Modified biofloc technology and its effects on water quality and growth of catfish

References

• Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP), 2020. KKP Lakukan Integrasi Dan Inovasi Program Budidaya Berkelanjutan. [in Indonesian]. https://kkp.go.id/djpb/artikel/14323-kkp-lakukan-integrasi-dan-inovasi-program-budidaya-berkelanjutan
   Google Scholar
• Yi, Y.; Lin, C. K.; Dan Diana, J. S. Hybrid Catfish (Clarias Macrocephalus >< C. Gariepinus) and Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Culture in an Integrated Pen Compound System: Growth Performance and Nutrient Budgets. Aquaculture. 2003, 217, 395–408. DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00540-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreaves, J. A. Biofloc Production Systems for Aquaculture. Southern. Regional. Aquacult. Center. 2013, 4305, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Avnimelech, Y. Biofloc Technology: A Practical Guide Book, 3rd ed.; Baton Rouge: Louisiana, United States, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Khanjani, M. H.; Sharifinia, M. Biofloc Technology as a Promising Tool to Improve Aquaculture Production. Rev. Aquacult. 2020, 12, 1836–1850. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sayed, A. M. Use of Biofloc Technology in Shrimp Aquacul- Ture: A Comprehensive Review, with Emphasis on the Last Decade. Rev. Aquacult. 2021, 13, 676–705. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerenciano, M. G. C.; Rombenso, A. N.; Vieira, F.; Martins, M. A.; Coman, G. J.; Truong, H. H.; Noble, T. H.; Simon, C. J. Intensi- Fication of Penaeid Shrimp Culture: An Applied Review of Advances in Production Systems, Nutrition and Breeding. Animals. 2022, 12, 236. DOI: 10.3390/ani12030236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand, P. S. S.; Kohli, M. P. S.; Kumar, S.; Sundaray, J. K.; Roy, S. D.; Venkateshwarlu, G.; Sinha, A.; Pailan, G. H. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Biofloc on Growth Performance and Digestive Enzyme Activities in Penaeus Monodon. Aquaculture. 2014, 418–419, 108–115. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.09.051.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn, D. D.; Boardman, G. D.; Lawrence, A. L.; Marsh, L.; Flick, G. J., Jr. Microbial Floc Meal as a Replacement Ingredient for Fish Meal and Soybean Protein in Shrimp Feed. Aquaculture. 2009, 296, 51–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.07.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn, D. D.; Lawrence, A. L.; Boardman, G. D.; Patnaik, S.; Marsh, L.; Flick, G. J. Evaluation of Two Types of Bioflocs Derived from Biological Treatment of Fish Effluent as Feed Ingredients for Pacific White Shrimp. Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture. 2010, 303, 28–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piedrahita, R. H. Reducing the Potential Environmental Impact of Tank Aquaculture Effluents Through Intensification and Recirculation. Aquaculture. 2003, 226, 35–44. DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00465-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasielesky, W.; Atwood, H.; Stokes, A.; Browdy, C. L. Effect of Natural Production in a Zero Exchange Suspended Microbial Floc Based Super-Intensive Culture System for White Shrimp, Litopenaeus Vannamei. Aquaculture. 2006, 258(1), 396–403. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.04.030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avnimelech, Y.; Kochba, M. Evaluation of Nitrogen Uptake and Excretion by Tilapia in Biofloc Tanks, Using 15 N Tracing. Aquaculture. 2009, 287, 163–168. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.10.