REFERENCES
- Agrawal, A., Verweij, K. J. H., Gillespie, N. A., Heath, A. C., Lessov-Schlaggar, C. N., Martin, N. G. … & Lynskey, M. T. (2012). The genetics of addiction—a translational perspective. Translational Psychiatry, 2(7), e140.
- Aklin, W. M., Wong, C. J., Hampton, J., Svikis, D. S., Stitzer, M. L., Bigelow, G. E., & Silverman, K. (2014). A therapeutic workplace for the long-term treatment of drug addiction and unemployment: Eight-year outcomes of a social business intervention. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 47(5), 329–338.
- Alcoholics Anoymous (AA). Alcoholics Anonymous: The story of how more than one hundred men have recovered from alcoholism. (1939). New York, NY: Works Publishing Company.
- American Medical Association Committee on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. (1970). Recovery from drug dependence. Journal of the American Medical Association, 214(3), 579.
- American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Arlington, VA: Author.
- American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2005). Position statement on the use of the concept of recovery. Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/file%20library/about-apa/organization-documents-policies/policies/position-2005-recovery-concept.pdf
- American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM). (2013). Terminology related to addiction, treatment, and recovery. Retrieved from http://www.asam.org/docs/default-source/public-policy-statements/1-terminology-atr-7-135f81099472bc604ca5b7ff000030b21a.pdf?sfvrsn=0
- American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM). (2015). Setting a new standard for treatment with five-year recovery. Retrieved from http://www.asam.org/magazine/read/article/2015/12/13/setting-a-new-standard-for-treatment-with-five-year-recovery
- Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191.
- Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122.
- Bandura, A. (1999). A sociocognitive analysis of substance abuse: An agentic perspective. Psychological Science, 10(3), 214–217.
- Bartlett, R., Brown, L., Shattell, M., Wright, T., & Lewallen, L. (2013). Harm reduction: Compassionate care of persons with addictions. Medsurg Nursing: Official Journal of the Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses, 22(6), 349.
- Betty Ford Institute Consensus Panel. (2007). What is recovery? A working definition from the Betty Ford Institute. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 33, 221–228.
- Borneman, T., Ferrell, B., & Puchalski, C. M. (2010). Evaluation of the FICA tool for spiritual assessment. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 40(2), 163–173.
- Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Clifasefi, S. L., Grow, J., Chawla, N., Hsu, S. H., … & Larimer, M. E. (2014). Relative efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention, standard relapse prevention, and treatment as usual for substance use disorders: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(5), 547–556.
- Brener, L., Hippel, W. V., Kippax, S., & Preacher, K. J. (2010). The role of physician and nurse attitudes in the health care of injecting drug users. Substance Use & Misuse, 45, 1007–1018.
- Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (2016). Cost of substance abuse. Retrieved from http://www.ccsa.ca/Eng/topics/Costs-of-Substance-Abuse-in-Canada/Pages/default.aspx
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016a). Increases in drug and opioid overdose Deaths – United States, 2000–2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(50), 1378–1382. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6450a3.htm
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016b). HRQOL Concepts: Why is quality of life important? Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hrqol/concept.htm
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016c). CDC HRQOL-14 “Healthy days measure.” Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hrqol/hrqol14_measure.htm
- Centre for Social Justice. (2013). No quick fix: Exposing the depth of Britain's drug and alcohol problem. Retrieved from http://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/UserStorage/pdf/Pdf%20reports/addict.pdf
- Chavarria, J., Stevens, E. B., Jason, L. A., & Ferrari, J. R. (2012). The effects of self-regulation and self-efficacy on substance use abstinence. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 30(4), 422–432.
- Cleary, M., Horsfall, J., O'Hara‐Aarons, M., & Hunt, G. E. (2013). Mental health nurses' views of recovery within an acute setting. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 22(3), 205–212.
- DeLucia, C., Bergman, B. G., Formoso, D., & Weinberg, L. B. (2015). Recovery in Narcotics Anonymous from the perspectives of long-term members: A qualitative study. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 10(1), 3–22.
