3,242
Views
79
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Theoretical foundations for enhancing social connectedness in online learning environments

&
Pages 291-315 | Received 05 Mar 2009, Accepted 05 Aug 2009, Published online: 07 Oct 2009

References

  • Anderson , J.R. . Concepts, propositions, and schemata: What are the cognitive units . Nebraska Symposium on Motivation . Vol. 28 , pp. 121 – 162 . Lincoln : University of Nebraska .
  • Atkinson , R.C. and Shiffrin , R.M. 1968 . “ Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory , Edited by: Spence , K.W. and Spence , J.T. Vol. 2 , 89 – 195 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Baker , M. and Lund , K. 1997 . Promoting reflective interactions in a CSCL environment . Journal of Computer Assisted Learning , 13 (3) : 114 – 126 .
  • Bales , R.F. 1950 . Interaction process analysis: A method for the study of small groups , Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
  • Bartlett , F.C. 1954 . Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology , London : Cambridge University Press .
  • Benne , D.D. and Sheats , P. 1948 . Functional roles of group members . Journal of Social Issues , 4 (2) : 41 – 49 .
  • Biocca , F. , Harms , C. and Burgoon , J.K. 2003 . Toward a more robust theory and measure of social presence: Review and suggested criteria . Presence , 12 (5) : 456 – 480 .
  • Bonner , H. 1959 . Group dynamics: Principles and applications , New York : Ronald .
  • Borg , W.R. and Gall , M.D. 1979 . Educational research: An introduction , (3rd ed.) , New York : Longman .
  • Brewer , M.B. 1988 . “ A dual process model of impression formation ” . In Advances in social cognition , Edited by: Srull , T.K. and Wyer , R.S. Jr. Vol. 1 , 1 – 36 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Brooks , C.D. and Jeong , A. 2006 . Effects of pre‐structuring discussion threads on group interactions and group performance in computer‐supported collaborative argumentation . Distance Education , 27 (3) : 371 – 390 .
  • Brown , A.L. and Palincsar , A.S. 1989 . “ Guided, cooperative learning and individual knowledge acquisition ” . In Knowing, learning, and instruction: Essays in honor of Robert Glasser , Edited by: Resnick , L.B. 393 – 451 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Brown , J.S. , Collins , A. and Duguid , P. 1989 . Situated cognition and the culture of learning . Educational Researcher , 18 (1) : 32 – 42 .
  • Burke , P.J. 1974 . Participation and leadership in small groups . American Sociological Review , 39 December : 832 – 842 .
  • Callero , P.L. 1994 . From role‐playing to role‐using: Understanding role as resource . Social Psychology Quarterly , 57 (3) : 228 – 243 .
  • Chaiken , S. , Liberman , A. and Eagly , A.H. 1989 . “ Heuristic and systematic information processing within and beyond the persuasion context ” . In Unintended thought , Edited by: Uleman , J.S. and Bargh , J.S. 212 – 252 . New York : Guilford .
  • Clark , H. 1997 . Using language , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Cohen , E. 1994 . Restructuring the classroom: Conditions for productive small groups . Review of Educational Research , 64 (1) : 1 – 35 .
  • Collins , A.M. and Loftus , E.F. 1975 . A spreading‐activation theory of semantic processing . Psychological Review , 82 (6) : 407 – 428 .
  • Culnan , J.J. and Markus , M.L. 1987 . “ Information technologies ” . In Handbook of organizational communication: An interdisciplinary perspective , Edited by: Jablin , F.M. 420 – 443 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Dabbagh , N. and Bannan‐Ritland , B. 2005 . Online learning: Concepts, strategies, and applications , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall .
  • Davis , B.H. and Brewer , J.P. 1997 . Electronic discourse: Linguistic individuals in virtual space , Albany : State University of New York .
  • De Wever , B. , Van Keer , H. , Schellens , T. and Valcke , M. 2008 . Structuring asynchronous discussion groups: The impact of role assignment and self‐assessment on students’ levels of knowledge construction through social negotiation . Journal of Computer Assisted Learning , 25 (2) : 177 – 188 .
  • DiRamio , D. and Wolverton , M. 2006 . Integrating learning communities and distance education: Possibility or pipedream? . Innovative Higher Education , 31 (2) : 99 – 113 .
  • Duval , S. and Wicklund , R. 1972 . A theory of objective self‐awareness , New York : Academic Press .
  • Fiske , S.T. 1995 . “ Social cognition ” . In Advanced social psychology , Edited by: Tesser , A. 149 – 194 . Boston : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Fiske , S.T. and Taylor , S.E. 1991 . Social cognition , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Fitzsimons , G.M. and Bargh , J.A. 2003 . Thinking of you: Nonconscious pursuit of interpersonal goals associated with relationship partners . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 84 (1) : 148 – 164 .
  • Forsyth , D.R. 1999 . Group dynamics , (3rd ed.) , New York : Brooks/Cole Wadsworth .
  • Frydenberg , J. 2007 . Persistence in university continuing education online classes . International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning , 8 (3) : 1 – 15 .
  • Galambos , J.A. , Abelson , R.P. and Black , J.B. 1986 . Knowledge structures , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Garrison , D.R. , Anderson , T. and Archer , W. 2001 . Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education . American Journal of Distance Education , 15 (1) : 29 – 47 .
  • Gunawardena , C.N. 1995 . Social presence theory and implications for interaction and collaborative learning in computer conferences . International Journal of Educational Telecommunications , 1 (2/3) : 147 – 166 .
  • Gunawardena , C.N. and Zittle , F.J. 1997 . Social presence as a predictor of satisfaction within a computer‐mediated conferencing environment . American Journal of Distance Education , 11 (3) : 8 – 26 .
  • Haefner , J. 2000 . Opinion: The importance of being synchronous Retrieved July 15, 2009, from http://wac.colostate.edu/aw/teaching/haefner2000.htm
  • Hastie , R. 1988 . A computer simulation model of person memory . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 24 (5) : 44 – 56 .
  • Heinze , A. and Procter , C. 2006 . Online communication and information technology education . Journal of Information Technology Education , 5 : 235 – 249 .
  • Higgins , E.T. and Bargh , J.A. 1987 . “ Social cognition and social perception ” . In Annual review of psychology , Edited by: Rosenweig , M.R. and Porter , L.W. Vol. 38 , 369 – 425 . Palo Alto, CA : Annual Reviews .
  • Horne , C. 2001 . The enforcement of norms: Group cohesion and meta‐norms . Social Psychology Quarterly , 64 : 253 – 267 .
  • Hsu , S. and Bruce , B.C. 1998 . The missing borders: Pedagogical reflections from distance education . Teaching Education , 10 (1) : 47 – 54 .
  • Johnson , D.W. and Johnson , F.P. 1994 . Joining together: Group theory and group skills , Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
  • Johnson , S.D. , Suriya , C. , Yoon , S.W. , Berrett , J.V. and LaFleur , J. 2002 . Team development and group processes of virtual learning teams . Computers & Education , 39 (4) : 379 – 393 .
  • Jonassen , D. 1999 . Constructivism and computer‐mediated communication in distance education . The American Journal of Distance Education , 9 (2) : 7 – 26 .
  • Kagan , S. 1992 . Cooperative learning , San Juan Capistrano, CA : Resources for Teachers .
  • Kehrwald , B. 2008 . Understanding social presence in text‐based online learning environments . Distance Education , 29 (1) : 89 – 106 .
  • King , F.B. 2002 . A virtual student: Not an ordinary Joe . The Internet and Higher Education , 5 (2) : 157 – 166 .
  • Korenman , J. and Wyatt , N. 1996 . “ Group dynamics in an e‐mail forum ” . In Computer‐mediated communication: Linguistic, social and cross‐cultural perspectives , Edited by: Herring , S. 225 – 242 . Amsterdam : John Benjamins .
  • Krauss , R.M. , Freedman , J.L. and Whitcup , M. 1978 . Field and laboratory studies of littering . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 14 (1) : 109 – 122 .
  • Kreijns , K.M. , Kirschner , P.A. , Jochems , W. and van Buuren , H. 2004 . Determining sociability, social space, and social presence in (a)synchronous collaborative groups . CyberPsychology & Behavior , 7 (2) : 155 – 172 .
  • Lave , J. and Wenger , E. 1991 . Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Lea , M. and Spears , R. 2003 . “ Social psychology of the internet ” . In Sage encyclopedia of community: From the village to the virtual world , Edited by: Christensen , K. and Levinson , D. 779 – 783 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Lebie , L. , Rhoades , J.A. and McGrath , J.E. 1995 . Interaction process in computer‐mediated and face‐to‐face groups . Computer Supported Cooperative Work , 4 (2/3) : 127 – 152 .
  • Lee , J. , Carter‐Wells , J. , Glaeser , B. , Ivers , K. and Street , C. 2006 . Facilitating the development of a learning community in an online graduate program . Quarterly Review of Distance Education , 7 (1) : 13 – 33 .
  • Levine , J.M. and Moreland , R.L. 1991 . “ Culture and socialization in work groups ” . In Perspectives on socially shared cognition , Edited by: Resnick , L.B. , Levine , J.M. and Teasley , S.D. 257 – 279 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Levine , J.M. and Moreland , R.L. 1995 . “ Group processes ” . In Advanced social psychology , Edited by: Tesser , A. 419 – 465 . Boston : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Linger , B.T. and Tresolini , C.P. . The Delphi survey: An underused educational research method . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association . Seattle, Washington. April ,
  • Linstone , H.A. and Turoff , M. 1975 . The Delphi method: Techniques and applications , Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
  • Liu , S. , Gomez , J. , Khan , B. and Yen , C. 2007 . Toward a learning oriented community college online course dropout framework . International Journal on E‐Learning , 6 (4) : 519 – 542 .
  • Lord , R.G. , Foti , R.J. and De Vader , C.L. 1984 . A test of leadership categorization theory: Internal structure, information processing, and leadership perceptions . Organization Behavior and Human Performance , 34 (3) : 343 – 378 .
  • Mandler , J. 1979 . “ Categorical and schematic organization in memory ” . In Memory organization and structure , Edited by: Puff , C.R. 259 – 299 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Markus , H. 1977 . Self‐schemata and processing information about the self . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 35 (2) : 63 – 78 .
  • Markus , H. and Zajonce , R.B. 1985 . “ The cognitive perspective in social psychology ” . In The handbook of social psychology , (3rd ed.) , Edited by: Lindzey , G. and Aronson , E. Vol. 1 , 137 – 230 . New York : Random House .
  • McDonald , J. and Gibson , C.C. 1998 . Interpersonal dynamics and group development in computer conferencing . American Journal of Distance Education , 12 (1) : 7 – 25 .
  • McLaughlin , M.L. , Osborne , K.K. and Smith , C.B. 1995 . “ Standards of conduct on Usenet ” . In Cybersociety: Computer‐mediated communication and community , Edited by: Jones , S.G. 90 – 111 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Menchaca , M.P. and Bekele , T.A. 2008 . Learner and instructor identified success factors in distance education . Distance Education , 29 (3) : 231 – 252 .
  • Moshinskie , J. 2001 . How to keep e‐learners from e‐scaping . Journal of Interactive Instruction Development , 14 (1) : 8 – 11 .
  • Moskowitz , G.B. 2005 . Social cognition: Understand the self and others , New York : Guilford .
  • Newston , D. 1976 . “ Foundations of attribution: The perception of ongoing behavior ” . In New directions in attribution research , Edited by: Harvey , J.H. , Ickes , W.J. and Kidd , R.F. 223 – 247 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Nye , J.L. and Simonetta , L.G. 1996 . “ Followers’ perceptions of group leaders: The impact of recognition‐based and inference‐based processes ” . In What’s social about social cognition? Research on socially shared cognition in small groups , Edited by: Nye , J.L. and Brower , A.M. 124 – 153 . London : Sage .
  • Olson , J.M. , Roese , N.J. and Zanna , M.P. 1996 . “ Expectancies ” . In Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles , Edited by: Higgins , E.T. and Kruglanski , A.W. 211 – 238 . New York : Guilford .
  • Patterson , M.L. 1996 . “ Social behavior and social cognition: A parallel process approach ” . In What’s social about social cognition? Research on socially shared cognition in small groups , Edited by: Nye , J.L. and Brower , A.M. 87 – 105 . London : Sage .
  • Petty , R.E. and Cacioppo , J.T. 1981 . Attitudes and persuasion: Classic and contemporary approaches , Dubuque, IA : William C. Brown .
  • Phipps , R.A. and Merisotis , J.P. 1999 . What’s the difference? A review of contemporary research on the effectiveness of distance learning in higher education , Washington, DC : Institute for Higher Education Policy .
  • Planalp , S. and Hewes , D.E. 1981 . “ A cognitive approach to communication theory: Cogito ergo dico? ” . In Communication yearbook 5 , Edited by: Burgoon , M. 49 – 77 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction .
  • Reisetter , M. and Boris , G. 2004 . Student perceptions of effective elements in online learning . Quarterly Review of Distance Education , 5 (4) : 277 – 291 .
  • Rezabek , L.L. and Cochenour , J.J. . Emoticons: Visual cues for computer‐mediated communication . Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Visual Literacy Association . Tempe, AZ. October ,
  • Richardson , J.C. and Swan , K. 2003 . Examining social presence in online courses in relation to students’ perceived learning and satisfaction . Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks , 7 (1) : 68 – 88 .
  • Ridgeway , C.L. and Balkwell , J.W. 1997 . Group processes and the diffusion of status beliefs . Social Psychology Quarterly , 60 (1) : 14 – 31 .
  • Riva , G. 2002 . The sociocognitive psychology of computer mediated communication: The present and future of technology‐based interactions . CyberPsychology & Behavior , 5 (6) : 581 – 598 .
  • Roloff , M.E. and Berger , C.R. 1982 . Social cognition and communication , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
  • Salmons , J. and Wilson , L. 2008 . Handbook of research on electronic collaboration and organizational synergy , Hershey, PA : IGI Global .
  • Schank , R. and Abelson , R. 1977 . Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Schneider , K.J. , Hastorf , A.H. and Ellsworth , P.C. 1979 . Person perception , Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
  • Shaw , M.E. 1981 . Group dynamics: The psychology of small group behavior , (3rd ed.) , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Shechtman , N. and Horowitz , L.M. 2006 . Interpersonal and noninterpersonal interactions, interpersonal motives, and the effect of frustrated motives . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 32 : 1126 – 1139 .
  • Shelly , R.K. , Troyer , L. , Munroe , P.T. and Burger , T. 1999 . Social structure and the duration of social acts . Social Psychology Quarterly , 62 (1) : 83 – 96 .
  • Short , J. , Williams , E. and Christie , B. 1976 . The social psychology of telecommunications , London : Wiley .
  • Slagter van Tryon , P.J. and Bishop , M.J. 2006 . Identifying e‐mmediacy strategies for web‐based instruction: A Delphi study . Quarterly Review of Distance Education , 7 (1) : 49 – 62 .
  • Smith , E.R. and Mackie , D.M. 2000 . Social psychology , (2nd ed.) , Philadelphia, PA : Psychology Press .
  • Stangor , C. and Ruble , D.N. 1989 . Strength of expectancies and memory for social information: What we remember depends on how much we know . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 25 (1) : 18 – 35 .
  • Sweller , J. 1989 . Cognitive technology: Some procedures for facilitating learning and problem solving in mathematics and science . Journal of Educational Psychology , 81 (4) : 457 – 466 .
  • Taylor , J. and MacDonald , J. 2002 . The effects of asynchronous computer‐mediated group interaction on group processes . Social Science Computer Review , 20 (3) : 260 – 274 .
  • Tinto , V. 1997 . Colleges as communities: Exploring the educational character of student persistence . Journal of Higher Education , 68 (5) : 599 – 623 .
  • Walther , J.B. 1996 . Computer‐mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction . Communication Research , 23 (1) : 3 – 43 .
  • Wegner , D.M. and Vallacher , R.R. 1977 . Implicit psychology , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Wenger , E. , McDermott , R. and Snyder , W. 2002 . Cultivating communities of practice , Boston : Harvard Business School .
  • Worchel , S. 1996 . “ Emphasizing the social nature of groups in a developmental framework ” . In What’s social about social cognition? Research on socially shared cognition in small groups , Edited by: Nye , J.L. and Brower , A.M. 261 – 284 . London : Sage .
  • Wyer , R.S. and Carlston , D.E. 1994 . “ The cognitive representation of persons and events ” . In Advances in social cognition , Edited by: Srull , T.K. and Wyer , R.S. Jr. Vol. 1 , 41 – 98 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Wyer , R.S. Jr. and Gordon , S.E. 1984 . “ The cognitive representation of social information ” . In Handbook of social cognition , Edited by: Wyer , R.S. Jr. and Srull , T.K. Vol. 2 , 73 – 150 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Wyer , R.S. Jr. and Srull , T.K. 1989 . Memory and cognition in its social context , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Zielinski , D. 2000 . Dynamic from a distance . Presentations , 14 (10) : 535 – 574 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.