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avnimelech, Y. Feeding with Microbial Flocs by Tilapia in Minimal Discharge Bioflocs Technology Ponds. Aquaculture. 2007, 264, 140–147. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azim, M. E.; Little, D. C. The Biofloc Technology (BFT) in Indoor Tanks: Water Quality, Biofloc Composition, and Growth and Welfare of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus). Aquaculture. 2008, 283, 29–35. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.06.036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebeling, J. M.; Timmons, M. B.; Bisogni, J. J. Engineering Analysis of the Stoichiometry of Photoautotrophic, Autotrophic, and Heterotrophic Control of Ammonia-Nitrogen in Aquaculture in Aquaculture Production Systems. Aquaculture. 2006, 257, 346–358. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.03.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minabi, K.; Sourinejad, I.; Alizadeh, M.; Ghatrami, E. R.; Khanjani, M. H. Effects of Different Carbon to Nitrogen Ratios in the Biofloc System on Water Quality, Growth, and Body Composition of Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.) Fingerlings. Aquac. Int. 2020, 28, 1883–1898. DOI: 10.1007/s10499-020-00564-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanjani, M. H.; Sharifinia, M. Biofloc Technology with Addition Molasses as Carbon Sources Applied to Litopenaeus Vanna- Mei Juvenile Production Under the Effects of Different C/N Ratios. Aquac. Int. 2022, 30, 383–397. DOI: 10.1007/s10499-021-00803-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deswati, D.; Safni, S.; Khairiyah, K.; Yusuf, Y.; Pardi, H.; Pardi, H. Environmental Detoxification of Heavy Metals in Flood & Drain Aquaponic System Based on Biofloc Technology. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2020a, 102, 7155–7164. DOI: 10.1080/03067319.2020.1826463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deswati, D.; Safni, S.; Khairiyah, K.; Yani, E.; Yusuf, Y.; Refinel, R.; Pardi, H. Biofloc technology: Water quality (pH, temperature, DO, COD, BOD) in a flood & drain aquaponic system. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2020b, 102, 6835–6844. DOI: 10.1080/03067319.2020.1826463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deswati, D.; Elsa Yani, E.; Safni, S.; Pardi, H.; Pardi, H. Development Methods in Aquaponics Systems Using Biofloc to Improve Water Quality (Amoia, Nitrite, Nitrate) and Growth of Tilapia and Samhong Mustard. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2020c, 102, 7824–7834. DOI: 10.1080/03067319.2020.1839437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safni, D.; Isara, L. P.; Pardi, H.; Roesma, D. I.; Pardi, H. Hydroton-Biofloc-Based Aquaponics (Hydroton-Flocponics): Towards Good Water Quality and Macro-Micro Nutrient. AACL. Bioflux. 2021a, 14(04), 3127–3144. DOI: 10.31788/RJC.2021.1446576.
   Google Scholar
• Deswati, D.; Tetra, O. N.; Isara, L. P.; Roesma, D. I.; Pardi, H. Samhong Mustard Cultivation by Utilizing Tilapia Waste in Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) Aquaponics System Based on Biofloc, and Its Impact on Water Quality. Rasayan J. Chem. 2021b, 14(4), 2559–2566. DOI: 10.31788/RJC.2021.1446576.
   Google Scholar
• Deswati, U. N.; Yusuf, Y.; Tetra, O. N.; Edelwis, T. W.; Pardi, H. Improvement of Water Quality (Cu, Fe, Zn) in Biofloc Aquaponics Systems by Utilizing Fish Waste as a Source of Micronutrients. AACL. Biofluc. 2021c, 14(6), 3440–3449. DOI: 10.31788/RJC.2021.1446576.
   Google Scholar
• Emerenciano, M. G. C.; Martínez-Córdova, L. R.; Martínez-Porchas, M.; Miranda-Baeza, A. Biofloc Technology (BFT): A Tool for Water Quality Management in Aquaculture. In Water Quality; Tutu, H., Ed.; IntechOpen: London (UK), 2017; Vol. 5, pp. 92–109.
