Polyacrylamide-induced coagulation process removing suspended solids from palm oil mill effluent

References

• Wu, T.Y.; Mohammad, A.W.; Jahim, J.M.; Anuar, N. (2010) Pollution control technologies for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) through end-of-pipe processes. Journal of Environmental Management, 91: 1467–1490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, T.Y.; Li, J.L.; Chen, B.H. (2005) Solubilization of selected free fatty acids in palm oil by biodegradable ethoxylated surfactants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53: 4476–4483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wah, W.P.; Sulaiman, N.M.; Nachiappan, M.; Varadaraj, B. (2002) Pre-treatment and membrane ultrafiltration using treated palm oil mill effluent (POME). Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 24: 891–898.
   Google Scholar
• Jamal, P.; Idris, Z.M.; Alam, M.Z. (2011) Effects of physicochemical parameters on the production of phenolic acids from palm oil mill effluent under liquid-state fermentation by Aspergillusniger IBS-103ZA. Journal Food Chemistry, 124: 1595–1602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi Jing, C.; Chong, M.F.; Chung Lim, L. (2010) Effects of temperature on aerobic treatment of anaerobically digested palm oil mill effluent (POME). Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 49: 7093–7101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, S.L.; Wu, T.Y.; Clarke, C. (2014) Treatment and biotransformation of highly polluted agro-industrial wastewater from a palm oil mill into vermin compost using earthworms. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(3): 691–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad, A.L.; Chong, M.F.; Bhatia, S. (2006) Prediction of breakthrough curves for adsorption of complex organic solutes present in palm oil mill effluent (POME) on granular activated carbon. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 45: 6793–6802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinatizadeh, A.A. (2006) Biological treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) using an up-flow anaerobic sludge fixed film (UASFF) bioreactor, PhD thesis, University Science Malaysia (USM).
   Google Scholar
• Teh, C.Y.; Budiman, P.M.; Shak, K.P.Y.; Wu, T.Y. (2016) Recent advancement of coagulation-flocculation and its application in wastewater treatment. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 55(16): 4363–4389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teh, C.Y.; Wu, T.Y.; Juan, J.C. (2014) Optimization of agro-industrial wastewater treatment using unmodified rice starch as a natural coagulant. Industrial Crops and Products, 56: 17–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shak, K.P.Y.; Wu, T.Y. (2014) Coagulation-flocculation treatment of high-strength agro-industrial wastewater using natural Cassia obtusifolia seed gum: Treatment efficiencies and flocs characterization. Chemical Engineering Journal, 256: 293–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shak, K.P.Y.; Wu, T.Y. (2015) Optimized use of alum together with unmodified Cassia obtusifolia seed gum as a coagulant aid in treatment of palm oil mill effluent under natural pH of wastewater, Industrial Crops and Products, 76: 1169–1178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, P.; Garnier, G. (2010) Effect of cationic polyacrylamide adsorption kinetics and ionic strength on precipitated calcium carbonate flocculation. Journal of Langmuir, 26: 16949–16957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, C.; Pelton, R. (2001) PEO flocculation of polystyrene-core poly(vinylphenol)-shelll latex: An example of ideal bridging. Journal of Langmuir, 17: 7770–7776.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, J.M.; Ariffin, A.H.; Ramlan, A.A.; Mohmmed, R.T. (2006) Chemical precipitation of palm oil mill effluent (POME), Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Natural Resources Engineering & Technology, 400–407.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad, A.L.; Ismail, S.; Bhatia, S. (2005) Optimization of coagulation-flocculation process for palm oil mill effluent using response surface methodology. Environmental Science & Technology, 39: 2828–2834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia, S.; Othman, Z.; Ahmad, A.L. (2007) Pretreatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) using Moringaoleifera seeds as natural coagulant. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 145:120–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia, S.; Othman, Z.; Ahmad, A.L. (2006) Palm oil mill effluent pretreatment using Moringaoleifera seeds as an environmentally friendly coagulant: laboratory and pilot plant studies. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 81: 1852–1858.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Public Health Association (APHA). (1999) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Ed; APHA, AWWA: Washington DC.
   Google Scholar
• Metcalf, L.; Eddy, H. (2003) Wastewater Engineering; McGraw Hill: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Ariffin, A.; Raid, S.; Shatat, A.; Nik Norulaini, A.R.; Mohd Omar, A.K. (2004) Synthetic polyelectrolytes based on acrylamide and their application as a flocculent in the treatment of palm oil mill effluent. Journal of Applied Sciences, 4: 393–397.
   Google Scholar
• Sørensen, P.B.; Hansen, J.A. (1993) Extreme solid compressibility in biological sludge dewatering. Water Science & Technology, 28(1): 133–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariffin, A.; Raid, S.; Shatat, A.; Nik Norulaini, A.R.; Mohd Omar, A.K. (2005) Synthetic polyelectrolytes of varying charge densities but similar molar mass based on acrylamide and their applications on palm oil mill effluent treatment. Desalination, 173: 201–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar