Reasons for student dropout in an online course in a rural K–12 setting

References

• Abdous, M., & Yen, C.-J. (2010). A predictive study of learner satisfaction and outcomes in face-to-face, satellite broadcast, and live video-streaming learning environments. The Internet and Higher Education, 13, 248–257. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2010.04.00510.1016/j.iheduc.2010.04.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbaugh, J. B. (2000). How classroom environment and student engagement affect learning in Internet-based MBA courses. Business Communication Quarterly, 63, 9–26. doi:10.1177/10805699000630040210.1177/108056990006300402
   Google Scholar
• Arbaugh, J. B. (2001). How instructor immediacy behaviors affect student satisfaction and learning in web-based courses. Business Communication Quarterly, 64, 42–54. doi:10.1177/10805699010640040510.1177/108056990106400405
   Google Scholar
• Artino, A. R. (2008). Motivational beliefs and perceptions of instructional quality: Predicting satisfaction with online training. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 24, 260–270. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2729.2007.00258.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aud, S., Wilkinson-Flicker, S., Kristapovich, P., Rathbun, A., Wang, X., & Zhang, J. (2013). The condition of education 2013 (NCES 2013-037). Washington, DC: National Center for Educational Statistics, US Department of Education. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2013/2013037.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Barbour, M. K. (2007a). Portrait of rural virtual schooling. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 59(1), 1–21. Retrieved from http://www.umanitoba.ca/publications/cjeap/
   Google Scholar
• Barbour, M. K. (2007b). Principles of effective web-based content for secondary school students: Teacher and developer perceptions. The Journal of Distance Education/Revue de l’Éducation à Distance, 21, 93–114. Retrieved from http://www.ijede.ca/index.php/jde/index
   Google Scholar
• Barbour, M., & Mulcahy, D. (2006). An inquiry into retention and achievement differences in campus based and web based AP courses. Rural Educator, 27, 8–12. Retrieved from http://www.ruraleducator.net/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Barbour, M. K., & Mulcahy, D. (2008). How are they doing? Examining student achievement in virtual schooling. Education in Rural Australia, 18, 63–74. Retrieved from http://search.informit.com.au/browseJournalTitle;res=IELHSS;issn=1036-0026
   Google Scholar
• Barbour, M. K., & Mulcahy, D. (2009). Student performance in virtual schooling: Looking beyond the numbers. ERS Spectrum, 27, 23–30. Retrieved from http://www.editlib.org/j/ISSN-0740-7874/
   Google Scholar
• Barbour, M. K., & Reeves, T. C. (2009). The reality of virtual schools: A review of the literature. Computers & Education, 52, 402–416. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2008.09.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barley, Z., & Brigham, N.(2008). Preparing teachers to teach in rural schools ( Issues & answers report, REL 2008–No. 045). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Central.
   Google Scholar
• Beeson, E., & Strange, M. (2000). Why rural matters: The need for every state to take action on rural education. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 16, 63–140. Retrieved from http://jrre.vmhost.psu.edu/
   Google Scholar
• Bernard, R. M., Abrami, P. C., Lou, Y., Borokhovski, E., Wade, A., Wozney, L., … Huang, B. (2004). How does distance education compare with classroom instruction? A meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Review of Educational Research, 74, 379–439. doi:10.3102/0034654307400337910.3102/00346543074003379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burney, V. H., & Cross, T. L. (2006). Impoverished students with academic promise in rural settings: 10 lessons from Project Aspire. Gifted Child Today, 29, 14–21. Retrieved from http://gct.sagepub.com/
   Google Scholar
• Carr, S. (2000). As distance education comes of age, the challenge is keeping the students. Chronicle of Higher Education, 46, A39–A41. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/section/Home/5/?eio=34361
   Google Scholar
• Cavanaugh, C. (2007). Effectiveness of K-12 online learning. In M. G. Moore (Ed.), Handbook of distance education (2nd ed., pp. 157–168). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Cavanaugh, C., Gillan, K. J., Kromrey, J., Hess, M., & Blomeyer, R. (2004). The effects of distance education on K–12 student outcomes: A meta-analysis. Naperville, IL: Learning Point Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Charania, A., Davis, N., Wortmann, K., Schoeny, Z., Cohen, S., & Alexander, C. (2008). Assessing preservice teachers’ competence as a Virtual Schooling site facilitator. In K. McFerrin, R. Weber, R. Carlsen, & D. A. Willis (Eds.), Proceedings of SITE 2008 – Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 267–272). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, K. C., & Jang, S. J. (2010). Motivation in online learning: Testing a model of self-determination theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 741–752. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.01.01110.1016/j.chb.2010.01.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choy, S., McNickle, C., & Clayton, B. (2002). Learner expectations and experiences: An examination of student views of support in online learning. Adelaide: National Centre for Vocational Education Research.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, T. (2008). Online learning: Pure potential. Educational Leadership, 65(8), 1–6. Retrieved from http://www.ascd.org
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocea, M., & Weibelzahl, S. (2006). Motivation – Included or excluded from e-learning. In Kinshuk D. G. Sampson, J. M. Spector, & P. Isaías (Eds.), International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age. CELDA 2006 (pp. 435–437). Lisbon: IADIS.
   Google Scholar
• Coppola, N. W., Hiltz, S. R., & Rotter, N. G. (2004). Building trust in virtual teams. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 47, 95–104. doi:10.1109/TPC.2004.82820310.1109/TPC.2004.828203
   Google Scholar
• D’Amico, J. J., Matthes, W., Sankar, A., Merchant, B., & Zurita, M. (1996). Young voices from the rural Midwest. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 12, 142–149. Retrieved from http://jrre.vmhost.psu.edu/
   Google Scholar
• Davis, N. E., & Roblyer, M. D. (2005). Preparing teachers for the “schools that technology built”: Evaluation of a program to train teachers for virtual schooling. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 37, 399–409. doi:10.1080/15391523.2005.1078244510.1080/15391523.2005.10782445
   Google Scholar
• Davis, N., Roblyer, M. D., Charania, A., Ferdig, R., Harms, C., Compton, L. K. L., & Cho, M. O. (2007). Illustrating the “virtual” in virtual schooling: Challenges and strategies for creating real tools to prepare virtual teachers. The Internet and Higher Education, 10, 27–39. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2006.11.00110.1016/j.iheduc.2006.11.001
   Google Scholar
• de la Varre, C., Keane, J., & Irvin, M. J. (2010). Enhancing online distance education in small rural US schools: A hybrid, learner‐centred model. ALT-J, 18, 193–205. doi:10.1080/09687769.2010.52910910.1080/09687769.2010.529109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Varre, C., Keane, J., & Irvin, M. J. (2011). Dual perspectives on the contribution of on-site facilitators to teaching presence in a blended learning environment. The Journal of Distance Education/Revue de l’Éducation à Distance, 25(3). Retrieved from http://www.ijede.ca/index.php/jde
   Google Scholar
• de la Varre, C., Keane, J., Irvin, M. J., & Hannum, W. H. (2009). Social support for online learning. In B. Whitworth & A. de Moor (Eds.), Handbook of research on socio-technical design and social networking systems (pp. 574–587). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• DiPietro, M., Ferdig, R. E., Black, E. W., & Preston, M. (2008). Best practices in teaching K–12 online: Lessons learned from Michigan virtual school teachers. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 7, 10–35. Retrieved from http://www.ncolr.org/
   Google Scholar
• Dupin-Bryant, P. A. (2004). Pre-entry variables related to retention in online distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 18, 199–206. doi:10.1207/s15389286ajde1804_210.1207/s15389286ajde1804_2
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, C. C. (1996). Toward an understanding of academic self-concept in distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 10, 23–36. doi:10.1080/0892364960952690710.1080/08923649609526907
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, L., & Moore, D. R. (1998). Building interactivity into web courses: Tools for social and instructional interaction. Educational Technology, 38, 29–35. Retrieved from http://asianvu.com/bookstoread/etp/
   Google Scholar
• Glass, G. V., & Welner, K. G. (2011). Online K–12 schooling in the US: Uncertain private ventures in need of regulation. Boulder, CO: National Education Policy Center.
   Google Scholar
• Hannum, W. H., Irvin, M. J., Banks, J. B., & Farmer, T. W. (2009). Distance education use in rural schools. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 24(3), 1–15. Retrieved from http://jrre.vmhost.psu.edu/
   Google Scholar
• Hannum, W. H., & McCombs, B. L. (2008). Enhancing distance learning for today’s youth with learner-centered principles. Educational Technology, 48, 11–21. Retrieved from http://asianvu.com/bookstoread/etp/
   Google Scholar
• Hara, N., & Kling, R. (1999). Student’s frustrations with a Web-based distance education course. First Monday, 4(12). Retrieved from http://www.firstmonday.org
   Google Scholar
• Harms, C. M., Niederhauser, D. S., Davis, N. E., Roblyer, M. D., & Gilbert, S. B. (2006). Educating educators for virtual schooling: Communicating roles and responsibilities. Electronic Journal of Communication, 16(1–2). Retrieved from http://www.cios.org/www/ejcmain.htm
   Google Scholar
• Haughey, M., & Muirhead, W. (1999). On-line learning: Best practices for Alberta school jurisdictions. Edmonton: Government of Alberta.
   Google Scholar
• Herzog, M. J., & Pittman, R. B. (1995). Home, family, and community: Ingredients in the rural education equation. Phi Delta Kappan, 77, 113–118. Retrieved from http://www.pdkintl.org/kappan/kappan.htm
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobbs, V. (2004). The promise and the power of online learning in rural education. Arlington, VA: Rural School and Community Trust.
   Google Scholar
• Huett, J. B., Kalinowski, K. E., Moller, L., & Huett, K. C. (2008). Improving the motivation and retention of online students through the use of ARCS-based e-mails. American Journal of Distance Education, 22, 159–176. doi:10.1080/0892364080222445110.1080/08923640802224451
   Google Scholar
• Irvin, M. J., Hannum, W. H., Farmer, T. W., de la Varre, C., & Keane, J. (2009). Supporting online learning for advanced placement students in small rural schools: Conceptual foundations and intervention components of the facilitator preparation program. The Rural Educator, 31, 29–36. Retrieved from http://www.ruraleducator.net
   Google Scholar
• Irvin, M., Meece, J., Byun, S., Farmer, T., & Hutchins, B. (2011). Relationship of school context to rural youth’s educational achievement and aspirations. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 1225–1242. doi:10.1007/s10964-011-9628-810.1007/s10964-011-9628-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, N., Swidler, S., & Koliba, C. (2005). Place‐based education in the standards‐based reform era—Conflict or complement? American Journal of Education, 112, 44–65. doi:10.1086/44452210.1086/aje.2005.112.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimerson, L. (2006). Breaking the fall: Cushioning the impact of rural declining enrollment. Arlington, VA: The Rural School and Community Trust.
   Google Scholar
• Keller, J. M. (1999). Using the ARCS motivational process in computer-based instruction and distance education. New Directions for Teaching and Learning: Motivation from within: Approaches for Encouraging Faculty and Students to Excel, 78, 39–47.
   Google Scholar
• Krippendorf, K. (2004). Content analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Land, D., Nwadei, A., Stufflebeam, S., & Olaka, C. (2003). Socio-technical system advancements: Making distance learning changes that count. USDLA Journal, 17, 28–37. Retrieved from http://www.usdla.org/USDLA_Online_Journal_1999_2003_s/1907.htm
   Google Scholar
• Levy, Y. (2007). Comparing dropouts and persistence in e-learning courses. Computers & Education, 48, 185–204. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2004.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, C. K. (2001). Computer self-efficacy, academic self-concept, and other predictors of satisfaction and future participation of adult distance learners. American Journal of Distance Education, 15, 41–51. doi:10.1080/0892364010952708310.1080/08923640109527083
   Google Scholar
• Lin, Y. M., Lin, G. Y., & Laffey, J. M. (2008). Building a social and motivational framework for understanding satisfaction in online learning. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 38(1), 1–27. doi:10.2190/EC.38.1.a10.2190/EC.38.1.a
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyson, T. A. (2002). What does a school mean to a community? Assessing the social and economic benefits of schools to rural villages in New York. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 17, 131–137. Retrieved from http://jrre.vmhost.psu.edu
   Google Scholar
• Monk, D. H. (2007). Recruiting and retaining high-quality teachers in rural areas. The Future of Children, 17, 155–174. Retrieved from http://futureofchildren.org/futureofchildren/publications/journals/10.1353/foc.2007.0009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, M. G. (1993). Theory of transactional distance. In D. Keegan (Ed.), Theoretical principles of distance education (pp. 22–38). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (1996). Distance education: A systems view. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, L. V., Wu, S. S., & Finnegan, C. L. (2005). Predicting retention in online general education courses. American Journal of Distance Education, 19, 23–36. doi:10.1207/s15389286ajde1901_310.1207/s15389286ajde1901_3
   Google Scholar
• Nash, R. D. (2005). Course completion rates among distance learners: Identifying possible methods to improve retention. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 8(4). Retrieved from http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla
   Google Scholar
• Oblender, T. E. (2002). A hybrid course model. Learning & leading with technology, 29, 42. Retrieved from http://www.learningandleading-digital.com/learningandleading
   Google Scholar
• Osborn, V. (2001). Identifying at-risk students in videoconferencing and web-based distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 15, 41–54. doi:10.1080/0892364010952707310.1080/08923640109527073
   Google Scholar
• Parker, A. (1999). A study of variables that predict dropout from distance education. International Journal of Educational Technology, 1(2), 1–10. Retrieved from http://education.illinois.edu/ijet/
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Rice, K. L. (2006). A comprehensive look at distance education in the K–12 context. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 38, 425–448.10.1080/15391523.2006.10782468
   Google Scholar
• Roach, V., & Lemasters, L. (2006). Satisfaction with online learning: A comparative descriptive study. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 5, 317–332.
   Google Scholar
• Roblyer, M. D. (2003). Virtual high schools in the United States: Current views, future visions. In J. Bradley (Ed.), The open classroom: Distance learning in and out of schools (pp. 159–170). London: Kogan Page.
   Google Scholar
• Roblyer, M. D. (2006). Virtually successful: Defeating the dropout problem through online school programs. Phi Delta Kappan, 88, 31–36. Retrieved from http://www.pdkintl.org/kappan/kappan.htm
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roblyer, M. D., Davis, L., Mills, S., Marshall, J., & Pape, L. (2008). Toward practical procedures for predicting and promoting success in virtual school students. American Journal of Distance Education, 22, 90–109. doi:10.1080/0892364080203904010.1080/08923640802039040
   Google Scholar
• Roblyer, M. D., Freeman, J., Stabler, M., & Schneidmiller, J. (2007). External evaluation of the Alabama ACCESS Initiative: Phase 3 report. Eugene, OR: International Society for Technology in Education.