   Google Scholar
• Das, S. K.; Mandal, A. Environmental Amelioration in Biofloc Based Rearing System of White Leg Shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei) in West Bengal, India. Aquat. Living Res. 2021a, 34, 1–12. DOI: 10.1051/alr/2021016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, S. K.; Mandal, A. Supplementation of Biofloc in Carp (Cyprinus Carpio Var. Communis) Culture as a Potential Tool of Resource Management in Aquaculture. Aquat. Living Res. 2021b, 34, 1–12. DOI: 10.1051/alr/2021019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poli, M. A.; Martins, M. A.; Pereira, S. A.; Jesus, G. F. A.; Martins, M. L.; Mouriño, J. L. P.; Vieira, F. N. Increasing Stocking Densities Affect Hemato-Immunological Parameters of Nile Tilapia Reared in an Integrated System with Pacific White Shrimp Using Biofloc Tech- Nology. Aquaculture. 2021, 536, 736497. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanjani, M. H.; Eslami, J.; Ghaedi, G.; Sourinejad, I. The Effects of Different Stocking Densities on Nursery Performance of Banana Shrimp (Fenneropenaeus Merguiensis) Reared Under Biofloc Condition. Annals. Animal Sci. 2022a, 22, 1291–1299. DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esparza-Leal, H. M.; Ponce-Palafox, J. T.; Alvarez-Ruiz, P.; Lopez-´alvarez, E. S.; Vazquez- Montoya, N.; Lopez-Espinoza, M.; Montoya-Mejía, M.; Gomez-Peraza, R. L.; Nava-Perez, E. Effect of Stocking Density and Water Exchange on Performance and Stress Tolerance to Low and High Salinity by Litopenaeus Vannamei Post- Larvae Reared with Biofloc in Intensive Nursery Phase. Aquac. Int. 2020, 28, 1473–1483. DOI: 10.1007/s10499-020-00535-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinda, R.; Mandal, A.; Das, S. K. Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) Supplemented Biofloc Medium as Alternative Feed in Com- Mon Carp (Cyprinus Carpio Var. communis Linnaeus) culture. J. Appl. Aquac. 2020, 32, 361–379. DOI: 10.1080/10454438.2019.1645076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorothy, M. S.; Vungarala, H.; Sudhagar, A.; Reddy, A. K.; Rani Asanaru Majeedkutty, B. Growth, Body Composition and Antioxi- Dant Status of Litopenaeus Vannamei Juveniles Reared at Different Stocking Densities in the Biofloc System Using Inland Saline Groundwater. Aquac. Res. 2021, 52, 6299–6307. DOI: 10.1111/are.15493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanjani, M. H.; Sharifinia, M.; Hajirezaee, S. Recent Progress Towards the Application of Biofloc Technology for Tilapia Farming. Aquaculture. 2022b, 552, 738021. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekasari, J.; Crab, R.; Verstraete, W. Primary Nutritional Content of Bioflocs Cultured with Different Organic Carbon Sources and Salinity. Hayati. J. Biosci. 2010, 17(3), 125–130. DOI: 10.4308/hjb.17.3.125.
   Google Scholar
• Khanjani, M. H.; Alizadeh, M.; Sharifinia, M. Effects of Different Carbon Sources on Water Quality, Biofloc Quality, and Growth Performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Fingerlings in a Heterotrophic Culture System. Aquac. Int. 2021a, 29, 307–321. DOI: 10.1007/s10499-020-00627-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanjani, M. H.; Alizadeh, M.; Mohammadi, M.; Sarsangi Aliabad, H. Biofloc System Applied to Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Farming Using Different Carbon Sources: Growth Performance, Carcass Analysis, Digestive and Hepatic Enzyme Activity. Iran. J. Fish. Sci. 2021b, 20, 490–513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setiawan, A.; Ariqoh, R.; Tivani, P.; Pipih, L.; Pudjiastuti, I. Bioflokulasi system teknologi budidaya lele tebar padat tinggi dengan kapasitas 1m3/750 ekor dengan flock forming bacteria. Journal. Inovasi Teknik Kimia. 2016, 1(1), 12–21, in Indonesian.
   Google Scholar
• Widanarni, S.; Setiawati, M. Respons imun dan kinerja pertumbuhan ikan lele, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) pada budidaya sistem bioflok dengan sumber karbon berbeda serta diinfeksi Aeromonas hydrophila. Jurnal. Iktiologi Indonesian. 2017, 16(3), 309–323. [in Indonesian].
   Google Scholar
• Hari, B.; Kurup, B. M.; Varghese, J. T.; Schrama, J. W.; Verdegem, M. C. J. The Effect of Carbohydrate Addition on Water Quality and the Nitrogen Budget in Extensive Shrimp Culture Sistems. Aquaculture. 2006, 252, 248–263. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.06.044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogello, E. O.; Outa, N. O.; Obiero, K. O.; Kyule, D. N.; Munguti, J. M. The Prospects of Biofloc Technology (BFT) for Sustainable Aquaculture Development. Scientific. African. 2021, e01053. DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e01053.
