Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research

References

• Absher , J.D. and Lee , R.G. 1981 . Density as an incomplete cause of crowding in backcountry settings . Leisure Sciences , 4 : 231 – 247 .
   Google Scholar
• Adelman , B.J. , Heberlein , T.A. and Bonnicksen , T.M. 1982 . Social psychological explanations for the persistence of a conflict between paddling canoeists and motorcraft users in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area . Leisure Sciences , 5 : 45 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Altaian , I. 1975 . The environment and social behavior , Monterey, CA : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Blackwood , T. 1977 . Selected characteristics, perceptions and management preferences of day‐use rafters on the Upper Wolf River , Madison : University of Wisconsin . Master's thesis,
   Google Scholar
• Botkin , M.A. 1985 . Crowding tolerances and preferences for climbers at Seneca Rocks, West Virginia: A comparative study , College Park : University of Maryland . Ph.D. diss.,
   Google Scholar
• Bultena , G. , Field , D. , Womble , P. and Albrecht , D. 1981 . Closing the gates: A study of back‐country use‐limitation at Mount McKinley National Park . Leisure Sciences , 4 : 249 – 267 .
   Google Scholar
• Desor , J.A. 1972 . Toward a psychological theory of crowding . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 21 (1) : 79 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditton , R.B. , Fedler , A.J. and Graefe , A.R. 1983 . Factors contributing to perceptions of recreational crowding . Leisure Sciences , 5 : 273 – 288 .
   Google Scholar
• Ditton , R.B. , Graefe , A.R. and Fedler , A.J. 1981 . “ Recreational satisfaction on the Buffalo National River: Some measurement concerns ” . In Some recent products of river recreation research general , St. Paul, MN : Department of Agriculture Forest Service . technical report NC‐63) 9–17.
   Google Scholar
• Donnelly , M.P. 1980 . An investigation of hikers’ perceptions of the Great Gulf Wilderness Area in New Hampshire , College Park : University of Maryland . Master's thesis,
   Google Scholar
• Donnelly , M.P. and Vaske , J.J. 1981 . Turkey hunters in Maryland: A comparison with hunters and fishermen in the Mid‐west , MP 955 contribution no. 5774) College Park, MD : Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station .
   Google Scholar
• Downing , K. and Clark , R.N. . Users’ and managers’ perceptions of dispersed recreation impacts: A focus on roaded forest lands . Conference proceedings: Recreational impact on wildlands . Seattle : Department of Agriculture Forest Service . Report R‐6–001–1979) 18–23.
   Google Scholar
• Driver , B. and Tocher , S.R. 1970 . “ Toward a behavioral interpretation of recreation with implications for planning ” . In Elements of Outdoor Recreation Planning , Edited by: Driver , B.L. 9 – 31 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Galle , O. , Gove , W. and McPherson , J. 1972 . Population density and pathology: What are the relations for man? . Science , 176 (7) : 309 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graefe , A.R. , Donnelly , M.P. and Vaske , J.J. 1986 . “ Crowding and specialization: A reexamination of the crowding model ” . In Proceedings: National wilderness research conference: Current research report INT‐212) , 333 – 338 . Ogden, UT : USDA Forest Service .
   Google Scholar
• Graefe , A.R. , Kuss , F.R. and Vaske , J.J. 1989 . Recreation impacts and carrying capacity: A visitor impact management framework , Washington, DC : National Parks and Conservation Association .
   Google Scholar
• Graefe , A.R. , Todd , S.L. , Moore , R.L. and Lenz , G.E. 1988 . A boating capacity evaluation of Raystown Lake , Vicksburg : Army Corps of Engineers . (interim report)
   Google Scholar
• Graefe , A.R. , Vaske , J.J. and Kuss , F.R. 1984 . Social carrying capacity: An integration and synthesis of twenty years of research . Leisure Sciences , 6 : 395 – 431 .
   Google Scholar
• Graefe , A.R. , Vaske , J.J. , Kuss , F.R. , Pawelko , K.A. and Miles , A.M. 1984 . Visitor perceptions towards restricted use policies in the White Mountain National Forest , Laconia, NH : White Mountain National Forest . technical report)
   Google Scholar
• Gramann , J.H. 1982 . Toward a behavioral theory of crowding in outdoor recreation: An evaluation and synthesis of research . Leisure Sciences , 5 : 109 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Gramann , J.H. and Burdge , R.J. 1981 . The effects of recreational goals on conflict perception: The case of water skiers and fisherman . Journal of Leisure Research , 13 (1) : 15 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammitt , W.E. , McDonald , C.D. and Noe , F.P. 1984 . Use level and encounters: Important variables of perceived crowding among nonspecialized recreationists . Journal of Leisure Research , 16 (1) : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HBRS . 1985 . Glen Canyon anglers attribute study , Madison, WI : HBRS . technical report)
   Google Scholar
• HBRS . 1986 . White water boaters contingent valuation report , Madison, WI : HBRS . technical report)
   Google Scholar
• Heberlein , T.A. . Density, crowding, and satisfaction: Sociological studies for determining carrying capacities . Proceedings: River recreation management and research symposium report NC‐28) . pp. 67 – 76 . St. Paul, MN : Department of Agriculture Forest Service .
