negative affect ” . In Anxiety and behavior , Edited by: Spielberger , C. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , S. and Talbot , J. 1983 . “ Psychological benefits of a wilderness experience ” . In Behavior and the Natural Environment , Edited by: Altman , I. and Wohlwill , J. 163 – 203 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Krieger , W. 1970 . The effects of an organized camping experience on self‐concept change in relation to three variables: age, sex and observable behavior change , University of New Mexico . Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Kroll , W. 1979 . “ The stress in high performance athletics ” . In Coach, athlete and the sport psychologist , Edited by: Klavora , P. and Daniel , J. Toronto, , Canada : University of Toronto .
   Google Scholar
• Leary , M. 1983 . Understanding social anxiety , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Levitt , E. 1980 . The psychology of anxiety , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , R. 1979 . Taking chances , Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company .
   Google Scholar
• Mackintosh , N. 1974 . The psychology of animal learning , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Manning , R. 1986 . Studies in outdoor recreation , Corvallis, OR : Oregon State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. , Richards , G. and Barnes , J. 1986 . Multidimensional self‐concepts: the effect of participation in an Outward Bound program . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 (1) : 195 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayes , A. 1979 . “ The physiology of fear and anxiety ” . In Fear in animals and man , Edited by: Sluckin , W. 24 – 55 . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold Company .
   Google Scholar
• Rachman , S. 1974 . The meanings of fear , Baltimore : Penguin Books .
   Google Scholar
• Rachman , S. 1977 . The conditioning theory of fear‐acquisition: a critical examination . Behavioral Research and Therapy , 15 : 375 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royce , J. and Powell , A. 1983 . Theory of personality and individual differences: factors, systems and processes , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Schachter , S. and Singer , J. 1962 . Cognitive, social and physiological determinants of emotional state . Psychological Review , 69 : 379 – 399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman , M. 1975 . Helplessness: on depression, development and death , San Francisco : Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Shore , A. 1977 . Outward Bound: a reference volume , New York : Topp Litho .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , M. , Gabriel , R. , Schott , J. and Padia , W. 1975 . Evaluation of the effects of Outward Bound: part one—research report; part two—participant observation , Boulder : Bureau of Educational Field Services, University of Colorado .
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. , Gorsuch , R. and Lushene , R. 1970 . STAI manual , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. , ed. 1966 . Anxiety and behavior , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , S. 1985 . The effect of course length on self‐concept changes in participants of Minnesota Outward Bound School junior program , Buffalo : State University of New York . Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Walsh , V. and Golins , G. 1975 . The exploration of the Outward Bound process , Denver : Colorado Outward Bound .
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler , E. 1965 . Anxiety, mental ability and reported views of self . The School Counselor , October : 33 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Wildt , A. and Ahtola , O. 1978 . Analysis of covariance , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Zuckerman , M. 1976 . “ General and specific traits and states: new approaches to assessment ” . In Emotions and anxiety: new concepts, methods and applications , Edited by: Zuckerman , M. and Spielberger , C. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar