533
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

‘Girls hit!’ Constructing and negotiating violent African femininities in a working-class primary school

Pages 401-415 | Published online: 14 Aug 2008

References

  • Alder , C. and Worrall , A. 2004 . Girls’ violence: Myths and realities , Albany : State University of New York Press .
  • Barker , G. 2005 . Dying to be a man: Youth, masculinity and social exclusion , London : Routledge .
  • Barker , G. and Ricardo , C. 2006 . “ Young men and the construction of masculinity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for HIV/AIDS, conflict and violence ” . In The other half of gender , Edited by: Bannon , I. and Correia , M. 159 – 195 . Washington, DC : The World Bank .
  • Bhana , D. 2002 . Making gender in early schooling: A multi-sited ethnography of power and discourse: from grade one to two in Durban . Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Natal, Durban .
  • Bhana , D. 2005a . “ Violence and the gendered negotiation of masculinity among young black boys in South Africa ” . In African masculinities , Edited by: Ouzgane , L. and Morrell R , R. 205 – 221 . London : Palgrave Macmillan .
  • Bhana , D. 2005b . “ ‘Show me the panties’: Strategies of girls’ resistance in the playground ” . In Seven going on seventeen: Tween studies in the culture of girlhood , Edited by: Mitchell , C. and Reid-Walsh , J. 163 – 173 . New York : Peter Lang .
  • Bhana , D. 2006 . “ Doing power: Violent masculinities in the primary school ” . In Gender violence in and around schools: Strategies for change , Edited by: Leach , F. and Mitchell , C. 171 – 181 . Stoke-on-Trent, , UK : Trentham Books .
  • Bonin , D. 2000 . Claiming spaces, changing places: Political violence and women's protests in KwaZulu-Natal . Journal of Southern African Studies , 26 : 301 – 316 .
  • Bright , R. 2005 . It's just a Grade 8 thing: Aggression in teenage girls . Gender and Education , 17 : 93 – 101 .
  • Burman , M.J. , Batchelor , S.A. and Brown , J.A. 2001 . Researching girls and violence: Facing the dilemmas of fieldwork . British Journal of Criminology , 41 : 443 – 459 .
  • Cherry , J. 2007 . “ We were not afraid: The role of women in the 1980s township uprising in the Eastern Cape ” . In Women in South African history , Edited by: Gasa , N. 281 – 315 . Cape Town, , South Africa : HSRC Press .
  • Connell , R.W. 1995 . Masculinities , Cambridge, , UK : Polity Press .
  • Connell , R.W. 2000 . The men and the boys , Cambridge, , UK : Polity Press .
  • Connolly , P. 1998 . Racism, gender identities and young children: Social relations in a multi-ethnic, inner-city primary school , London : Routledge .
  • Connolly , P. 2004 . Boys and schooling in the early years , London : RoutledgeFalmer .
  • Currie , D.H. , Kelly , D.M. and Pomerantz , S. 2007 . ‘The power to squash people’: Understanding girls’ relational aggression . British Journal of Sociology of Education , 28 ( 1 ) : 23 – 37 .
  • Department of Education . 1996 . South African Schools Act . Pretoria, , South Africa : Department of Education .
  • Dunne , M. , Humphreys , S. and Leach , F. 2006 . Gender violence in schools in the developing world . Gender and Education , 18 : 75 – 98 .
  • Epstein , D. and Johnson , R. 1998 . Schooling sexualities , Buckingham, , UK : Open University Press .
  • Gasa , N. 2007 . Women in South African history . Cape Town, , South Africa : HSRC Press .
  • Grout , E. 2002 . Keep awake: AIDS in the world. A series of essays toward a general convention . Retrieved from http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/lcrew/dojustice/j025.html
  • Halberstam , J. 1998 . Female masculinity , Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
  • Hassim , S. 2005 . Women's organisations and democracy in South Africa: Contesting authority , Madison : Wisconsin University Press .
  • Human Rights Watch . 2001 . Scared at school: Sexual violence against girls in South African schools . New York : Human Rights Watch .
  • Human Science Research Council . 2002 . Nelson Mandela HSRC study of AIDS . Cape Town, , South Africa : HSRC Press .
  • Hunter , M. 2007 . The changing political economy of sex in South Africa: The significance of unemployment and inequalities to the scale of the AIDS pandemic . Social Science and Medicine , 64 : 689 – 700 .
  • Jackson , C. 2006 . ‘Wild girls?’ An exploration of ‘ladette’ cultures in secondary schools . Gender and Education , 18 : 339 – 360 .
  • James , A. and Prout , A. 1998 . Constructing and reconstructing childhood: Contemporary issues in the sociological study of childhood , London : RoutledgeFalmer .
  • Jewkes , R. , Levin , J. , Mbananga , N. and Bradshaw , D. 2002 . Rape of girls in South Africa . Lancet , 359 : 26
