Geomicrobiology of a Weathering Crust from an Impact Crater and a Hypothesis for its Formation

REFERENCES

• Adamo , P , Marchetiello , A and Violante , P . 1993 . The weathering of mafic rocks by lichens . Lichenologist , 25 : 285 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamo , P and Violante , P . 1991 . Weathering of volcanic rocks from Mt. Vesuvius associated with the lichen Stereocaulum vesuvianum . Pedobiologia , 35 : 209 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• Ascaso , C and Galvan , J . 1976 . Studies on the pedogenetic action of lichen acids . Pedobiologia , 16 : 321 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascaso , C , Galvan , J and Rodriguez-Pascal , C . 1976 . The pedogenetic action of Parmelia conspersa Rhizocarpon geographicum Umbilicaria pustulata . Lichenologist , 8 : 151 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Ascaso , C , Galvan , J and Rodriguez-Pascal , C . 1982 . The weathering of calcareous rocks by lichens . Pedobiologia , 24 : 219 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascaso , C and Wierzchos , J . 1994 . Structural aspects of the lichen-rock interface using back-scattered electron imaging . Botanica Acta , 107 : 251 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• Banfield , J F , Barker , W W , Welch , S A and Taunton , A . 1999 . Biological impact on mineral dissolution: application of the lichen model to understanding mineral weathering in the rhizosphere . Proc Natl Acad Sci , 96 : 3404 – 3411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker , W W and Banfield , J F . 1996 . Biologically versus inorganically mediated weathering reactions: relationships between minerals and extracellular microbial polymers in lithobiontic communities . Chem Geol , 132 : 55 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker , W W and Banfield , J F . 1998 . Zones of chemical and physical interaction at interfaces between microbial communities and minerals: a model . Geomicrobiology , 15 : 223 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berner , R A . 1993 . Weathering and its effect on atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time . Chem Geol , 107 : 373 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berner , R A . 1997 . Paleoclimate-the rise of plants and their effect on weathering and atmospheric CO2 . Science , 276 : 544 – 546 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berthelin , J and Begly , G . 1979 . Microbial degradation of phyllosilicates during simulated podzolization . Geoderma , 21 : 297 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bland , W and Rolls , D . 1998 . Weathering: An introduction to the scientific principles , 271 London, , UK : Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Britton , G . 1985 . General carotenoids methods . Meth Enzymol , 111 : 113 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Büdel , B , Karsten , U and Garcia-Pichel , F . 1997 . Ultraviolet-absorbing scytonemin and mycosporine-like amino acid derivatives in exposed, rock-inhabiting cyanobacterial lichens . Oecologia , 112 : 165 – 172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callot , G , Maurette , M , Pottier , L and Dubois , A . 1987 . Biogenic etching of microfractures in amorphous and crystalline silicates . Nature , 328 : 147 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvaruso , C , Turpault , M and Frey-Klett , P . 2006 . Root-associated bacteria contribute to mineral weathering and to mineral nutrition in trees: a budgeting analysis. Appl. Environ . Microbiol. , 72 : 1258 – 1266 .
   Google Scholar
• Chyba , C F , Owen , T C and Ip , W. H. 1994 . “ Impact delivery of volatiles and organic molecules to Earth ” . In Hazards Due to Asteroids and Comets , Edited by: Gehrels , T . 9 – 58 . Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cockell , C S , Lee , P , Broady , P , Lim , D SS , Osinski , G R , Parnell , J , Koeberl , C , Pesonen , L and Salminen , J . 2005 . Effects of asteroid and comet impacts on habitats for lithophytic organisms—A synthesis . Meteor Planet Sci , 40 : 1901 – 1914 .
   Google Scholar
• Cockell , C S , Lee , P , Osinski , G , Horneck , H and Broady , P . 2002 . Impact-induced microbial endolithic habitats . Meteor Planet Sci , 37 : 1287 – 1298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson , S and Smith , D E . 2000 . The sedimentology of Middle Holocene tsunami facies in northern Sutherland, Scotland, UK . Mar Geol , 170 : 69 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Frankel , L . 1977 . Microorganism induced weathering of biotite and hornblende grains in estuarine sands . J Sediment Petrol , 47 : 849 – 854 .
   Google Scholar
• Friedmann , E I . 1980 . Endolithic microbial life in hot and cold deserts . Origins Life Evol Biosphere , 10 : 223 – 235 .
   Google Scholar
• Friedmann , E I . 1982 . Endolithic microorganisms in the Antarctic cold desert . Science , 215 : 1045 – 1053 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry , E J . 1924 . A suggested explanation of the mechanical action of lythophytic lichens on rocks . Ann Bot , 38 : 175 – 196 .
