Investigation of tris(2-methylbutyl) phosphate for U/Th separation from U-Th and U-Th-REE solutions by cross current mode

References

• Cox, M. Solvent Extraction in Hydrometallurgy. In Solvent Extraction Principles and Practice, Revised and Expanded; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2004; pp 1–24. DOI: 10.1201/9780203021460.
   Google Scholar
• Kislik, V. S. Chapter 5 - Examples of Application of Solvent Extraction Techniques in Chemical, Radiochemical, Biochemical, Pharmaceutical, Analytical Separations, and Wastewater Treatment. In Solvent Extraction; Kislik, V. S., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2012; pp 185–314. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53778-2.10005-6.
   Google Scholar
• Navratil, J. D. Solvent Extraction in Nuclear Technology. 1986, 58(6), 885–888. DOI: 10.1351/pac198658060885.
   Google Scholar
• El-Nadi, Y. A. Solvent Extraction and Its Applications on Ore Processing and Recovery of Metals: Classical Approach. Sep. Purif. Rev. 2017, 46(3), 195–215. DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2016.1240085.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorden, A. E. V.; DeVore, M. A., II; Maynard, B. A. Coordination Chemistry with f-Element Complexes for an Improved Understanding of Factors That Contribute to Extraction Selectivity. Inorg. Chem. 2013, 52(7), 3445–3458. DOI: 10.1021/ic300887p.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash, K. L. A Review of the Basic Chemistry and Recent Developments in Trivalent f-Elements Separations. Solvent. Extr. Ion Exch. 1993, 11(4), 729–768. DOI: 10.1080/07366299308918184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karakosta, C.; Pappas, C.; Marinakis, V.; Psarras, J. Renewable Energy and Nuclear Power Towards Sustainable Development: Characteristics and Prospects. Renew. Sustainable Energy. Rev. 2013, 22, 187–197. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook, B. W.; Alonso, A.; Meneley, D. A.; Misak, J.; Blees, T.; van Erp, J. B. Why Nuclear Energy is Sustainable and Has to Be Part of the Energy Mix. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 2014, 1-2, 8–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2014.11.001.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, L.; Msigwa, G.; Yang, M.; Osman, A. I.; Fawzy, S.; Rooney, D. W.; Yap, P. -S. Strategies to Achieve a Carbon Neutral Society: A Review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2022, 20(4), 2277–2310. DOI: 10.1007/s10311-022-01435-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fawzy, S.; Osman, A. I.; Doran, J.; Rooney, D. W. Strategies for Mitigation of Climate Change: A Review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2020, 18(6), 2069–2094. DOI: 10.1007/s10311-020-01059-w.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavel, G. L.; Budu, A. R.; Moraru, D. E. Optimization of Energy Mix - Nuclear Power and Renewable Energy for Low Emissions Energy Source a Benefit for Generations to Come. Energy. Procedia. 2017, 112, 412–417. DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1092.
   Google Scholar
• van der Zwaan, B. The Role of Nuclear Power in Mitigating Emissions from Electricity Generation. Energy. Strategy. Rev. 2013, 1(4), 296–301. DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2012.12.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiermeier, Q.; Tollefson, J.; Scully, T.; Witze, A.; Morton, O. Energy Alternatives: Electricity Without Carbon. Nature. 2008, 454(7206), 816–823. DOI: 10.1038/454816a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sovacool, B. K. Critically Weighing the Costs and Benefits of a Nuclear Renaissance. J. Integr. Environ. Sci. 2010, 7(2), 105–123. DOI: 10.1080/1943815X.2010.485618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayak, A. K.; Kumar, A.; Dhami, P. S.; Asnani, C. K.; Singh, P. Thorium Technology Development in an Indian Perspective. In Thorium—Energy for the Future; Nayak, A. K. Sehgal, B. R., Eds.; Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019; pp. 27–82.
   Google Scholar
• Platte, J. E. Indian Nuclear Fuel Cycle Decision-Making: An Analysis of Influences. J. Risk. Res. 2014, 17(1), 7–21. DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.822923.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achuthan, P. V.; Ramanujam, A. Aqueous Reprocessing by THOREX Process. In Thoria-Based Nuclear Fuels: Thermophysical and Thermodynamic Properties, Fabrication, Reprocessing, and Waste Management; Das, D., Bharadwaj, S. R., Eds.; Springer London: London, 2013; pp 279–333.
   Google Scholar
• Miloš, R. Nature, Sources, Resources, and Production of Thorium; IntechOpen: London, 2017; pp 201–212. DOI: 10.5772/65855.
   Google Scholar
• Kakodkar, A.; Sinha, R. K. Energy from Thorium. Indian. J Power And River Valley. Develop. 2002, 52(9–10), 165–172.
   Google Scholar
• Preinfalk, C.; Morteani, G. The Industrial Applications of Rare Earth Elements; Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 1989; Vol. 7. pp 359–370. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-87262-4_19.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, Z.; Pranolo, Y.; Cheng, C. Y. Separation of Uranium and Thorium from Rare Earths for Rare Earth Production – a Review. Miner. Eng. 2015, 77, 185–196. DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2015.03.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habashi, F. Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths. Can. Metall. Q. 2013, 52(3), 224–233. DOI: 10.1179/1879139513Y.0000000081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskandari Nasab, M. Solvent Extraction Separation of Uranium(VI) and Thorium(IV) with Neutral Organophosphorus and Amine Ligands. Fuel. 2014, 116, 595–600. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García, A. C.; Latifi, M.; Amini, A.; Chaouki, J. Separation of Radioactive Elements from Rare Earth Element-Bearing Minerals. Metals. 2020, 10, 1524. DOI: 10.3390/met10111524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas, S.; Pathak, P. N.; Singh, D. K.; Roy, S. B. Comparative Evaluation of Tri-n-Butyl Phosphate (TBP) and Tris(2-Ethylhexyl) Phosphate (TEHP) for the Recovery of Uranium from Monazite Leach Solution. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2013, 48(13), 2013–2019. DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2013.790449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, H.; Gupta, C. K. Solvent Extraction in Production and Processing of Uranium and Thorium. Mineral Process. Extr. Metall. Rev. 2000, 21(1–5), 307–349. DOI: 10.1080/08827500008914172.
   Google Scholar
• McKay, H. A. C.; Miles, J. H.; Swanson, J. L. Applications of Tributyl Phosphate in Nuclear Fuel Processing. In Science and Technology of Tributyl Phosphate; Wallace, W., Schulz, L. L. B., Navratil, J. D., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida, 1984; Vol. 3, pp 267–327.
   Google Scholar
• Balasubramaniam, G. R.; Chitnis, R. T.; Ramanujam, A.; Venkatesan, M. Laboratory Studies on the Recovery of Uranium-233 from Irradiated Thorium by Solvent Extraction Using 5% TBP Shell Sol-T as Solvent, BARC-940; India, 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, W. D. The Thorex Process. In Science and Technology of Tributyl Phosphate; Wallace, W., Schulz, L. L. B., Navratil, J. D., Bender, K. P., Eds.; CRC press: Boca Raton, Florida, 1990; pp 225–247.
   Google Scholar
• Shoun, R. R.; Thompson, M. C. Chemical Properties and Reactions. In Science and Technology of Tributyl Phosphate (Synthesis, Properties, Reactions and Analysis) ; Wallace, W., Schulz, L. L. B., Navratil, J. D., Eds.; CRC press: Boca Raton, Florida, 1984; Vol. 1, pp 137–160.
   Google Scholar
• Vasudeva Rao, P. R.; Kolarik, Z. A Review of Third Phase Formation in Extraction of Actinides by Neutral Organophosphorus Extractants. Solvent. Extr. Ion Exch. 1996, 14(6), 955–993. DOI: 10.1080/07366299608918378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan, T. G.; Vasudeva Rao, P. R.; Sood, D. D. The Effect of Temperature on the Extraction of Uranium(VI) from Nitric Acid by Tri-n-Amyl Phosphate. Solvent. Extr. Ion Exch. 1997, 15(1), 15–31. DOI: 10.1080/07366299708934463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suresh, A.; Sreenivasan, N. L.; Selvan, R.; Antony, M. P.; Srinivasan, T. G.; Koganti, S. B.; Rao, P. R. V. Extraction of U(VI) by Tri-n-Amyl Phosphate Under High Solvent Loading Conditions. Nucl. Technol. 2009, 167(2), 333–338. DOI: 10.13182/NT09-A8968.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suresh, A.; Srinivasan, T. G.; Rao, P. R. V. Extraction of U(VI), Pu(IV) and Th(IV) by Some Trialkyl Phosphates. Solvent. Extr. Ion Exch. 1994, 12(4), 727–744. DOI: 10.1080/07366299408918234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suresh, A.; Srinivasan, T. G.; Vasudeva Rao, P. R. The Effect of the Structure of Trialkyl Phosphates on Their Physicochemical Properties and Extraction Behavior. Solvent. Extr. Ion Exch. 2009, 27(2), 258–294. DOI: 10.1080/07366290802674481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benadict Rakesh, K.; Suresh, A.; Vasudeva Rao, P. R. Extraction and Stripping Behaviour of Tri-iso-Amyl Phosphate and Tri-n-Butyl Phosphate in n-Dodecane with U(VI) in Nitric Acid Media. Radiochim. Acta. 2014, 102(7), 619–628. DOI: 10.1515/ract-2014-2175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar, S.; Chandran, K.; Lavanya, M.; Ramanathan, N.; Clinsha, P. C.; Suresh, A.; Sivaraman, N. Thermal Hazard Assessment of Tris(2-Methyl Butyl) Phosphate: A Comparison with Tri-n-Butyl Phosphate and Tri-n-Amyl Phosphate. Thermochim. Acta. 2019, 671, 181–192. DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2018.09.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar, S.; Rajeswari, S.; Suresh, A.; Sivaraman, N. Hydrodynamic Properties of Tris(2-Methylbutyl) Phosphate and Tri-n-Alkyl Phosphates in n-Dodecane – a Comparative Investigation Between Unirradiated and Gamma Irradiated Solvent Systems. Solvent. Extr. Ion Exch. 2021, 40, 1–22. DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2021.1972648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar, S.; Suresh, A.; Sivaraman, N. Alpha and Gamma Degradation Behavior of Tri-n-Alkyl Phosphates and Tris(2-Methylbutyl) Phosphate: A Comparative Study. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2020, 176, 108923. DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108923.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar, S.; Suresh, A.; Sivaraman, N. Extraction Behaviour of Tris(2-Methylbutyl) Phosphate with Fission Products and Heavy Metal Ions. Solvent. Extr. Ion Exch. 2020, 38(3), 304–317. DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2020.1724662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sreenivasulu, B.; Suresh, A.; Rajeswari, S.; Ramanathan, N.; Antony, M. P.; Sivaraman, N.; Joseph, M. Physicochemical Properties and Radiolytic Degradation Studies on Tri-iso-Amyl Phosphate (TiAP). Radiochim. Acta. 2017, 105(3), 249–261. DOI: 10.1515/ract-2016-2674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar, S.; Suresh, A.; Sivaraman, N. Third Phase Formation Behaviour of Tris(2-Methylbutyl) Phosphate and Tri-n-Alkyl Phosphates in the Extraction of Mineral Acids and Tetravalent Metal Ions. Radiochim. Acta. 2021, 109(8), 625–634. DOI: 10.1515/ract-2021-1023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar, S.; Suresh, A.; Sivaraman, N.; Aswal, V. K. An Insight into Third-Phase Formation in the Extraction of Thorium Nitrate by Tris(2-Methylbutyl) Phosphate and Tri-n-Alkyl Phosphates. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2019, 54(6), 970–984. DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2018.1521832.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar, S.; Suresh, A.; Sivaraman, N.; K Aswal, V. Studies on the Aggregation Behavior of Mineral Acid and Zr(IV) Loaded Tris(2-Methylbutyl) Phosphate and Tri-n-Alkyl Phosphate Systems Using Small Angle Neutron Scattering. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2021, 57, 1–11. DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2021.1954021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anitha, J. K.; Joseph, S.; Rejith, R. G.; Sundararajan, M. Monazite Chemistry and Its Distribution Along the Coast of Neendakara–Kayamkulam Belt, Kerala, India. Sn. Appl. Sci. 2020, 2(5), 812. DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2594-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitchaiah, K. C.; Sivaraman, N.; Joseph, M.; Mohapatra, P. K.; Madras, G. Solubility of Tri-iso-Amyl Phosphate in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Its Application to Selective Extraction of Uranium. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2017, 52(14), 2224–2237. DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1287737.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopinath, N. Methodologies for Determination of Thorium, Uranium, Plutonium in Nuclear Fuel. IANCAS. 1998, 3, 156–168.
   Google Scholar
• Suresh, A.; Patre, D. K.; Srinivasan, T. G.; Rao, P. R. V. A New Procedure for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Uranium(VI) in the Presence of a Large Excess of Thorium(IV). Spectrochim. Acta, Part A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2002, 58(2), 341–347. DOI: 10.1016/S1386-1425(01)00540-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, A. K.; Powell, J. E. Successive Determination of Thorium and Rare Earths by Complexometric Titrations. Talanta. 1964, 11(9), 1339–1342. DOI: 10.1016/0039-9140(64)80191-0.
   Google Scholar
• Srinivasan, N.; Balasubramanian, G. R.; Chitnis, R. T.; Venkateswaran, S.; Kulkarni, R. T. Laboratory Studies on Acid Thorex Process, BARC-681; India, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Fritz, J. S.; Richard, M. J.; Lane, W. J. Spectrophotometric Determination of Rare Earths. Anal. Chem. 1958, 30(11), 1776–1779. DOI: 10.1021/ac60143a016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayankutty, P. C.; Ravi, S.; Nadkarni, M. N. Determination of Free Acidity in Uranyl Nitrate Solutions. J. Radioanaly. Chem. 1982, 68(1), 145–150. DOI: 10.1007/BF02517616.
   Google Scholar
• Suresh, A.; Subramaniam, S.; Srinivasan, T. G.; Rao, P. R. V. Studies on U-Th Separations Using Tri-Sec-Butyl Phosphate. Solvent. Extr. Ion Exch. 1995, 13(3), 415–430. DOI: 10.1080/07366299508918283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrasekar, A.; Suresh, A.; Joshi, M.; Sundararajan, M.; Ghanty, T. K.; Sivaraman, N. Highly Selective Separations of U(VI) from a Th(IV) Matrix by Branched Butyl Phosphates: Insights from Solvent Extraction, Chromatography and Quantum Chemical Calculations. Sep. Purif. Techn. 2019, 210, 182–194. DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.08.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiarizia, R.; Jensen, M. P.; Borkowski, M.; Ferraro, J. R.; Thiyagarajan, P.; Littrell, K. C. Third Phase Formation Revisited: The U(VI), HNO3–TBP, n‐dodecane System. Solvent. Extr. Ion Exch. 2003, 21(1), 1–27. DOI: 10.1081/SEI-120017545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, R. J. Critical Exponents for Solvent Extraction Resolved Using SAXS. J. Phys. Chem B. 2014, 118(1), 315–322. DOI: 10.1021/jp408078v.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumari, N.; Pathak, P. N. Dynamic Light Scattering Studies on the Aggregation Behavior of Tributyl Phosphate and Straight Chain Dialkyl Amides During Thorium Extraction. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2014, 20(4), 1382–1387. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.07.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nave, S.; Mandin, C.; Martinet, L.; Berthon, L.; Testard, F.; Madic, C.; Zemb, T. Supramolecular Organisation of Tri-N-Butyl Phosphate in Organic Diluent on Approaching Third Phase Transition. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2004, 6(4), 799–808. DOI: 10.1039/B311702B.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthuchamy S.; Nair V.R; Maharana L.M, Application of Solvent Extraction Technique for the Separation of Rare Earths, Thorium and Uranium. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Solvent extraction, Misra, V. N., Das, S. C. Rao, K. S., Eds. Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd: Bhubaneshwar, India, 2002; pp 511–523.
   Google Scholar