References
- Ball , J. W. , Nordstrom , D. K. and Zachmann , D. W. 1987 . WATEQ4F—A personal computer Fortran translation of the geochemical model WATEQ2 with revised data base , U.S. Geological Survey Open‐File Report 87–50
- Federle , T. and Vestal , J. R. 1982 . Evidence of microbial succession on decaying leaf litter in an Arctic lake . Can. J. Microbiol. , 28 : 686 – 695 .
- Friedmann , E. I. 1982 . Endolithic microorganisms in the Antarctic cold desert . Science , 215 : 1045 – 1052 .
- Friedmann , E. I. and Ocampo‐Friedmann , R. 1984 . “ Endolithic microorganisms in extreme dry environments: Analysis of a lithobiontic microbial habitat ” . In Current perspectives in microbial ecology , Edited by: Klug , M. J. and Reddy , C. A. 177 – 185 . Washington, DC : ASM .
- Friedmann , E. I. and Weed , R. 1987 . Microbial trace‐fossil formation, biogenous, and abiotic weathering in the Antarctic cold desert . Science , 236 : 703 – 705 .
- Gibbs , M. M. 1979 . A simple method for the rapid determination of iron in natural waters . Water Res. , 13 : 295 – 297 .
- Graustein , W. C. , Cromack , K. Jr. and Sollins , P. 1977 . Calcium oxalate: Occurrence in soils and effect on nutrient and geochemical cycles . Science , 198 : 1252 – 1254 .
- Hallbauer , D. K. and Jahns , H. M. 1977 . Attack of lichens on quartzitic surfaces . Lichenologist , 9 : 119 – 122 .
- Iskandar , I. K. and Syers , J. K. 1972 . Metal‐complex formation by lichen compounds . J. Soil Sci. , 23 (3) : 255 – 265 .
- Jackson , T. A. and Keller , W. D. 1970 . A comparative study of the role of lichens and “inorganic”; processes in the chemical weathering of recent Hawaii lava flows . Am. J. Sci. , 296 : 446 – 460 .
- Johnston , C. G. and Vestal , J. R. 1986a . Does iron inhibit cryptoendolithic microbial communities . Antarctic J. U.S. , XXI (5) : 225 – 226 .
- Johnson , C. G. and Vestal , J. R. . Abstract, Annual Meeting of the American Society of Microbiology . Vol. 86 , pp. 169
- Johnson , C. G. and Vestal , J. R. . Abstract, Annual Meeting of the American Society of Microbiology . Vol. 87 , pp. 189
- Johnson , C. G. and Vestal , J. R. . Speciation of metals in Antarctic cryptoendolithic microbial communities . Abstract, Annual Meeting of the American Society of Microbiology . Vol. 88 , pp. 194
- Johnson , C. G. and Vestal , J. R. . Abstract, Annual Meeting of the American Society of Microbiology . Vol. 89 , pp. 231
- Jones , D. , Wilson , M. J. and Tait , J. M. 1980 . Weathering of a basalt by pertusaria corallina. . Lichenologist , 12 (3) : 277 – 289 .
- Keys , J. R. and Williams , K. 1981 . Origin of crystalline, cold desert salts in the McMurdo region, Antarctica . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 45 : 2299 – 2309 .
- Medlin , J. H. , Suhr , N. H. and Bodkin , J. B. 1969 . Atomic absorption analysis of silicates employing LiBO2 fusion . Atomic Abs. Newsletter , 8 : 25 – 29 .
- Ohse , W. , Matthess , G. and Pekdeger , A. 1985 . “ Equilibrium and disequilibrium between pore waters and minerals in the weathering environment ” . In The chemistry of weathering , Edited by: Drever , J. I. Dordrecht, , the Netherlands : D. Reidel Publishing Company .
- Rollins , L. 1988 . DATAGEN4 and WQ4F can be obtained from ShadoWare Woodland, CA 95695 c/o Larry Rollins, 215 Cedar Lane
- Schwertmann , U. and Taylor , R. M. 1977 . “ Iron oxides ” . In Minerals in soil environments , Edited by: Dinauer , R. C. 145 – 180 . Madison, WI : Soil Science Society of America .
- Siebert , J. and Hirsch , P. 1988 . Characterization of 15 selected coccal bacteria isolated from Antarctic rock and soil samples from the McMurdo‐Dry Valleys (South‐Victoria Land) . Polar Biol. , 9 : 37 – 44 .
- Tessier , A. , Campbell , P. G. C. and Bisson , M. 1979 . Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals . Anal. Chem. , 51 (7) : 844 – 850 .
- Tuovila , B. J. and LaRock , P. A. 1987 . Occurrence and preservation of ATP in Antarctic rocks and its implications in biomass determinations . Geomicrobiology. J. , 5 (2) : 105 – 118 .
- Ugolini , F. C. 1986 . “ Processes and rates of weathering in cold and polar desert environments ” . In Rates of chemical weathering of rocks and minerals , Edited by: Colman , S. M. and Dethier , D. P. 193 – 235 . Orlando, FL : Academic Press, Inc. .
- Vestal , J. R. 1988a . Biomass of the cryptoendolithic microbiota from the Antarctic desert . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 54 : 957 – 959 .
- Vestal , J. R. 1988b . Carbon metabolism of the cryoptoendolithic microbiota from the Antarctic desert . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 54 : 960 – 965 .
- Weed, R. 1985. n.t. Master's thesis, University of Maine at Orono.
- Weed and Norton. In press. Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on Environmental Bio‐geochemistry.
- Williams , M. E. and Rudolph , E. D. 1974 . The role of lichens and associated fungi in the chemical weathering of rock . Mycologia , 66 : 649 – 660 .