   Google Scholar
• Fujino , S , Masuda , F , Tagomori , S and Matsumoto , D . 2006 . Structure and depositional processes of a gravelly tsunami deposit in a shallow marine setting: Lower Cretaceous Miyako Group, Japan . Sediment Geol , 187 : 127 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-Pichel , F and Castenholz , R W . 1991 . Characterisation and biological implications of scytonemin, a cyanobacterial sheath pigment . J Phycol , 27 : 395 – 409 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Pichel , F and Castenholz , R W . 1993 . Occurrence of UV-absorbing, mycosporine-like compounds among cyanobacterial isolates and an estimate of their screening capacity . Appl Environ Microbiol , 59 : 163 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Pichel , F , Sherry , N D and Castenholz , R W . 1992 . Evidence for an ultraviolet sunscreen role of the extracellular pigment scytonemin in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis sp . Photochem Photobiol , 56 : 17 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glowa , K R , Arocena , J M and Massicotte , H B . 2003 . Extraction of potassium and/or magnesium from selected soil minerals by Piloderma . Geomicrobiol J , 20 : 99 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golubic , S , Friedmann , E I and Schneider , J . 1981 . The lithobiontic ecological niche, with special reference to microorganisms . J Sedimentol and Petrol , 51 : 475 – 478 .
   Google Scholar
• Gorbushina , A A and Krumbein , W E . 2005 . “ Role of microorganisms in wear down of rocks and minerals ” . In Microorganisms in Soils: Roles in Genesis and Functions , Edited by: Buscot , F and Varma , A . Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Grieve , R AF and Pesonen , L J . 1992 . The terrestrial impact cratering record . Tectonophysics , 216 : 1 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale , M E . 1969 . How to Know the Lichens , 226 Dubuque, Iowa : WMC Brown Company Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , C G and Vestal , J R . 1993 . Biogeochemistry of oxalate in the Antarctic cryptoendolithic lichen-dominated community . Microb Ecol , 25 : 305 – 319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , D and Wilson , M J . 1985 . Chemical activity of lichens on mineral surfaces—a review . Inter Biodeterior Bull , 21 : 99 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , D , Wilson , M J and McHardy , W J . 1981 . Lichen weathering of rock-forming minerals: application of scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analysis . J Microsc , 124 : 95 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karis , L . 1998 . “ Jämtlands östliga fjällberggrund ” . In Beskrivning till berggrundskartan över Jämtlands län Del 2. Fjälldelen 4–178. Sveriges geologiska undersökning Edited by: Karis , L. and Strömberg , A. 2 Ca 53
   Google Scholar
• Leroux , H. 2005 . Weathering features in shocked quartz from the Ries impact crater: Germany . Meteor Planet Sci , 40 : 1347 – 1352 .
   Google Scholar
• Lindström , M , Sturkell , E FF , Törnberg , R and Ormö , J . 1996 . The marine impact crater at Lockne, Central Sweden . GFF (Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar) , 118 : 193 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Lindstrom , M , Shuvalov , V and Ivanov , B . 2005 . Lockne crater as a result of marine-target oblique impact . Planet Space Sci , 53 : 803 – 815 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Roux , G , Laverret , E and Shotyk , W . 2006 . Fate of calcite, apatite and feldspars in an ombrotrophic peat bog, Black Forest, Germany . J Geol Soc , 163 : 641 – 646 .
   Google Scholar
• Melosh , J . 1989 . Impact cratering—a geologic process , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , A , Nishimura , Y , Gelfenbaum , G , Kamataki , T and Triyono , R . 2006 . Sedimentary deposits of the 26 December 2004 tsunami on the northwest coast of Aceh, Indonesia . Earth, Planets Space , 58 : 253 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naumov , MV . 2005 . Principal features of impact-generated hydrothermal circulation systems: mineralogical and geochemical evidence . Geofluids , 5 : 165 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Ormo , J and Miyamoto , H . 2002 . Computer modelling of the water resurge at a marine impact: the Lockne crater, Sweden . Deep-Sea Research , 49 : 983 – 994 .
   Google Scholar
• Osinski , G R , Grieve , R AF and Spray , J G . 2004 . The nature of the groundmass of surficial suevites from the Ries impact structure, Germany, and constraints on its origin . Meteoritics and Planetary Science , 39 : 1655 – 1683 .