   Google Scholar
• Deswati, S. J. Budidaya Lele Berbasis Bioflok. Plantaxia Yogjakarta. [in Indonesian], 2022
   Google Scholar
• Aiyushirota. Konsep budidaya udang sistem bakteri heterotrof dengan bioflok. Dikutif dari https://www.aiyushirota.comdiakses pada 5 Maret 2022 [in Indonesian], 2009
   Google Scholar
• Suprapto, N. S.; Samtasir, L. S. Biofloc – 165 Rahasia Sukses Teknologi Bioflok. Depok (ID): Agro 165, Depok- Jawa Barat. [in Indonesian]. 2013
   Google Scholar
• BSN (Badan Standardisasi Nasional). Cara Uji Biochemical Oxygen Demand/BOD). Nomor 6989.72:2009; Jakarta. [in Indonesian], 2009
   Google Scholar
• BSN (Badan Standardisasi Nasional). Cara Uji Chemical Oxygen Demand/COD). Nomor 6989.15:2019; Jakarta. [in Indonesian], 2019a
   Google Scholar
• BSN (Badan Standardisasi Nasional). Cara uji nilai permanganat secara titrimetri. Nomor 06-6989.22-2004; Jakarta. [in Indonesian], 2004a
   Google Scholar
• BSN (Badan Standardisasi Nasional). Cara uji secara nilai permanganat secara secara gravimetri. Nomor SNI-6898-27-2019; Jakarta. [in Indonesian], 2019b
   Google Scholar
• BSN (Badan Standardisasi Nasional). Metode pengujian kadar ortofosfat dan fosfat dalam air dengan alat spektrofotometer secara asam askorbat. Nomor 19-2483-1991; Jakarta. [in Indonesian], 1991
   Google Scholar
• BSN (Badan Standardisasi Nasional). Cara uji sulfat, SO42- secara turbidimetri. Nomor 06-6989.20-2004; Jakarta. [in Indonesian], 2004b
   Google Scholar
• Pusat Pendidikan Kelautan dan Perikanan (PUSDIK-KP). Modul Teaching Factory Pembesara Ikan Air Tawar. Badan Pengembangan SDM Kelauta dan Perikanan. Jakarta. [in Indonesian], 2012
   Google Scholar
• Idris, T.; Dian, S.; Debora, P.; Setiawan; Hani, W.; Muhammad, N.; Hendro, P.; Sonti, M.; HA, N.; PD, G. Budidaya ikan lele sistem bioflok. Direktorat Produksi dan Usaha Budidaya Journal of Agriculture Indonesia. [in Indonesian], 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Zafar, N.; Khan, M. A. Growth, Feed Utilization, Mineralization and Antioxidant Response of Stinging Catfish Heteropneustes Fossilis Fed Diets with Different Levels of Manganese. Aquaculture. 2019, 509, 120–128. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.05.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukardi, P.; Yuwono, E. Nutrisi ikan. Cetakan Pertama UPT. Percetakan dan Penerbitan, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. Purwokerto: Pureokerto, East Java, Indonesia, [in Indonesian], 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Steel, R. G. D.; Torrie, J. H. Principles and Procedures of Statistics a Biometrical Approach, 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Ballester, E. L. C.; Abreu, P. C.; Cavalli, R. O.; Emerenciano, M.; Abreu, L.; Wasielesky, W. Effect of Practical Diets with Different Protein Levels on the Performance of Farfantepenaeus Paulensis Juveniles Nursed in a Zero Exchange Suspended Microbial Flocs Intensive System. Aquac. Nutr. 2010, 16(2), 163–172. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00648.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avnimelech, Y. Biofloc Technology: A Practical Guide Book, 2nd ed.; The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge: Louisiana, United States, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Abakari, G.; Wu, X.; He, X.; Fan, L.; Luo, G. Bacteria in Biofloc Technology Aquaculture Systems: Roles and Mediating Factors. Rev. Aquac. 2022, 14, 1260–1284. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suresh, A.; Grygolowicz-Pawlak, E.; Pathak, S.; Poh, L. S.; Majid Abdul Bin, M.; Dominiak, D.; Bugge, T. V.; Gao, X.; Ng, W. J. Understanding and Optimization of the Flocculation Process in Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes: A Review. Chemosphere. 2018, 210, 401–416. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Schryver, P.; Crab, R.; Defoirdt, T.; Boon, N.; Verstraete, W. The Basics of Bio-Flocs Technology: The Added Value for Aquaculture. Aquaculture. 2008, 277, 125–137. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.02.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basuvaraj, M.; Fein, J.; Liss, S. N. Protein and Polysaccharide Content of Tightly and Loosely Bound Extracellular Polymeric Substances and the Development of a Granular Activated Sludge Floc. Water. Res. 2015, 82, 104–117. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears, K.; Alleman, J. E.; Barnard, J. L.; Oleszkiewicz, J. A. Density and Activity Characterization of Activated Sludge Flocs. J. Environ. Eng-ASCE. 2006, 132(10), 1235–1242. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2006)132:10(1235).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avnimelech, Y. Biofloc Technology. A Practical Guide Book; The World Aquaculture Society: Baton Rouge, LA, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Mahanand, S. S.; Pandey, P. K. Prospect and Challenges of Biofloc Technology for Sustainable Aquaculture Development. In Advances in Fisheries Biotechnology; Pandey, P. K. Parhi, J., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2022; pp. 383–399.
   Google Scholar
• Khanjani, M. H.; Mohammadi, A.; Emerenciano, M. G. C. Microorganisms in Biofloc Aquaculture System. Aquacu. Reports, accepted. 2022c. S2352-5134 (22)00296-4, 101300. DOI: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dauda, A. B. Biofloc Technology: A Review on the Microbial Interactions, Operational Parameters and Implications to Disease and Health Management of Cultured Aquatic Animals. Rev. Aquac. 2020, 12(2), 1193–1210. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robles-Porchas, G. R.; Gollas-Galvan, T.; Martínez-Porchas, M.; Martínez-Cordova, L. R.; Miranda-Baeza, A.; Vargas-Albores, F. Rev. Aquac. 2020, 12(4), 2228–2249. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreaves, J. A. Photosynthetic Suspended-Growth Systems in Aquaculture. Aquac. Eng. 2006, 34(3), 344–363. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.08.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafar, M. A.; Rana, M. M. Biofloc Technology: An Eco-Friendly “Green Approach” to Boost Up Aquaculture Production. Aquac. Inter. 2021, 30, 51–72. DOI: 10.1007/s10499-021-00781-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, O.; Sereti, V.; Eding, E. H.; Verreth, J. A. J. Analysis of Nutrient Flows in Integrated Intensive Aquaculture Systems. Aquac. Eng. 2005, 32, 379–401. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2004.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossier, P.; Ekasari, J. Biofloc Technology Application in Aquaculture to Support Sustainable Development Goals. Microb. Biotechnol. 2017, 10, 1012–1016. DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crab, R.; Defoirdt, T.; Bossier, P.; Verstraete, W. Biofloc Technology in Aquaculture: Beneficial Effects and Future Challenges. Aquaculture. 2012, 356, 351–357. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.04.046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, S.; Helfrich, L. A. Understanding Fish Nutrition, Feeds and Feeding (Publication 420–256).Virginia Cooperative Extension; Willey: Yorktown (Virginia), 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Deswati, Z. R.; Sutopo, J.; Tetra, O. N. Flokponik, integrasi akuakultur berbasis bioflok dengan hidroponik. Plantaxia Yogjakarta. [in Indonesian], 2022
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, N.; Luo, G.; Tan, H.; Liu, W.; Hou, Z. Growth, Digestive Enzyme Activity and Welfare of Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Reared in a Biofloc-Based System with Poly-β-Hydroxybutyric as a Carbon Source. Aquaculture. 2016, 464, 710–717. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.08.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samocha, T. M.; Patnaik, S.; Speed, M.; Ali, A. M.; Burger, J. M.; Almeida, R. V.; Ayub, Z.; Harisanto, M.; Horowitz, A.; Brock, D. L. Use of Molasses as Carbon Source in Limited Discharge Nursery and Grow-Out Systems for Litopenaeus Vannamei. Aquac. Eng. 2007, 36(2), 184–191. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2006.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRRI (Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesian) number 22. Concerning the Implementation of Environmental Protection and Management. [in Indonesian], 2021
   Google Scholar
• Simeon, E. O.; Idomo, K. B. S.; Chioma, F. Physicochemical Characteristics of Surface Water and Sediment of Silver River, Southern Ijaw, Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Am. J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2019, 3(2), 39–46. DOI: 10.11648/j.ajese.20190302.12.
   Google Scholar
• Samudro, G.; Mangkoedihardjo, S. Review on BOD, COD and BOD/COD Ratio: A Triangle Zone for Toxic, Biodegradable and Stable Levels. Inter. J. Acad. Res. 2010, 2(4), 235–239.
