Beyond the commodity metaphor: Examining emotional and symbolic attachment to place

References

• Altman , I. 1976 . Privacy: A conceptual analysis . Environment and Behavior , 8 : 7 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belk , R. W. 1988 . Possessions and the extended self . Journal of Consumer Research , 15 : 139 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , B. B. 1987 . “ Territoriality ” . In Handbook of environmental psychology , Edited by: Stokols , D. and Altman , I. 505 – 531 . New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , P. J. . Quality in recreation experience . Outdoor Recreation Benchmark 1988: Proceedings of the National Outdoor Recreation Forum . Edited by: Watson , A. pp. 412 – 421 . Asheville, NC : Southeastern Forest Experiment Station . USD A Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. SE‐52
   Google Scholar
• Cooksey , R. W. , Dickinson , T. L. and Loomis , R. J. 1982 . Preferences for recreational environments: Theoretical considerations and a comparison of models . Leisure Sciences , 5 : 19 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Driver , B. L. , Brown , P. J. , Stankey , G. H. and Gregoire , T. G. 1987 . The ROS planning System: Evolution, basic concepts, and research needed . Leisure Sciences , 9 : 201 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Feldman , R. M. 1990 . Settlement‐identity: Psychological bonds with home places in a mobile society . Environment and Behavior , 22 : 183 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haggard , L. M. and Williams , D. R. 1992 . Identity affirmation through leisure activities . Journal of Leisure Research , 24 : 1 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob , G. R. and Schreyer , R. 1980 . Conflict in outdoor recreation: A theoretical perspective . Journal of Leisure Research , 12 : 368 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , S. and Burdge , R. J. 1974 . “ An analysis of community and individual reactions to forced migration due to reservoir construction ” . In Water and community development: social and economic perspectives , Edited by: Field , D. , Barron , J. and Long , B. 169 – 188 . Ann Arbor, MI : Ann Arbor Science .
   Google Scholar
• Knopf , R. C. 1987 . “ Human behavior, cognition, and affect in the natural environment ” . In Handbook of environmental psychology , Edited by: Stokols , D. and Altman , I. 783 – 726 . New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Korpela , K. M. 1989 . Place‐identity as a product of environmental self‐regulation . Journal of Environmental Psychology , 9 : 241 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , R. G. 1972 . “ The social definition of recreation places ” . In Social behavior, natural resources and the environment , Edited by: Burch , W. Jr. , Cheek , N. Jr. and Taylor , L. 68 – 84 . New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Lynch , K. 1960 . The image of the city , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Manfredo , M. , Driver , B. L. and Brown , P. J. 1983 . A test of concepts inherent in experience‐based setting management for outdoor recreation areas . Journal of Leisure Research , 15 : 263 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCool , S. F. , Stankey , G. H. and Clark , R. N. . Choosing recreation settings: Processes, findings, and research directions . Proceedings‐Symposium on Recreation Choice Behavior . Edited by: Stankey , G. and McCool , S. pp. 1 – 8 . Ogden, UT : Intermountain Research Station . USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. INT‐184
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , G. , Stynes , D. , Rosenthal , D. and Dwyer , J. . Substitution in recreation choice behavior . Proceedings—Symposium on Recreation Choice Behavior . Edited by: Stankey , G. and McCool , S. pp. 19 – 30 . Ogden, UT : Intermountain Research Station . USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. INT‐184
   Google Scholar
• Proshansky , H. M. 1978 . The city and self‐identity . Environment and Behavior , 10 : 147 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proshansky , H. M. , Fabian , A. K. and Kaminoff , R. 1983 . Place‐identity: Physical world socialization of the self . Journal of Environmental Psychology , 3 : 57 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Relph , E. 1976 . Place and placelessness , London : Pion Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Rivlin , L. G. 1982 . Group membership and place meanings in an urban neighborhood . Journal of Social Issues , 38 (3) : 75 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roggenbuck , J. W. , Watson , A. E. and Williams , D. R. Defining acceptable conditions in wilderness . Environmental Management , (in press)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , J. A. and Ward , L. M. 1982 . Environmental psychology . Annual Review of Psychology , 33 : 651 – 688 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salwasser , H. 1990 . Gaining perspective: Forestry for the future . Journal of Forestry , 88 (11) : 35 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute Inc. 1985 . SAS user's guide: Statistics, , version 5 edition , Cary, NC : SAS Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Scherl , L. M. 1989 . Self in wilderness: Understanding the psychological benefits of individual wilderness interaction through self‐control . Leisure Sciences , 11 : 123 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Schreyer , R. , Jacob , G. and White , R. . Environmental meaning as a determinant of spatial behavior in recreation . Proceedings of the Applied Geography Conferences . Vol. 4 , pp. 294 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Schreyer , R. , Knopf , R. C. and Williams , D. R. . Reconceptualizing the motive/environment link in recreation choice behavior . Proceedings—Symposium on Recreation Choice Behavior . Edited by: Stankey , G. and McCool , S. pp. 9 – 18 . Ogden, UT : Intermountain Research Station . USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. INT‐184
   Google Scholar
• Schreyer , R. and Roggenbuck , J. W. 1981 . “ Visitor images of national parks: The influence of social definitions of places on perceptions and behavior ” . In Some recent products of river recreation research , USDA Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. NC‐63 Edited by: Lime , D. and Field , D. 39 – 44 . St. Paul, MN : North Central Forest Experiment Station .
   Google Scholar
• Shumaker , S. A. and Taylor , R. B. 1983 . “ Toward a clarification of people‐place relationships: A model of attachment to place ” . In Environmental psychology: Directions and perspectives , Edited by: Feimer , N. and Geller , E. 219 – 251 . New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Steele , C. 1988 . “ The psychology of self‐affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. 262 – 302 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Steel , F. 1981 . The sense of place , Boston : CBI Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Stokols , D. and Shumaker , S. A. 1981 . “ People in places: A transactional view of settings ” . In Cognition, social behavior, and the environment , Edited by: Harvey , J. 441 – 488 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Tuan , Y. 1974 . Topophilia: A study of environmental perception, attitudes, and values , Engle‐wood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Tuan , Y. 1977 . Space and place: The perspective of experience , Minneapolis, MN : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wallendorf , M. and Arnould , D. J. 1988 . “My favorite things”: A cross‐cultural inquiry into object attachment, possessiveness, and social linkage . Journal of Consumer Research , 14 : 531 – 547 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , A. E. , Williams , D. R. and Daigle , J. J. 1991 . Sources of conflict between hikers and mountain bikes in the Rattlesnake National Recreation Area . Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , 9 (3) : 59 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Wellman , J. D. 1987 . Wildland recreation policy , New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Wellman , J. D. , Roggenbuck , J. W. and Smith , A. C. 1982 . Recreation specialization and norms of depreciative behavior among canoeists . Journal of Leisure Research , 14 : 323 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , D. R. 1988a . Recreational specialization: A complex issue for visitor management . Western Wildlands , 14 (3) : 21 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , D. R. 1988b . Measuring perceived similarity among outdoor recreation activities: A comparison of visual and verbal stimulus presentations . Leisure Sciences , 10 : 153 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , D. R. 1989 . “ Great expectations and the limits to satisfaction: A review of recreation and consumer satisfaction research ” . In Outdoor Recreation Benchmark 1988: Proceedings of the National Outdoor Recreation Forum , USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. SE‐52 Edited by: Watson , A. 422 – 438 . Asheville, NC : Southeastern Forest Experiment Station .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , D. R. and Roggenbuck , J. W. . Measuring place attachment: Some preliminary results . Paper presented at the NRPA Symposium on Leisure Research . San Antonio, TX. October ,
   Google Scholar