   Google Scholar
• Pinna , D , Salvadori , O and Tretiach , M . 1998 . An anatomical investigation of calcicolous endolithic lichens from the Trieste karts (NE Italy) . Plant Biosyst , 132 : 183 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• Pouchou , J L and Pichoir , F . 1985 . “PAP” procedure for improved quantitative analysis . Microbeam Anal , 20 : 104 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• Prieto , B , Rivas , T and Silva , B . 1994 . Colonization by lichens of granite dolmens in Galicia (NW Spain) . Inter Biodeterior Biodegrad , 34 : 47 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Prieto , B , Rivas , M T and Silva , B M . 1995 . Colonization by lichens of granite churches in Galicia (northwest Spain) . Sci Total Environ , 167 : 343 – 351 .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , J R , Bennett , P C and Choi , W J . 1998 . Feldspars as a source of nutrients for microorganisms . Ame Mineral , 83 : 1532 – 1540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders , W B , Ascaso , C and Wierchos , J . 1994 . Physical interactions of two rhizomorph-forming lichens with their rock substrate . Botan Acta , 107 : 432 – 439 .
   Google Scholar
• Simon , S . 1987 . Stratigraphie, Petrographie und Entstehungsbedingungen von Grobklastika in der autochthonen, ordovizischen Schichtenfolge Jämtlands (Schweden) 156 Sveriges geologiska undersökning. C 815
   Google Scholar
• Spiekermann , P , Rehm , P HA , Kalscheuer , R , Baumeister , D and Steinbüchel , A . 1999 . A sensitive, viable-colony staining method using Nile red for direct screening of bacteria that accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoic acids and other lipid storage compounds . Arch Microbiol , 171 : 73 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterflinger , K . 2000 . Fungi as geological agents . Geomicrobiol J , 17 : 97 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturkell , E FF . 1998a . Impact-related Ir anomaly in the Middle Ordovician Lockne impact structure, Jämtland, Sweden . GFF (Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar) , 120 : 333 – 336 .
   Google Scholar
• Sturkell , E FF . 1998b . The marine Lockne impact structure, Jämtland, Sweden: a review . Geologische Rundschau , 87 : 253 – 267 .
   Google Scholar
• Suchet , P A and Probst , J L . 1993 . Modelling of atmospheric CO2 consumption by chemical weathering of rocks: application to the Garonne, Congo and Amazon basins . Chem Geol , 107 : 205 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Ulevicius , V , Peciulyte , D , Lugauskas , A and Andriejauskiene , J . 2004 . Field study on changes in viability of airborne fungal propagules exposed to UV radiation . Environ Toxicol , 19 : 437 – 441 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Viles , H . 1987 . A quantitative scanning electron microscopy study of evidence for lichen weathering of limestone, Mendip Hills, Somerset . Earth Surf Proc Landf , 12 : 467 – 473 .
   Google Scholar
• von Dalwigk , I and Ormo , J . 2001 . Formation of resurge gullies at impacts at sea: The Lockne crater, Sweden . Meteor Planet Sci , 36 : 359 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallander , H and Hagerberg , D . 2004 . Do ectomycorrhizal fungi have a significant role in weathering of minerals in forest soil? . Symbiosis , 37 : 249 – 257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webley , D M , Duff , R B and Mitchell , W A . 1960 . A plate method for studying the breakdown of synthetic and natural silicates by soil bacteria . Nature , 188 : 766 – 767 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch , S A , Taunton , A E and Banfield , J F . 2002 . Effect of microorganisms and microbial metabolites on apatite dissolution . Geomicrobiol J , 19 : 343 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessels , D CJ and Büdel , B . 1995 . Epilithic and cryptoendolithic cyanobacteria of Clarens sandstone cliffs in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park, South Africa . Botan Acta , 108 : 220 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• White , A F and Brantley , S L . 2003 . The effect of time on the weathering of silicate minerals: why do weathering rates differ in the laboratory and field? . Chem Geol , 202 : 479 – 506 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickman , F E . 1988 . “ Possible impact structures in Sweden ” . In Deep drilling in crystalline bedrock. 1. The deep gas drilling in the Siljan impact structure, Sweden and Astroblemes , Edited by: Boden , A. and Wickman , K G . 298 – 327 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Wierzchos , J and Ascaso , C . 1994 . Application of back-scattered electron imaging to the study of the lichen-rock interface . J Microsc , 175 : 54 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wierzchos , J and Ascaso , C . 1996 . Morphological and chemical features of bioweathered granitic biotite induced by lichen activity . Clays Clay Miner , 44 : 652 – 657 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wierzchos , J and Ascaso , C . 1998 . Mineralogical transformation of bioweathered granitic biotite studies by HRTEM: evidence for a new pathway in lichen activity . Clays Clay Miner , 46 : 446 – 452 .
   Google Scholar