  • Jordan , E. 1995 . Fighting boys and fantasy play: The construction of masculinity in the early years of school . Gender and Education , 7 : 69 – 86 .
  • Kenway , J. and Fitzclarence , L. 1997 . Masculinity, violence and schooling: Challenging ‘poisonous’ pedagogies . Gender and Education , 9 : 117 – 133 .
  • Leach , F. , Fiscian , V. , Kadzamira , E. , Lenani , W. , & Machakanja , P. 2003 . An investigative study of the abuse of girls in African schools (DfID Education Research Report No. 54) . London : Department for International Development .
  • Lloyd , G. 2005 . Problem girls: Understanding and supporting troubled and troublesome girls and young women , New York : RoutledgeFalmer .
  • Mac an Ghaill , M. 1994 . The making of men, masculinities, sexualities and schooling , Buckingham, , UK : Open University Press .
  • Macdonald , E. 1991 . Shoot the women first , New York : Random House .
  • MacNaughton , G. 2000 . Rethinking gender in early childhood education , London : Paul Chapman Publishing .
  • Meintjes , S. 2007 . “ Naked women's protest, July 1990: ‘We won't fuck for houses’ ” . In Women in South African history , Edited by: Gasa , N. 347 – 369 . Cape Town, , South Africa : HSRC Press .
  • Mills , M. 2001 . Challenging violence in schools: An issue of masculinities , Buckingham, , UK : Open University Press .
  • Mitchell , C. and Smith , A. 2003 . Sick of AIDS: Literacy and the meaning of life for South African youth . Culture, Health & Sexuality , 5 : 513 – 522 .
  • Moffett , H. 2006 . ‘These women, they force us to rape them’: Rape as narrative of social control in post-apartheid South Africa . Journal of Southern African Studies , 32 : 131 – 144 .
  • Morrell , R. 1998 . Gender and education: The place of masculinity in South African schools . South African Journal of Education , 18 : 218 – 225 .
  • Morrell , R. 2001 . Changing men in Southern Africa . Pietermaritzburg, , South Africa and London : University of Natal Press and Zed Books .
  • Morrell , R. 2002 . Men, movements and gender transformation in South Africa . The Journal of Men's Studies , 10 : 309 – 319 .
  • Pattman , R. and Bhana , D. 2006 . Black boys with bad reputations . Alternation: Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of the Arts and Humanities in Southern Africa , 13 ( 2 ) : 252 – 272 .
  • Pattman , R. and Chege , F. 2003 . Finding our voices gendered and sexual identities in HIV/AIDS education , Nairobi : Unicef .
  • Pettifor , A.E. , Rees , H.V. , Steffenson , A. , Hlongwa-Madikizela , L. , Macphail , C. , Vermaak , K. and Kleinschmidt , I. 2004 . HIV and sexual behaviour among young South Africans: National survey of 15–24 year-olds , Johannesburg, , South Africa : Reproductive Health Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand .
  • Renold , E. 2005 . Girls, boys and junior sexualities: Exploring children's gender and sexual relations in the primary school , London : RoutledgeFalmer .
  • Richter , L. , Dawes , A. , & Higson Smith , C. 2004 . Sexual abuse of young children in southern Africa . Cape Town, , South Africa : HSRC Press .
  • Salisbury , J. and Jackson , D. 1996 . Challenging macho values: Practical ways of working with adolescent boys , London : Falmer Press .
  • Simmon , R. 2002 . Odd girl out: The hidden culture of aggression in girls , New York : Harcourt Press .
  • Skelton , C. 2001 . Schooling the boys: Masculinities and primary education , Buckingham, , UK : Open University Press .
  • Suttner , R. 2007 . “ Women in the ANC-led underground ” . In Women in South African history , Edited by: Gasa , N. 233 – 257 . Cape Town, , South Africa : HSRC Press .
  • Terreblanche , S. 2002 . A history of inequality in South Africa, 1652–2002 , Pietermaritzburg : University of Natal Press .
  • Thorne , B. 1993 . Gender play: Boys and girls in school , Buckingham, , UK : Open University Press .
  • Unterhalter , E. 2007 . Gender, schooling and global social justice , London : Routledge .
  • Vetten , L. 2000 . Invisible girls and violent boys: Gender and gangs in South Africa . Development Update , 3 ( 2 ) : 40 – 54 .
  • Walkerdine , V. 1999 . Violent boys and precocious girls: Regulating childhood at the end of the millennium . Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood , 1 ( 1 ) : 3 – 23 .
  • Walsh , D. and Scully , P. 2006 . Altering politics, contesting gender . Journal of Southern African Studies , 32 : 1 – 12 .
  • Wolpe , A. , Quinlan , O. and Martinez , L. 1997 . Gender equity in South Africa: Report of the Gender Equity Task Team , Pretoria, , South Africa : Department of Education .
  • World Health Organisation . 2002 . World report on violence and health . Geneva : Author .
  • Zimudzi , T.B. 2004 . African women, violent crime and the criminal law in colonial Zimbabwe, 1900–1952 . Journal of Southern African Studies , 30 : 499 – 517 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.