   Google Scholar
• Heberlein , T.A. 1988 . Sandhill deer hunters , Madison, WI : University of Wisconsin . Unpublished data
   Google Scholar
• Heberlein , T.A. and Laybourne , B. 1978 . The Wisconsin deer hunter: Social characteristics, attitudes and preferences for proposed hunting season changes , working paper no. 10) Madison, WI : University of Wisconsin Center for Resources Policy Studies and Programs .
   Google Scholar
• Heberlein , T.A. and Proudman , S.C. . Declining canoe use and social carrying capacity: A 1975–1985 comparison of a northwoods river . Paper presented at the First National Symposium on Social Science in Resource Management .
   Google Scholar
• Heberlein , T.A. and Vaske , J.J. 1977 . Crowding and visitor conflict on the Bois Brule River , Madison, WI : University of Wisconsin Water Resources Center . report WISC WRC 77–04)
   Google Scholar
• Heberlein , T.A. , Baumgartner , R.M. and Trent , J. 1980 . Pheasant hunter density, satisfaction, and preferences for management options at the Bong Public Recreation Area , Madison, WI : University of Wisconsin Department of Rural Sociology . interim report)
   Google Scholar
• Heberlein , T.A. , McKinnell , T. and Ervin , L. 1986 . Recreational boating across time and place Tables presented at the Hotel Chequamegon
   Google Scholar
• Heberlein , T.A. , Trent , J.P. and Baumgartner , R.M. 1982 . The influence of hunter density on firearm deer hunters’ satisfaction . Transactions of the 42nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference , 42 : 665 – 676 .
   Google Scholar
• Hendee , J.C. and Harris , R.W. 1970 . Foresters’ perception of wilderness users’ attitudes and preferences . Journal of Forestry , 68 : 7759 – 7762 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Environmental Studies . . Delavan Lake: A recovery and management study . Presented at the Water Resources Management Workshop .
   Google Scholar
• Kuss , F.R. , Graefe , A.R. and Vaske , J.J. 1989 . Recreation impacts and carrying capacity. A review and synthesis of ecological and social research , Washington, DC : National Parks and Conservation Association .
   Google Scholar
• Langer , E.J. and Saegert , S. 1977 . Crowding and cognitive control . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 35 (3) : 175 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence , J.G.S. 1974 . Science and sentiment: Overview of research on crowding and human behavior . Psychological Bulletin , 8 (10) : 712 – 720 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , R.E. 1985 . Crowding norms in backcountry settings: A review and synthesis . Journal of Leisure Research , 17 : 75 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald , C.D. and Hammitt , W.E. 1979 . Use patterns, preferences, and social impacts of floaters on river resources in the southern Appalachian region , Knoxville, TN : Department of Agriculture Southeastern Forest Experiment Station and University of Tennessee . (technical report).
   Google Scholar
• McGurrin , I. 1984 . Angler specialization in Maryland trout fisherman , College Park : University of Maryland . Master's thesis,
   Google Scholar
• McKinnell , T. and Heberlein , T.A. . Increased use level and decreased crowding: Change over ten years at the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore . Paper presented at the Annual Rural Sociological Society Meeting .
   Google Scholar
• Petchenik , J.B. and Heberlein , T.A. . Aggression and hunting personality and social differences between wildlife photographers and hunters . Paper presented at the First National Symposium on Social Science in Resource Management .
   Google Scholar
• Petersen , M.E. 1980 . Use perceptions of rationing in the Mt. Jefferson and Eagle Cap Wilderness areas , Corvallis : Oregon State University . Master's thesis,
   Google Scholar
• Randall , J. 1977 . The windshield experience: Visitor density, perceived crowding and satisfaction in a drive‐through dunes park , Madison : University of Wisconsin . Master's thesis,
   Google Scholar
• Rappoport , A. 1975 . Toward a redefinition of density . Environment and Behavior , 7 (2) : 133 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , D. and Keating , J. 1979 . Human crowding and personal control: An integration of the research . Psychological Bulletin , 36 (4) : 680 – 700 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreyer , R.M. and Roggenbuck , J.W. 1978 . The influence of experience expectation on crowding perceptions and social‐psychological carrying capacity . Leisure Sciences , 1 : 373 – 394 .
   Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. 1976 . Social psychological effects of crowding in wilderness: The case of river trips in the Grand Canyon , Boulder : University of Colorado . Ph.D. diss.,
   Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. 1981 . Encounter norms in backcountry settings: Studies of three rivers . Journal of Leisure Research , 13 : 129 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. 1983 . Recreational substitutability and carrying capacity for the Rakaia and Waimakariri rivers , Lincoln, , New Zealand : Agriculture Economic Research Unit, Lincoln College . discussion paper 78).
   Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. and Colvin , R.B. 1979 . Determining use levels for the Rogue River , Corvallis, OR : Water Resources Research Institute, Oregon State University . report WRRI‐63).
   Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. and Colvin , R.B. 1981 . Carrying capacity for the Illinois River , Corvallis, OR : Water Resources Research Institute, Oregon State University . report WRRI‐72).
   Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. and Danley , M.S. 1980 . Allocating river use , Portland, OR : Department of Agriculture Forest Service . R‐6‐Rec‐059–1981).
   Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. and Heberlein , T.A. 1986 . Carrying capacity in recreation settings , Corvallis, OR : Oregon State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. and Nielsen , J.M. 1976 . Use levels and crowding in the Grand Canyon , Colorado River research technical report no. 2) Grand Canyon National Park, AZ : National Park Service .
   Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. and Stein , K. Recreational use and carrying capacity of the Klamath River , Corvallis, OR : Water Resources Research Institute, Oregon State University . report WRRI‐92).
   Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. , Bregenzer , N.S. and Johnson , R. 1988 . Displacement and product shift: Empirical evidence from Oregon rivers . Journal of Leisure Research , 20 (4) : 274 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. , Heberlein , T.A. , Vaske , J.J. and Alfano , G. 1983 . Expectations, preferences, and feeling crowded in recreation activities . Leisure Sciences , 6 : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. , Whittaker , D. , Speaker , R. and Starkey , E.E. 1987 . Social and ecological impacts of recreation use on the Deschutes River , Salem, OR : Oregon State Parks Division .
   Google Scholar
• Stankey , G.H. 1977 . “ Some social concepts for outdoor recreation planning ” . In Outdoor Recreation: Advances in Application of Economics , Washington, DC : Department of Agriculture Forest Service . general technical report WO‐2) 154–161.
   Google Scholar
• Stankey , G.H. , Cole , D.N. , Lucas , R.C. , Petersen , M.E. and Frissell , S.S. 1985 . The Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) system for wilderness planning , Ogden, UT : Department of Agriculture Forest Service . report INT‐176).
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , W.P. and Carpenter , E.H. 1989 . Solitude at the Grand Canyon: An application of expectancy theory . Journal of Leisure Research , 21 (1) : 4 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockdale , J.E. 1978 . Crowding: Determinants and effects . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , 11 : 197 – 247 .
   Google Scholar
• Stokols , D. 1972a . On the distinction between density and crowding: Some implications for future research . Psychological Review , 79 : 275 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokols , D. 1972b . “ A social‐psychological model of human crowding phenomena ” . In Crowding and behavior , Edited by: Loo , C.M. 132 – 135 . New York : MSS Information Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Titre , J.P. and Mills , A.S. 1982 . “ Effect of encounters on perceived crowding and satisfaction ” . In Forest and river recreation: Research update , 146 – 153 . St. Paul, MN : University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station . MP‐18)
   Google Scholar
• Vaske , J.J. and Donnelly , M.P. 1980 . The Savage River trout fisherman , College Park, MD : University of Maryland . Unpublished data
   Google Scholar
• Vaske , J.J. , Donnelly , M.P. and Heberlein , T.A. 1980 . Perceptions of crowding and resource quality by early and more recent visitors . Leisure Sciences , 3 : 367 – 381 .
   Google Scholar
• Vaske , J.J. , Donnelly , M.P. , Heberlein , T.A. and Shelby , B. 1982 . Differences in reported satisfaction ratings by consumptive and nonconsumptive recreationists . Journal of Leisure Research , 14 (3) : 195 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaske , J.J. , Fedler , A.J. and Graefe , A.R. 1986 . Multiple determinants of satisfaction from a specific waterfowl hunting trip . Leisure Sciences , 8 : 149 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• Vaske , J.J. , Graefe , A.R. and Caldwell , L.L. . Predicting hunting site selection among waterfowl hunters . Paper presented at the 41st Northeast Fish and Wildlife Conference .
   Google Scholar
• Vaske , J.J. , Graefe , A.R. and Dempster , A.B. . Social and environmental influences on perceived crowding . Proceedings: Wilderness psychology group conference . Edited by: Boteler , F.E. pp. 211 – 227 . Morgantown, WV : West Virginia University .
   Google Scholar
• Vaske , J.J. , Graefe , A.R. , Randall , S.A. and Fedler , A.J. 1984 . Deer allocation preferences among three types of Maryland deer hunters , Annapolis, MD : Maryland Department of Natural Resources . technical report).
   Google Scholar
• Vaske , J.J. , Shelby , B.B. , Graefe , A.R. and Heberlein , T.A. 1986 . Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method, and empirical evidence . Journal of Leisure Research , 18 : 137 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , P.C. 1982 . Effects of user behavior on the perception of crowding in backcountry forest recreation . Forest Science , 28 (1) : 95 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittaker , D. and Shelby , B. 1988 . Types of norms for recreation impacts: Extending the social norms concept . Journal of Leisure Research , 20 (4) : 261 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar