Intimate Communication across Borders: Spousal Labor Migration and Recent Partner Communication about Family Planning in Nepal

References

• Adhikari, J., & Hobley, M. (2015). “Everyone is leaving. Who will sow our fields?” The livelihood effects on women of male migration from Khotang and Udaypur districts, Nepal, to the Gulf countries and Malaysia. Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies, 35(1), 11–23. http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol35/iss1/7.
   Google Scholar
• Agadjanian, V., & Markosyan, K. (2017). Male labor migration, patriarchy, and the awareness-behavior gap: HIV risks and prevention among migrants’ wives in Armenia. AIDS Care, 29(6), 705–710. doi:10.1080/09540121.2016.1242709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggleton, P., Bell, S. A., & Kelly-Hanku, A. (2014). “Mobile men with money”: HIV prevention and the erasure of difference. Global Public Health, 9(3), 257–270. doi:10.1080/17441692.2014.889736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asia Foundation. (2013). Labour migration trends and patterns: Bangladesh, India, and Nepal 2013. Kathmandu, Nepal: The Asia Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Ban, B., Karki, S., Shrestha, A., & Hodgins, S. (2012). Spousal separation and interpretation of contraceptive use and unmet need in rural Nepal. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 38(01), 043–047. doi:10.1363/3804312
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bawah, A. (2002). Spousal communication and family planning behavior in Navrongo: A longitudinal assessment. Studies in Family Planning, 33(2), 185–194. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2002.00185.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, L., Dahal, D., & Govindasamy, P. (2008). Caste, ethnic and regional identity in Nepal: Further analysis of the 2006 Nepal demographic and health survey. Calverton, MD: Macro International Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Brunson, J. (2016). Planning families in Nepal: Global and local projects of reproduction. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• C-Change. (2014). Compendium of gender scales. Washington, DC: FHI 360/C-Change.
   Google Scholar
• Chapagain, B. K. (2015). Men’s overseas migration and women’s mobility and decision-making in rural Nepalese families (Doctoral dissertation). Austalian National University, Canberra, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Chapagain, M. (2005). Masculine interest behind high prevalence of female contraceptive methods in rural Nepal. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 13(1), 35–42. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1854.2004.00643.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conde-Agudelo, A., Rosas-Bermúdez, A., Castaño, F., & Norton, M. (2012). Effects of birth spacing on maternal, perinatal, infant, and child health: A systematic review of causal mechanisms. Studies in Family Planning, 43(2), 93–114. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2012.00308.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conde-Agudelo, A., Rosas-Bermúdez, A., & Kafury-Goeta, A. C. (2007). Effects of birth spacing on maternal health: A systematic review. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 196(4), 297–308. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.05.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CREHPA. (2012). Family planning needs of migrant couples in Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Nepal Family Health Program II.
   Google Scholar
• de Brauw, A., & Carletto, C. (2012). Improving the measurement and policy relevance of migration information in multi-topic household surveys. Living standards measurement study (Vol. 14). Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• FP2020. (2016). Family planning 2020 country action: Opportunities, challenges, and priorities. Kathmandu, Nepal: FP2020.
   Google Scholar
• Gartaula, H. (2013). Modified extended households: Co-residence, headship and household resource management in the context of labour out-migration in rural Nepal. In C. Butijn, J. van Ophem, & G. Casimir (Eds.), The arena of everyday life (pp. 35–45). Wageningen, the Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Gartaula, H., Visser, L., & Niehof, A. (2012). Socio-cultural dispositions and wellbeing of the women left behind: A case of migrant households in Nepal. Social Indicators Research, 108(3), 401–420. doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9883-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gipson, J. D., Koenig, M. A., & Hindin, M. J. (2008). The effects of unintended pregnancy on infant, child, and parental health: A review of the literature. Studies in Family Planning, 39(1), 18–38. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2008.00148.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golobof, A., Weine, S., Bahromov, M., & Luo, J. (2011). The roles of labor migrants’ wives in HIV/AIDS risk and prevention in Tajikistan. AIDS Care, 23(1), 91–97. doi:10.1080/09540121.2010.498859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Nepal. (2014). Labour migration for employment. A status report for Nepal: 2013/2014. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Labour and Employment.
   Google Scholar
• Halli, S. S., Blanchard, J., Satihal, D. G., & Moses, S. (2007). Migration and HIV transmission in rural South India: An ethnographic study. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 9(1), 85–94. doi:10.1080/13691050600963898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hameed, W., Azmat, S. K., Ali, M., Sheikh, M. I., Abbas, G., Temmerman, M., & Avan, B. I. (2014). Women’s empowerment and contraceptive use: The role of independent versus couples’ decision-making, from a lower middle income country perspective. PLoS One., 9(8), e104633. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann, M., Gilles, K., Shattuck, D., Kerner, B., & Guest, G. (2012). Changes in couples’ communication as a result of a male-involvement family planning intervention. Journal of Health Communication, 17(7), 802–819. doi:10.1080/10810730.2011.650825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HC3. (2014). Where we work: Nepal. Retrieved from http://www.healthcommcapacity.org/nepal/.
   Google Scholar
• Hoang, L. A., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2015). Children’s agency and its contradictions in the context of transnational labour migration from Vietnam. Global Networks, 15(2), 180–197. doi:10.1111/glob.12057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horst, H. A. (2006). The blessings and burdens of communication: Cell phones in Jamaican transnational social fields. Global Networks, 6(2), 143–159. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0374.2006.00138.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, G. D., Hoyo, C., & Puoane, T. R. (2006). Fear of sexually transmitted infections among women with male migrant partners - relationship to oscillatory migration pattern and risk-avoidance behaviour. South African Medical Journal, 96(5), 434–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, M. M., & Conigrave, K. M. (2008). HIV and sexual risk behaviors among recognized high-risk groups in Bangladesh: Need for a comprehensive prevention program. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 12(4), 363–370. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2007.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaspar, H. (2006). “I am the head of the household now”: The impacts of outmigration for labour on gender hierarchies in Nepal. In S. Premchander & C. Müller (Eds.), Gender and sustainable development. Perspectives of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South (pp. 285–303). Bern, Switzerland: Geographisches Institut Universität Bern.
   Google Scholar
• Khanal, M., Shrestha, D., Pant, P., & Mehata, S. (2013). Impact of male migration on contraceptive use, unmet need and fertility in Nepal: Further analysis of the 2011 Nepal demographic and health survey. DHS further analysis report. Calverton, MD: Nepal Ministry of Health and Population, New ERA, and ICF International.
   Google Scholar
• Kraft, J. M., Wilkins, K. G., Morales, G. J., Widyono, M., & Middlestadt, S. E. (2014). An evidence review of gender-integrated interventions in reproductive and maternal-child health. Journal of Health Communication, 19(1), 122–141. doi:10.1080/10810730.2014.918216
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Link, C. F. (2011). Spousal communication and contraceptive use in rural Nepal: An event history analysis. Studies in Family Planning, 42(2), 83–92. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2011.00268.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurie, M. N. (2006). The epidemiology of migration and HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32(4), 649–666. doi:10.1080/13691830600610056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra, A., Schuler, S., & Boender, C. (2002). Measuring women’s empowerment as a variable in international development. World Bank workshop on poverty and gender. Washington, DC: The World Bank, Gender and Development Group and Social Development Group.
   Google Scholar
• Mercer, A., Khanam, R., Gurley, E., & Azim, T. (2007). Sexual risk behavior of married men and women in Bangladesh associated with husbands’ work migration and living apart. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 34(5), 265–273. doi:10.1097/01.olq.0000240384.61924.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health and Population. (2012). Nepal demographic and health survey 2011. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health and Population, New ERA, and ICF International.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health and Population. (2015). National family planning costed implementation plan 2015-2020. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health and Population.
   Google Scholar
• Mosha, I., Ruben, R., & Kakoko, D. (2013). Family planning decisions, perceptions and gender dynamics among couples in Mwanza, Tanzania: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1–13. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-523
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nedelcu, M., & Wyss, M. (2016). Doing family” through ICT-mediated ordinary co-presence: Transnational communication practices of Romanian migrants in Switzerland. Global Networks, 16(2), 202–218. doi:10.1111/glob.12110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nepal Ministry of Health. (2017a). 2016 Nepal demographic and health survey key findings. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• Nepal Ministry of Health. (2017b). Nepal demographic and health survey 2016. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health, Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• Pajnik, M. (2015). Nano-media and connected homeliness. International Journal of Communication, 9, 732–752.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey, J., Dhakal, M., Karki, S., Poudel, P., & Pradhan, M. (2013). Maternal and child health in Nepal: The effects of caste, ethnicity, and regional identity: Further analysis of the 2011 Nepal demographic and health survey. Calverton, MD: Nepal Ministry of Health and Population, New ERA, and ICF International.
   Google Scholar
• Parrenas, R. (2014). The intimate labour of transnational communication. Families Relationships and Societies, 3(3), 425–442. 10.1332/204674313x13802800868637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platt, M., Yeoh, B., Acedera, K., Yen, K., Baey, G., & Lam, T. (2016). Renegotiating migration experiences: Indonesian domestic workers in Singapore and use of information communication technologies. New Media & Society, 18(10), 2207–2223. doi:10.1177/1461444816655614
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poertner, E., Junginger, M., & Muller-Boker, U. (2011). Migration in far west Nepal: Challenging migration categories and theoretical lenses. Critical Asian Studies, 43(4), 661–665. doi:10.1080/14672715.2011.623531
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratley, P. (2016). Associations between quantitative measures of women’s empowerment and access to care and health status for mothers and their children: A systematic review of evidence from the developing world. Social Science & Medicine, 169, 119–131. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutstein, S. (2015). Steps to constructing the new DHS wealth index. Rockville, MD: The DHS Program.
   Google Scholar
• Sapkota, D., Adhikari, S. R., Bajracharya, T., & Sapkota, V. P. (2016). Designing evidence-based family planning programs for the marginalized community: An example of Muslim community in Nepal. Frontiers in Public Health, 4(122), 1–10. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00122
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sevoyan, A., & Agadjanian, V. (2015). Male labour migration, spousal communication, and STI treatment in Armenia. Culture Health & Sexuality, 17(3), 296–311. doi:10.1080/13691058.2014.936042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha, D. R., Shrestha, A., & Ghimire, J. (2012). Emerging challenges in family planning programme in Nepal. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 10(21), 108–112. doi:10.3126/jnhrc.v15i2.18199
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith-Estelle, A., & Gruskin, S. (2003). Vulnerability to HIV/STIs among rural women from migrant communities in Nepal: A health and human rights framework. Reproductive Health Matters, 11(22), 142–151. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(03)02292-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StataCorp. (2017). Stata statistical software: Release 15. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
   Google Scholar
• Sunam, R. (2014). Marginalised dalits in international labour migration: Reconfiguring economic and social relations in Nepal. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40(12), 2030–2048. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2014.948393
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55. doi:10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsui, A. O., McDonald-Mosley, R., & Burke, A. E. (2010). Family planning and the burden of unintended pregnancies. Epidemiologic Reviews, 32(1), 152–174. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxq012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uprety, S., Khatri, R., Baral, S., Regmi, S., & MacDonald, M. (2016). Access to family planning services by migrant couples in Nepal–barriers and evidence gaps. A review of the literature. In C. Sambo, J. Martinez, & J. Fairfax (Eds.), DFID and USAID commissioned series of studies. Kathmandu, Nepal: HERD International and Mott MacDonald.
   Google Scholar
• USAID. (2015). Family planning service strengthening program (FPSSP). Health and family planning fact sheet. Washington, DC: USAID.
   Google Scholar
• Vertovec, S. (2004). Cheap calls: The social glue of migrant transnationalism. Global Networks, 4(2), 219–224. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0374.2004.00088.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waszak, C., Severy, L. J., Kafafi, L., & Badawi, I. (2001). Fertility behavior and psychological stress: The mediating influence of gender norm beliefs among Egyptian women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25(3), 197–208. doi:10.1111/1471-6402.00021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegs, C., Creanga, A. A., Galavotti, C., & Wamalwa, E. (2016). Community dialogue to shift social norms and enable family planning: An evaluation of the family planning results initiative in Kenya. PLoS One, 11(4), e0153907. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue, K., O’Donnell, C., & Sparks, P. L. (2010). The effect of spousal communication on contraceptive use in Central Terai, Nepal. Patient Education and Counseling, 81(3), 402–408. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2010.07.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar