Demystifying the process of ODL policy development in a dual-mode context: lessons from Zambia

References

• Berry, J. (1989). Imposed etics-emics-derived etics: The operationalization of a compelling idea. International Journal of Psychology, 24(1), 721–735. doi:10.1080/00207598908247841
   Google Scholar
• Bottomley, J., & Calvert, J. (2003). Open and distance learning policy development: Particular reference to dual mode institutions. Vancouver: Commonwealth of Learning. Retrieved from http://dspace.col.org/handle/11599/79
   Google Scholar
• Bryman, A. (2004). Social research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chatpakkarattana, T., & Khlaisang, J. (2012). The learner support system for distance education. Creative Education, 3(8B), 47–51. doi:10.4236/ce.2012.38B011
   Google Scholar
• Chifwepa, V. (2006). Development of a model plan for the application of information communication technologies in distance education at the University of Zambia (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/113
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education (5th ed.). London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203224342
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, F., Miller, G. J., & Sidney, M. S. (2007). Handbook of public policy analysis: Theory, politics, and methods. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Gailmard, S., & Patty, J. (2017). Participation, process and policy: The informational value of politicised judicial review. Journal of Public Policy, 37, 233–260. doi:10.1017/S0143814X16000106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, K. (2005). National survey of information technology in US higher education. Encino, CA: Campus Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Grindle, M., & Thomas, J. (1991). Public choices and policy change: The political economy of reform in developing countries. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guba, E. G. (1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 29, 75–91. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/journal/educcommtech
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad, W. D., & Demsky, T. (1995). Education policy-planning process: An applied framework. Paris: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Hinterleitner, M. (2017). Policy failures, blame games and changes to policy practice. Journal of Public Policy, 1–22. doi:10.1017/S0143814X16000283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlett, M., & Ramesh, M. (2003). Studying public policy: Policy cycles and policy subsystems (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kemper, E. A., Stringfield, S., & Teddlie, C. (2003). Mixed methods sampling strategies in social science research. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (pp. 273–296). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Kogan, M. (1975). Educational policy-making: A study on interest groups and parliament. London: Allen & Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• Lentell, H. (2012). Dual mode universities: Distance learning in campus universities. Open Learning, 27, 3–7. doi:10.1080/02680513.2012.640782
   Google Scholar
• Lodge, M., & Hood, C. (2002). Pavlovian policy responses to media feeding frenzies? Dangerous dogs regulation in comparative perspective. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 10, 1–13. doi:10.1111/1468-5973.00176
   Google Scholar
• Loftis, M., & Mortensen, P. (2017). A dynamic linear modelling approach to public policy change. Journal of Public Policy, 1–27. doi:10.1017/S0143814X17000186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, P., Koski, C., & Stramp, N. (2016). Issue expertise in policymaking. Journal of Public Policy, 36, 195–218. doi:10.1017/S0143814X14000233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundende, K., Simui, F., Chishiba, A., Mwewa, G., & Namangala, B. (2016). Trends and prospects of instructional material development and delivery at the University of Zambia. Global Journal of Human-Social Science: Linguistics & Education, 16(3), 5–11. Retrieved from https://globaljournals.org/journals/human-social-science-journal
   Google Scholar
• Musau, N. M., Wanyama, I. K., & Mbae, J. (2014). Decision making as a factor in management efficiency among principals of secondary schools in Kenya. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(5), 81–87. doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n5p
   Google Scholar
• Muyinda, P. B. (2012). Open and distance learning in dual mode universities: A treasure unexploited. In J. L. Moore & A. D. Benson (Eds.), International perspectives of distance learning in higher education (pp. 33–50). New York: InTech. doi:10.5772/32879
   Google Scholar
• Muyinda, P. B., Lubega, J., & Lynch, K. (2009). A model for scaffolding traditional distance learners for constructivistic online learning. Makerere Journal of Higher Education, 2(2009), 155–176 . Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/majohe
   Google Scholar
• Naidoo, V., Nhavoto, A. V., & Reddi, U. V. (2006). From policy to implementation. In A. Hope & P. Guiton (Eds.), Strategies for sustainable open and distance learning (pp. 7–28). Oxford: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, B. (2004). Governance, accreditation and quality assurance in open and distance education. In H. Perraton and H. Lentell (Eds.), Policy for open and distance learning: World review of distance education and open learning (Vol. 4, pp. 181–206). London: RoutledgeFalmer.10.4324/9780203464403
   Google Scholar
• Sechrest, L. (1979). Unobtrusive measures today. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Shanteau, J., & Stewart, T. R. (1992). Why study expert decision making? Some historical perspectives and comments. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 53(2), 95–106. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(92)90057-E
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siaciwena, R. (2006, October 30–November 3). Challenges of a dual mode institution: The case of the University of Zambia (UNZA). Paper presented at the Fourth Pan Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning, Ocho Rios, Jamaica. Retrieved from http://pcf4.dec.uwi.edu/viewpaper.php?id=426
   Google Scholar
• Simui, F., Chibale, H., & Namangala, B. (2017). Distance education examination management in a lowly resourced north-eastern region of Zambia: A phenomenological approach. Open Praxis, 9(3), 299–312. doi:10.5944/openpraxis.9.3.442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simui, F., Mwewa, G., Chifwepa, V., Namangala, B., Mudende, K., & Chishiba, A. (2015, October). Reflecting on the drivers to increase access to education via the distance learning mode at the University of Zambia: 50 years of experience. Paper presented at the International Council for Distance Education Conference in Sun City, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Simui, F., Thompson, L., Mundende, K., Mwewa, G., Kakana, F., Chishiba, A., & Namangala, B. (2017). Distance learner’s perspective on user-friendly instructional materials at the University of Zambia. Journal of Learning for Development, 4(1), 90–98. Retrieved from ERIC database (EJ1141538).
   Google Scholar
• Singh, P., Thomas, S., & Harris, J. (2013). Recontextualising policy discourses: A Bernsteinian perspective on policy interpretation, translation, enactment. Journal of Education Policy, 28, 465–480. doi:10.1080/02680939.2013.770554
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southern African Development Community. (2012). Regional open and distance learning policy framework. Gaborone: Author. Retrieved from https://www.sadc.int/files/3113/7820/8525/Approved_Regional_ODL_Policy_Framework_June_2012_1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tau, O. S. (2006, October 30–November 3). Structures and process in dual-mode institutions: Implications for development. Paper presented at 4th Pan-Commonwealth Forum of Open of Learning (PCF4), Ocho Rios, Jamaica.
   Google Scholar
• University of Zambia. (2016). Policy for open and distance learning. Lusaka: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, E., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D., & Sechrest, L. (1966). Unobtrusive measures: Non-reactive research in the social sciences. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, E., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D., Sechrest, L., & Grove, J. G. (1981). Non-reactive measures in the social sciences (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• Weible, C. M., Heikkila, T., & Pierce, J. (2017). Understanding rationales for collaboration in high-intensity policy conflicts. Journal of Public Policy, 38(1), 1–25. doi:10.1017/S0143814X16000301
   Google Scholar