   Google Scholar
• Papadopoulos, A.; Parissopoulos, G.; Papadopoulos, F.; Karteris, A. Variations of COD/BOD5 Ratio at Different Units of a Wastewater Stabilization Pond Pilot Treatment Facility. In Proceeding of 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis, India, 16–19, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Mangkoedihardjo, S. Biodegradability Improvement of Industrial Wastewater Using Hyacinth. J. Appl. Sci. 2010, 6(6), 1409–1414. DOI: 10.3923/jas.2006.1409.1414.
   Google Scholar
• Koch, M.; Yediler, A.; Lienert, D.; Insel, G.; Kettrup, A. Ozonation of Hydrolyzed Azo Dye Reactive Yellow 84 (CI). Chemosphere. 2002, 46(1), 109–113. DOI: 10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00102-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effendie, H. Telaah kualitas air bagi pengelolaan sumberdaya dan lingkungan perairan. Kanisius. Yogyakarta. [in Indonesian], 2003
   Google Scholar
• Putra, S. J. W.; Nitisupardjo, M.; Widyorini, N. Analisis hubungan bahan organik dengan total bakteri pada tambak udang intensif sistem semi bioflok di BBPBAP Jepara. Manag. Aquatic. Res. J. 2014, 3(3), 121–129. in Indonesian.
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S.; Sinha, A.; Sahu, C. Bioaugmentation in the Growth and Water Quality of Live bearing Ornamental Fishes. Aquac. Inter. 2008, 16(5), 393–403. DOI: 10.1007/s10499-007-9152-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuliani, E.; Harahap, S.; Purwanto, E. Efektifitas biofilter bermedia kerikil, pasir, ijuk, botol plastik dan tumbuhan kiapu (Pistia stratiotes) dalam menurunkan kadar BOD5, COD pada limbah cair mie basah. Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM). Bidang Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan. 2018, 5(1), 1–9. in Indonesian.
   Google Scholar
• Hastuti, Y. P. Nitrifikasi dan Denitrifikasi di Tambak. Jurnal. Akuakultur Indonesian. 2011, 10(1), 89–98. in Indonesian.
   Google Scholar
• Kurniawan, A. P. Distribusi vertikal komunitas fitoplankton pada lokasi inlet dan outlet di Waduk Saguling, Cianjur, Jawa Barat. Integra. Lab J. 2018, 4(2), 269–278. in Indonesian.
   Google Scholar
• Leonanda, B. D.; Zolanda, Y. Reaktor nitrifikasi biofilter untuk air limbah sisa makanan dan feses ikan. Metal: Journal. Sistem Mekanik dan Termal. 2018, 2(1), 9–14. in Indonesian. DOI: 10.25077/metal.2.1.9-14.2018.
   Google Scholar
• Arfiati, D.; Dina, K. F.; Lailiyah, S.; Adialam, E.; Cokrowati, N. Effectiveness of Bacterial Attachment Media to Reduce Organic Matter from Wastewater of Catfish Aquaculture. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Enviro. Sci. 2020, 493, 012001. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/493/1/012001.
   Google Scholar
• Iyama, W. A.; Edori, O. S. Comparative Analysis of the Water Quality Status of the Bassan Rivers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Int. J. Chem. Eng. Res. 2016, 6(1), 59–69.
   Google Scholar
• Rahmanian, N.; Ali, S. H. B.; Homayoonfard, M.; Ali, N. J.; Rehan, M.; Sadef, Y.; Nizami, A. S. Analysis of Physiochemical Parameters to Evaluate the Drinking Water Quality in the State of Perak, Malaysia. J. Chem. 2015, 716125, 10. Article ID. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/716125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NRCC (National Research Council of Canada). Effect of Sodium and Potassium in the Canadian Environment No. 150154; Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality Otttawa: Japan, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Zidni, I. Pengaruh padat tebar terhadap pertumbuhan benih lele sangkuriang (Clarias gariepinus) dalam sistem akuaponik. Skripsi. Program Studi Perikanan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Padjajaran: Bandung, Indonesian, [inR Indonesian], 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Tamyiz, M. Perbandingan rasio BOD/COD pada area tambak di hulu dan hilir terhadap biodegradabilitas bahan organik. J. Res and Technol. 2016, 1(01), 9–15.
   Google Scholar
• Hidayat, N.; Aminah, S.; Rahmah, N. L. Optimasi protein dan total padatan terlarut dalam ekstrak cacing tanah (Lumbricus rubellus). Jurnal. Teknologi & Industri Hasil Pertanian. 2018, 23(1), 13–20. in Indonesian. DOI: 10.23960/jtihp.v23i1.13-20.
   Google Scholar
• Farida, N. F.; Abdullah, S. H.; Priyati, A. Analisis kualitas air pada sistem pengairan akuaponik. Jurnal. Ilmiah Rekayasa Pertanian dan Biosistem. 2017, 5(2), 385–394. in Indonesian. DOI: 10.29303/jrpb.v5i2.54.
   Google Scholar
• Atima, W. BOD dan COD sebagai parameter pencemaran air dan baku mutu air limbah. biosel. Biolog. Sci and Educa. 2015, 4(1), 83–93. in Indonesian. DOI: 10.33477/bs.v4i1.532.
   Google Scholar
• Machdar, I. Pengantar Pengendalian Pencemaran: Pencemaran Air, Pencemaran Udara, dan Kebisingan, Deepublish: Yogyakarta, Indonesian, [in Indonesian], 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Putri, M. N.; Purnomo, P. W.; Soedarsono, P. Profil vertikal bahan organik dasar perairan dengan latar belakang pemanfaatan berbeda di Rawa Pening. Manag. Aquatic. Res. J. 2013, 2(3), 27–36. in Indonesian. DOI: 10.14710/marj.v2i3.4178.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, N.; Pandey, P.; Hussain, J. Effect of Physicochemical and Biological Parameters on the Quality of River Water of Narmada, Madhya Pradesh, India. Water. Sci. 2017, 31, 11–23. DOI: 10.1016/j.wsj.2017.03.002.
   Google Scholar
• Kelley, J. L.; Arias-Rodriguez, L.; Martin, D. P.; Yee, M. C.; Custamante, C. D.; Tobler, M. Mechanisms Underlying Adaptation to Life in Hydrogen Sulfide-Rich Environments. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2016, 33, 1419–1434. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megahed, M. The Effect of Microbial Biofloc on Water Quality, Survival and Growth of the Green Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus Semisulcatus) Fed with Different Crude Protein Levels. J. Arab .Aquacult. Soc. 2010, 5, 119–142.
   Google Scholar
• Handajani, W. Nutrisi Ikan, UMM Press: Malang, West Java, Indonesia, [in Indonesian], 2010.
   Google Scholar
• de Schryver, P.; Boon, N.; Verstraete, W.; Bossier, P. The Biology and Biotechnology Behind Bioflocs. In Biofloc Technology: A Practical Guide Book; Rahmat, R., Ed. World Aquaculture Society (WAS): Netherland, 2012; pp 199–215.
   Google Scholar
• Arief, M. Pemberian probiotik yang berbeda pada pakan komersil terhadap pertumbuhan retensi protein dan serat kasar pada ikan nila (Oreochromis sp). Argoveteriner. 2013, 1(2), 88–93. in Indonesian.
   Google Scholar
• Delgado, A.; Arroyo López, F. N.; Brito, D.; Peres, C.; Fevereiro, P.; Garrido-Fernández, A. Optimum Bacteriocin Production by Lactobacillus Plantarum Requires Absence of NaCl and Apparently Follows a Mixed Metabolite Kinetics. J. Biotechnol. 2007, 130(2), 193–201. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.01.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatesoupe, F. J. The Use of Probiotics in Aquaculture. Aquaculture. 1999, 191, 147–165. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00187-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikoskelainen, S.; Ouwehand, A.; Salminen, S.; Bylund, G. Protection of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) from Furunculosis by Lactobacillus Rhamnosus. Aquaculture. 2001, 198, 229–236. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00593-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putri, F. S.; Hasan, Z.; Haetami, K. Pengaruh pemberian bakteri probiotik pada pellet yang mengandung kaliandra (Calliandracalothyrsus) terhadap pertumbuhan benih ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Staf Dosen Fakultas Perikanan. dan Ilmu Kelautan Unpad. 2012, 3(4), 291. in Indonesian.
   Google Scholar
• Fuentes, J. A. P.; Pérez-Rostro, C. I.; Hernández-Vergara, M. P.; MdC, M.D. Variation of the Bacterial Composition of Biofloc and the Intestine of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus, Cultivated Using Biofloc Technology, Supplied Different Feed Rations. Aquacult. Res. 2018, 49(11), 3658–3668. DOI: 10.1111/are.13834.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hariyadi, B.; Haryono, A.; Susilo, U. Evaluation of Feed Efficiency and Protein Efficiency in Grass Carp (ctenopharyngodon Idella Val) Fed with Different Carbohydrate and Energy Levels of Feed; Fakultas Biologi Unseod: Purwokerto, East Java, Indonesia, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Dan Sukirno, S., Analisis kelayakan pembuatan pakan dan budidaya ikan gurame di Desa Glempang Kecamatan Maos Kabupaten Cilacap, Pusat. Penelitian Informatika, 2003, 12, 1–12. in Indonesian.
   Google Scholar
• Irianto, A.; Robertson, P. A. W.; Austin, B. Oral Administration of Formalin-Inactivated Cells of Aeromonas Hydrophila A3-51 Controls Infection by a Typical A. Salmonicida in Goldfish. Carassiusauratus (L.). J. Fish Dis. 2003, 26, 117–120. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00439.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmadi, H.; Iskandar; Kurniawati, N. Pemberian Probiotik dalam Pakan Terhadap Pertumbuhan Lele Sangkuriang (Clarias gariepinus) pada Pendederan II. J. Perikanan dan Kelautan. 2012, 3(4), 99–107. in Indonesian.
   Google Scholar
• Arief, M.; Fitriani, N.; Subekti, S. Pengaruh Pemberian Probiotik Berbeda pada Pakan Komersial terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Efisiensi Pakan Ikan Lele Sangkuriang (Clarias Sp.) [The Present Effect Of Different Probiotics On Commercial Feed Towards Growth And Feed Efficiency Of Sangkuriang Catfish (Clarias Sp.)]. Jurnal. Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan. 2014, 6(1), 49–54. in Indonesian. DOI: 10.20473/jipk.v6i1.11381.
   Google Scholar
• Kaya, D.; Genc, E.; Genc, M. A.; Aktas, M.; Eroldogan, O. T.; Guroy, D. Biofloc Technology in Recirculating Aquaculture System as a Culture Model for Green Tiger Shrimp, Penaeus Semisulcatus: Effects of Different Feeding Rates and Stocking Densities. Aquaculture. 2020, 528, 735526. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arsyad, R. A. Kajian aplikasi probiotik yang dibuat dari bahan baku lokal terhadap pertumbuhan dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup benih ikan nila (Orechromis niloticus), Jurusan Budidaya Perairan Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Negeri Gorontalo: Gorontalo, Indonesia, [in Indonesian], 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Barrow, P. A.; Hardi H. Probiotic for Chickens. In Probiotics the Scientific Basis; Filler, R., Ed.; Chapman and Hall: London, 2001; pp 121–125.
   Google Scholar
• Nizar, S. Pengaruh pemberian probiotik dengan dosis yang berbeda pada pakan buatan terhadap laju pertumbuhan dan konversi pakan benih ikan patin (Pangasius sp.) skripsi; [in Indonesian]; Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan UNDIP: Semarang, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Browdy, C.; Hargreaves, J.; Hoang, T.; Avnimelech, Y. Biofloc Technology and Shrimp Disease Workshop; The Aquaculture Engineering Society: Copper Hill, VA USA, 2014; pp 83–153.
   Google Scholar
• Krummenauer, D.; Peixoto, S.; Cavalli, R. O.; Poersch, L. H.; Wasielesky, W. Super Intensive Culture of White Shrimp, Litopenaeus Vannamei, in a Biofloc Technology System in Southern Brazil at Different Stocking Densities. J. World Aquac. Soc. 2011, 42(5), 726–733. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00507.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Fuentes, J. A.; Perez-Rostro, C. I.; Hernandez-Vergara, M. P. Pond-Reared Malaysian Prawn Macrobrachium Rosenbergii with the Biofloc System. Aquaculture. 2013, 400, 105–110. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.02.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitria, A. S. Analisis kelulushidupan dan pertumbuhan benih ikan nila larasati (Oreochromis niloticus) pada berbagai salinitas. Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Diponegoro.J. Aquace. Manag and Technol. 2012, 1(1), 18–34. in Indonesian.
   Google Scholar
• Trisnawati, Y.; Suminto S.; Sudaryono, V. Pengaruh kombinasi pakan buatan dan cacing tanah (Lumbicus rubellus) terhadap efesiensi pemanfaatan pakan, pertumbuhan dan kelulushidupan lele dumbo (Clarias gariepinus). J. Aquac. Manag and Technol. 2014, 3(2), 86–93. [in Indonesian].
   Google Scholar