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Original Articles

Operational Use and Cryptanalysis of the Kryha Cipher Machine

Pages 114-155 | Published online: 11 Apr 2011

References 68

  • Alexander von Kryha Chiffriermaschinen. 1934 or later marketing brochure. The author is indebted to Éamon de Buitléar for this document .
  • Bassett , R. 2005 . Hitler's Spy Chief . Cassell Military Paperbacks, London. See Chapter 6. Originally published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005 .
  • Batey , J. K. , Batey , M. L. , Rock , M. A. , and Twinn , P. F. G. A History of the Solution of Unsteckered Enigmas and Abwehr Machine Cyphers 1941–1945. Discretionary release of extracts from GC&CS document retained by GCHQ. Used by permission of the Director, GCHQ. U.K. Crown Copyright .
  • Batey , K. 2001 . How Dilly and his Girls Broke the Abwehr Enigma, in [39], see pp. 301–316 .
  • Batey , M. 2009 . Dilly—The Man Who Broke Enigmas. Dialogue, an imprint of Biteback Publishing, London. ISBN 978-1-906447-01-4. Appendix 2, on rodding, was contributed by Frank Carter .
  • Beevor , A. 2006 . The Battle for Spain. Penguin Books, Penguin Group, New York. See page 137. Originally published as The Spanish Civil War by Orbis Publishing Limited in Great Britain, 1982, and in a revised edition as The Battle for Spain by Weidenfeld and Nicolson in Great Britain, 2006 .
  • Callimahos , L. 1973 . “Q.E.D. − 2 Hours, 41 Minutes,” NSA Technical Journal, Fall 1973, Vol. XVIII, No. 4. The author is indebted to Ralph Erskine for this reference, which is available at: http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/declass/tech_journals.shtml
  • “Col. McCormack's Trip to London, May-June 1943.” HCC NR3600. The author is indebted to Ralph Erskine for this reference .
  • Deavours , C. A. 1980 . “The Black Chamber: A Column. La Methode des Batons,” Cryptologia , 4 ( 4 ): 240 – 247 .
  • Deavours , C. A. and L. Kruh . 1985 . Machine Cryptography and Modern Cryptanalysis. Artech House, Norwood, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-89006-161-0. See Chapter IV, “2 Hours, 41 Minutes.”
  • “Description of German Cipher Types GISOS, GIMP, GISK, and GISKXY”. HCC NR1587. This appears to be an American catalog of types of German clandestine traffic attacked by GC&CS.
  • Deutsche Kryha-Maschinen-Gesselschaft , M. B. H. 1926 . Marketing document for the 1926 Berlin Police Fair. TICOM Collection T2510, Box 129. Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts, Berlin, Bestand Rückgabe TICOM. The author is indebted to Frode Weierud for this document .
  • Erskine , R. and P. Freeman . 2003 . “Brigadier John Tiltman: One of Britain's Finest Cryptologists,” Cryptologia , 27 ( 4 ): 289 – 318 .
  • Fried , W. J. 1944 . “Capt. Walter J. Fried Reports/SSA Liaison with GCCS,” HCC NR2612. See report F#74 .
  • Friedman , W. F. The Index of Coincidence and its Applications in Cryptanalysis. Reprinted in 1987, by the Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, California. ISBN 0-89412-137-5 .
  • Friedman , W. F. Elements of Cryptanalysis. Reprinted in 1976, by the Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, California. ISBN 0-89412-002-6 .
  • Friedman , W. F. 1935 . The Principles of Indirect Symmetry of Position in Secondary Alphabets and Their Application in the Solution of Polyalphabetic Ciphers . MD : College Park . Crane Library, Box 84, RG38, NARA .
  • Fuensanta , J. R. S. 2004 . “Mechanical Cipher Systems in the Spanish Civil War,” Cryptologia , 28 ( 3 ): 265 – 276 .
  • “German Clandestine Translations.” 1943. SRICs Box 2, Entry 9022, RG 457, NARA, College Park, Maryland. See SRICs 963–974 .
  • “German Espionage—Jolle Operations.” HCC NR4267 .
  • Hamel , G. 1927 . “Die Chiffrier-Maschinen System Kryha—Ein mathematisches Gutachten”. Reinhold Kühn A. G. Berlin. A copy of this paper is in: TICOM Collection T3614. Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts, Berlin, Bestand Rückgabe TICOM. The author is indebted to Frode Weierud for this reference. Hamel's analysis was also published as “Anwendung der elementaren Zahlentheorie auf die Theorie einer Ciffrier-Maschine,” S. B. Berl, math Ges. 26, 94–110 (1927) .
  • Hinsley , F. H. and C. A. G. Simkins . 1990 . British Intelligence in the Second World War , Volume 4, Security and Counter-Intelligence. See p 181 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Hitt , P. 2nd–3rd December, 1929. “Notes on Decipherment of Kryha Ciphers, Progress of the Attack.” TICOM Collection T2510, Box 129. Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts, Berlin, Bestand Rückgabe TICOM. A transcript of this document by the present author is available at Frode Weierud's website: http://cryptocellar.org/Kryha The author is indebted to Frode for this document .
  • Hitt , P. January 11th, 1930 . “Demonstration of Kryha Cipher Machines.” TICOM Collection T2510, Box 129. Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts, Berlin, Bestand Rückgabe TICOM. A transcript of this document by the present author is available at Frode Weierud's website: http://cryptocellar.org/Kryha The author is indebted to Frode for this document .
  • Kahn , D. 1978 . Hitler's Spies . Paperback edition published in 2000 , New York and Cambridge , MA : Da Capo Press , ISBN 0-306-80949-4. See pp. 317–327 .
  • Konheim , A. G. Cryptanalysis of a Kryha Machine. In Proceedings of Eurocrypt 82, reprinted in Lecture Notes in Computer Science #149, Cryptography, Proceedings of the Workshop on Cryptography, Burg Feurstein, Germany, March 29 – April 2, 1982 , edited by T. Beth . Berlin, Heidelberg, New York : Springer-Verlag . ISBN 0-387-11993-0 .
  • Kruh , L. 1985 . “The Kryha Liliput Ciphering Machine,” Cryptologia , 9 ( 3 ): 252 – 261 .
  • Kryha-Chiffriermaschinen. 1925. “Die Chiffrier- und Dechiffriermaschine System Kryha.” The author is indebted to Klaus Schmeh for a copy of these operating instructions. The inside front cover notes the award of a State Prize of the Prussian Ministry of the Interior at the 1926 Berlin Police Exhibition, so this particular edition must have been printed in that year or later.
  • Kullback , S. “Statistical Methods in Cryptanalysis.” Reprinted in 1976, by the Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA. ISBN 0–89412–006–9 .
  • Leitz , C. 1997 . “Nazi Germany's Intervention in the Spanish Civil War and the Foundation of HISMA/ROWAK.” In The Republic Besieged: Civil War in Spain 1936–1939, edited by P. Preston and A. L. Mackenzie. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0–74860–861–3 .
  • Levine , J. and A. Lewis . August 1942 . “Recovery of Plain and Cipher Components in New-Type Kryha Using Word Spacer.” HCC NR 2417. The original document is a handwritten draft – Frode Weierud has kindly posted on his website a transcription prepared by the author of this article. See: http://cryptocellar.org/Kryha
  • Lewis , F. W. Solution of the Kryha Machine Cipher. The cover page of this document shows the title as “Kryha Cipher Machine as Used by German Foreign Office Commercial Representatives 1939–1942.” HCC NR4460 .
  • Messenger , D. A. 2000 . “Fighting for Relevance: Economic Intelligence and Special Operations Executive in Spain, 1943–1945,” Intelligence and National Security , 15 ( 3 ): 33 – 54 .
  • Mowry , David P. 1983–1984 . “Regierungs-Oberinspektor Fritz Menzer: Cryptographic Inventor Extraordinaire,” NSA Cryptologic Quarterly , 2 ( 3–4 ): 21 – 36 .
  • Patent documents: see http://cryptocellar.org/Kryha/KryhaPatents The author is indebted to Frode Weierud for assembling and sharing this extensive list of Kryha patents .
  • Rowlett , F. B. 1998 . The Story of Magic. Aegean Park Press. PP. 61–63. ISBN 0-89412-273-8 .
  • Safford , L. F. , Lieut-Cmdr., U.S.N. “Pamphlet No. 12: Subsequent Solution of the Kryha Ciphering Machine.” Crane Naval Security Group Library, Box 14, RG38, NARA, College Park, Maryland. (Several other relevant pamphlets mentioned within the text of No. 12 have yet to be located and may not have survived.)
  • Schmeh , Klaus. 2010 . “Alexander von Kryha and his Encryption Machines,” Cryptologia , 34 ( 4 ): 291 – 300 .
  • Smith , M. and R. Erskine . 2001 . Action This Day . London : Bantam Press . ISBN 0593 049101 .
  • “Solution of German SIS Hand-Ciphers 1940–1944.” October 1944. HCC NR4444. See pp. 84–87 .
  • United States Coast Guard. “History and Solution of the Kryha Machine Used by 3-N.” Crane Naval Security Group Library, Box 14, RG38, NARA, College Park, Maryland .
  • United States Coast Guard . 1943 . “Kryha Problem.” HCC NR2040 .
  • United States Coast Guard. “History of Coast Guard Unit #387 1940–1945.” Crane Inactive Stations, 5750/2, Box 57, RG 38, NARA, College Park, Maryland .
  • Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryha Valid as of November, 2010 .
  • 68The abbreviation “HCC” denotes the Historic Cryptographic Collection, RG 457, Entry 9032, NARA, College Park, Maryland.

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