References
- Albritton, M. D., & McMullen, P. R. (2007). Optimal product design using a colony of virtual ants. European Journal of Operational Research, 176(1), 498–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.06.042
- Arora, A., & Fosfuri, A. (2003). Licensing the market for technology. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 52(2), 277–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(03)00002-7
- Ayre, J. (2015). Toyota making 5,600 hydrogen fuel cell patents free to use. Retrieved January 15, 2015, from http://cleantechnica.com/.
- Besanko, D., Dube, J. P., & Gupta, S. (2003). Competitive price discrimination strategies in a vertical channel using aggregate retail data. Management Science, 49(9), 1121–1138. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.49.9.1121.16565
- Brachmann, S. (2015). Ford patent licensing announcement may signal end of NIH bias in auto industry, IP Watchdog, https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2015/06/09/ford-patent-licensing-end-of-nih/id=58476/
- Bunge, J., Mukherji, B. (2016). Monsanto threatens to pull GMO cotton technology from India. Wall Street Journal. http://www.wsj.com/articles/monsanto-threatens-to-pull-gmo-cotton-technology-from-india-1457120247t.
- Chakraborty, A., Kumar, R. R., & Bhaskar, K. (2021). A game-theoretic approach for electric vehicle adoption and policy decisions under different market structures. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 72(3), 594–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2019.1678407
- Digit press release. (2016). Qualcomm, Lear sign wireless electric vehicle charging licensing agreement. The Digit. http://www.digit.in/general/qualcomm-lear-sign-wireless-electric-vehicle-charging-licensing-agreement-31180.html.
- Enbysk, L. (2014). Urban transport of the future? EDF and Toyota are paving the way in France. Smart Cities Council News. http://smartcitiescouncil.com/article/urban-transport-future-edf-and-toyota-are-paving-way-france
- Erat, S., Kavadias, S., & Gaimon, C. (2013). The pitfalls of subsystem integration: When less is more. Management Science, 59(3), 659–676. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1120.1592
- Farrell, J., & Klemperer, P. (2007). Coordination and lock-in: Competition with switching costs and network effects. Handbook of Industrial Organization, 3, 1967–2072.
- Gaimon, C. (2008). The management of technology: A production and operations management perspective. Production and Operations Management, 17(1), 1–11.
- Gallini, N. T., & Winter, R. A. (1985). Licensing in the theory of innovation. The Rand Journal of Economics, 16(2), 237–252. https://doi.org/10.2307/2555412
- Gmelin, H., & Seuring, S. (2014). Achieving sustainable new product development by integrating product life-cycle management capabilities. International Journal of Production Economics, 154, 166–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.04.023
- Goettler, R. L., & Shachar, R. (2001). Spatial competition in the network television industry. The Rand Journal of Economics, 32(4), 624–626. https://doi.org/10.2307/2696385
- Hardy, Q. (2015). For hardware makers, sharing their secrets is now part of the business plan. The New York Times. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
- Houde, J. F. (2012). Spatial differentiation and vertical mergers in retail markets for gasoline. American Economic Review, 102(5), 2147–2182. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.5.2147
- Hu, B., Hu, M., & Yang, Y. (2017). Open or closed? technology sharing, supplier investment, and competition. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 19(1), 132–149. https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2016.0598
- Inagaki, K. (2015). Toyota to share fuel-cell vehicle patents free of charge. Financial Times. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
- Kamien, M. I., & Tauman, Y. (1986). Fees versus royalties and the private value of a patent. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 101(3), 471–491. https://doi.org/10.2307/1885693
- Kamien, M. I., & Tauman, Y. (2002). Patent licensing: The inside story. The Manchester School, 70(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9957.00280
- Katewa, S., & Jain, T. (2020). Mobile application’s quality and pricing decisions under competition. Decision Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12497
- Katz, A. (2005). A network effects perspective on software piracy. University of Toronto Law Journal, 55(2), 155–216. https://doi.org/10.1353/tlj.2005.0007
- Katz, M. L., & Shapiro, C. (1985). Network externalities, competition, and compatibility. The American Economic Review, 75(3), 424–440.
- Krishnan, V., & Zhu, W. (2006). Designing a family of development-intensive products. Management Science, 52(6), 813–825. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1050.0492
- Kumar, D., Chen, W., & Simpson, T. W. (2009). A market-driven approach to product family design. International Journal of Production Research, 47(1), 71–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540701393171
- Lee, H., Lim, J., Lee, K., & Kim, C. O. (2019). Agent simulation-based ordinal optimisation for new product design. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 70(3), 502–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2018.1447250
- Lee, D., & Mendelson, H. (2007). Adoption of information technology under network effects. Information Systems Research, 18(4), 395–413. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1070.0138
- Li, S. (2021). Dynamic optimal control of a firm’s product-process innovation with expected quality effects in a monopoly exhibiting network externality. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 72(11), 2557–2579.
- Li, X., & Chen, Y. (2012). Corporate IT standardization: Product compatibility, exclusive purchase commitment, and competition effects. Information Systems Research, 23(4), 1158–1174. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1110.0412
- Li, S., Tong, L., Xing, J., & Zhou, Y. (2017). The market for electric vehicles: Indirect network effects and policy design. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 4(1), 89–133.
- Liu, Y., Blome, C., Sanderson, J., & Paulraj, A. (2018). Supply chain integration capabilities, green design strategy and performance: A comparative study in the auto industry. Supply Chain Management. An International Journal, 23(5), 431–443.
- Liu, Y., & Tyagi, R. K. (2011). The benefits of competitive upward channel decentralization. Management Science, 57(4), 741–751. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1110.1311
- Liu, Z., Wong, Y. S., & Lee, K. S. (2010). Modularity analysis and commonality design: A framework for the top-down platform and product family design. International Journal of Production Research, 48(12), 3657–3680. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540902902598
- Liu, Y., & Zhang, Z. J. (2006). Research note: The benefits of personalized pricing in a channel. Marketing Science, 25(1), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1050.0120
- Macho-Stadler, I., Martinez-Giralt, X., & Perez-Castrillo, J. D. (1996). The role of information in licensing contract design. Research Policy, 25(1), 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(94)00815-9
- McGee, P. (2019). VW licenses electric chassis to rival start-up. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/2986e8ec-3e92-11e9-9bee-efab61506f44 Retrieved March 12, 2019.
- Musk, E. (2014). All our patents belong to you. http://www.teslamotors.com/blog. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
- NDTV Auto. (2016). Toyota to allow royalty-free use of its fuel-cell patents. NDTV Auto News. http://auto.ndtv.com/news/toyota-to-allow-royalty-free-use-of-its-fuel-cell-patents-723148.
- Paula, M. (2015). In another boon for EVs, Ford follows Tesla and Toyota in releasing patents. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewdepaula/2015/05/31/ford-follows-tesla-and-toyota-in-releasing-ev-patents/?sh=42959e38598c
- Quinn, G., Brachmann, S. (2014). Tesla on patents: Open source altruism or shrewd business? IP Watchdog. https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2014/07/08/tesla-on-patents-open-source-altruism-or-shrewd-business/id=50331/
- Ridden, P. (2019). Toyota offers free access to over 20 years of electric vehicle patents. New Atlas. https://newatlas.com/toyota-royalty-free-patents-electric-vehicle-technology/59139/
- Rockett, K. (1990). Choosing the competition and patent licensing. The Rand Journal of Economics, 21(1), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.2307/2555501
- Rostoker, M. D. (1983). A survey of corporate licensing. IDEA: The Journal of Law and Technology, 24(2), 59–92.
- Sadeghi, A., & Zandieh, M. (2011). A game theory-based model for product portfolio management in a competitive market. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(7), 7919–7923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2010.11.054
- Savva, N., & Scholtes, S. (2014). Opt-out options in new product co-development partnerships. Production and Operations Management, 23(8), 1370–1386. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12059
- Scott, G. (2015). A short history of giving away your patents. Candian Business News. http://www.canadianbusiness.com/innovation/history-of-free-patents-sealand-google-facebook-tesla-toyota/.
- Shao, J., Krishnan, H., & McCormick, S. T. (2013). Distributing a product line in a decentralized supply chain. Production and Operations Management, 22(1), 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2012.01359.x
- Shao, J., Krishnan, H., & McCormick, S. T. (2014). Price incentives and coordination in a two-product decentralized supply chain. Decision Sciences, 45(3), 507–533. https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12080
- Shen, B., Li, Q., Dong, C., & Quan, V. (2016). Design outsourcing in the fashion supply chain: OEM versus ODM. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 67(2), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2015.23
- Song, Z., Zhang, Z., Xu, X., & Liu, C. (2015). An agent-based model to study the market dynamics of perpetual and subscription licensing. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 66(5), 845–857. https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2014.12
- Sun, B., Xie, J., & Cao, H. H. (2004). Product strategy for innovators in markets with network effects. Marketing Science, 23(2), 243–254. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1040.0058
- Toyota. (2019). Why is Toyota giving away its vehicle electrification patents? Toyota Blog. https://blog.toyota.co.uk/toyota-vehicle-electrification-patents
- Van den Broeke, M. M., Boute, R. N., & Van Mieghem, J. A. (2018). Platform flexibility strategies: R&D investment versus production customization tradeoff. European Journal of Operational Research, 270(2), 475–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2018.03.032
- Wang, N., Zhang, T., Zhu, X., & Li, P. (2021). Online-offline competitive pricing with reference price effect. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 72(3), 642–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2019.1696154
- Wu, C. H. (2018). Price competition and technology licensing in a dynamic duopoly. European Journal of Operational Research, 267(2), 570–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.12.005
- Wu, C. H., & Kao, Y. J. (2018). Cooperation regarding technology development in a closed-loop supply chain. European Journal of Operational Research, 267(2), 523–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.11.068
- Yang, W. Z., Xie, S. Q., Ai, Q. S., & Zhou, Z. D. (2008). Recent development on product modelling: A review. International Journal of Production Research, 46(21), 6055–6085. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540701343895
- Zhang, L. L. (2014). Product configuration: A review of the state-of-the-art and future research. International Journal of Production Research, 52(21), 6381–6398. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2014.942012
- Zhang, Y., Hafezi, M., Zhao, X., & Shi, V. (2017). The impact of development cost on product line design and its environmental performance. International Journal of Production Economics, 184, 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.10.027
- Zhang, Q., Zhang, J., Zaccour, G., & Tang, W. (2018). Strategic technology licensing in a supply chain. European Journal of Operational Research, 267(1), 162–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.11.036
- Zhu, W., & He, Y. (2017). Green product design in supply chains under competition. European Journal of Operational Research, 258(1), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.08.053
- Zhu, Q., Li, H., Zhao, S., & Lun, V. (2016). Redesign of service modes for remanufactured products and its financial benefits. International Journal of Production Economics, 171, 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.08.015