   Google Scholar
• Roblyer, M. D., & Marshall, J. C. (2002). Predicting success of virtual high school distance learners: Preliminary results from an educational success prediction instrument (ESPRI). Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 35, 241–255. doi:10.1080/15391523.2002.1078238410.1080/15391523.2002.10782384
   Google Scholar
• Rourke, L., Anderson, T., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (1999). Assessing social presence in asynchronous text-based computer conferencing. Journal of Distance Education, 14, 50–71. Retrieved from http://www.ijede.ca/index.php/jde
   Google Scholar
• Rovai, A. P. (2000). Building and sustaining community in asynchronous learning networks. The Internet and Higher Education, 3, 285–297. doi:10.1016/S1096-7516(01)00037-910.1016/S1096-7516(01)00037-9
   Google Scholar
• Rovai, A. P. (2002). Sense of community, perceived cognitive learning, and persistence in asynchronous learning networks. The Internet and Higher Education, 5, 319–332. doi:10.1016/S1096-7516(02)00130-610.1016/S1096-7516(02)00130-6
   Google Scholar
• Schafft, K. A., Alter, T. R., & Bridger, J. C. (2006). Bringing the community along: A case study of a school district’s information technology rural development initiative. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 21(8), 1–10. Retrieved from http://jrre.vmhost.psu.edu
   Google Scholar
• Schrire, S. (2006). Knowledge building in asynchronous discussion groups: Going beyond quantitative analysis. Computers & Education, 46, 49–70. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2005.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seal, K. R., & Harmon, H. L. (1995). Realities of Rural School Reform. Phi Delta Kappan, 77, 119–124. Retrieved from http://www.pdkintl.org/kappan/kappan.htm
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setzer, J. C., & Lewis, L. (2005). Distance education courses for public elementary and secondary school students: 2002–2003 (NCES 2005-010). Washington, DC: National Center for Educational Statistics, US Department of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Shea, P. (2006). A study of students’ sense of learning community in online environments. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 10, 35–44. Retrieved from http://jaln.sloanconsortium.org/index.php/jaln
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, O. (2004). The impact on retention of interventions to support distance learning students. Open Learning, 19, 79–95. doi:10.1080/026805104200017786310.1080/0268051042000177863
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R., Clark, T., & Blomeyer, R. L. (2005). A synthesis of new research on K–12 online learning. Naperville, IL: Learning Point Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Stacey, E., & Gerbic, P. (2008). Success factors for blended learning. In Proceedings ascilite Melbourne 2008 (pp. 964–968). Retrieved from http://www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/melbourne08/procs/stacey.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Stover, C. (2005). Measuring-and understanding-student retention. Distance Education Report, 9(16), 1–7. Retrieved from http://www.magnapubs.com/catalog/distance-education-report-newsletter/
   Google Scholar
• Susman, E. B. (1998). Cooperative learning: A review of factors that increase the effectiveness of cooperative computer-based instruction. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 18, 303–322. doi:10.2190/2MMX-R2R9-KMCT-NCR310.2190/2MMX-R2R9-KMCT-NCR3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallent-Runnels, M. K., Thomas, J. A., Lan, W. Y., Cooper, S., Ahern, T. C., Shaw, S. M., & Liu, X. (2006). Teaching courses online: A review of the research. Review of Educational Research, 76, 93–135. doi:10.3102/0034654307600109310.3102/00346543076001093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurmond, V. A., Wambach, K., Connors, H. R., & Frey, B. B. (2002). Evaluation of student satisfaction: Determining the impact of a web-based environment by controlling for student characteristics. American Journal of Distance Education, 16, 169–190. doi:10.1207/S15389286AJDE1603_410.1207/S15389286AJDE1603_4
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Education. (2007). Innovations in education: Connecting students to advanced courses online. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/academic/advanced/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Wang, A. Y., & Newlin, M. H. (2000). Characteristics of students who enroll and succeed in psychology Web-based classes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 137. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.1.13710.1037/0022-0663.92.1.137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, J., & Ryan, J. (2007). Keeping pace with online learning 2007. Evergreen, CO: Evergreen Consulting Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Wojciechowski, A., & Palmer, L. B. (2005). Individual student characteristics: Can any be predictors of success in online classes? Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 8(2). Retrieved from http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/
   Google Scholar