- DiClemente, C. C., Carbonari, J. P., Montgomery, R. P., & Hughes, S. O. (1994). The alcohol abstinence self-efficacy scale. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 55(2), 141–148. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sobriety?s=t
- el-Guebaly, N. (2012). The meanings of recovery from addiction. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 6(1), 1–9.
- FACIT. (2010). Questionnaires. Retrieved from http://www.facit.org/facitorg/questionnaires
- Finney, J., & Moos, R. (1991). The long-term course of treated alcoholism: I. Mortality, relapse, and remission rates and comparison with community controls. Journal of Studies in Alcohol, 52(1), 44–54.
- Flynn, P. M., Joe, G. M., Broome, K. M., Simpson, D. D., & Brown, B. S. (2003). Looking back on cocaine dependence: Reasons for recovery. American Journal of Addiction, 12, 398–411.
- Gubi, P. M., & Marsden-Hughes, H. (2013). Exploring the processes involved in long-term recovery from chronic alcohol addiction within an abstinence-based model: Implications for practice. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 13(3), 201–209.
- Himelstein, S., Saul, S., & Garcia-Romeu, A. (2015). Does mindfulness meditation increase effectiveness of substance abuse treatment with incarcerated youth? A pilot randomized controlled trial. Mindfulness, 6(6), 1472–1480.
- Holtyn, A. F., Koffarnus, M. N., DeFulio, A., Sigurdsson, S. O., Strain, E. C., Schwartz, R. P., … & Silverman, K. (2014). The therapeutic workplace to promote treatment engagement and drug abstinence in out-of-treatment injection drug users: A randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine, 68, 62–70.
- Hser, Y., Hoffman, V., Grella, C., & Anglin, D. (2001). A 33-year follow-up of narcotic addicts. General Archives of Psychiatry, 58, 503–508.
- International Narcotics Board. (2013). Economic consequences of drug abuse. Retrieved from https://www.incb.org/documents/Publications/AnnualReports/Thematic_chapters/English/AR_2013_E_Chapter_I.pdf
- Kaskutas, L. A., Borkman, T. J., Laudet, A., Ritter, L. A., Witbrodt, J., Subbaraman, M. S., … & Bond, J. (2014). Elements that define recovery: The experiential perspective. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 75(6), 999–1010.
- Kaskutas, L. A., & Ritter, L. A. (2015). Consistency between beliefs and behavior regarding use of substances in recovery. SAGE Open, 5(1), 2158244015574938.
- Kelly, J. F., & Westerhoff, C. M. (2010). Does it matter how we refer to individuals with substance-related conditions? A randomized study of two commonly used terms. International Journal of Drug Policy, 21(3), 202–207.
- Koffarnus, M. N., Wong, C. J., Diemer, K., Needham, M., Hampton, J., Fingerhood, M., … & Silverman, K. (2011). A randomized clinical trial of a therapeutic workplace for chronically unemployed, homeless, alcohol-dependent adults. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 46(5), 561–569.
- Laudet, A. B. (2007). What does recovery mean to you? Lessons from the recovery experience for research and practice. Journal of Substance Abuse and Treatment, 33(3), 243–256.
- Laudet, A. B., & Humphreys, K. (2013). Promoting recovery in an evolving policy context: What do we know and what do we need to know about recovery support services?. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 45(1), 126–133.
- Laudet, A. B., Stanick, V., & Sands, B. (2009). What could the program have done differently? A qualitative examination of reasons for leaving outpatient treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 37(2), 182–190.
- Logan, D. E., & Marlatt, G. A. (2010). Harm reduction therapy: A practice-friendly review of research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(2), 201.
- Marlatt, G. A. (1996). Harm reduction: Come as you are. Addictive Behaviors, 21(6), 779–788.
- Martin, G. W., Wilkinson, D. A., & Poulos, C.X. (1995). The drug avoidance self-efficacy scale. Journal of Substance Abuse, 7(2), 151–163.
- May, E. M., Hunter, B. A., Ferrari, J., Noel, N., & Jason, L. A. (2015). Hope and abstinence self- efficacy: Positive predictors of negative affect in substance abuse recovery. Community Mental Health Journal, 51(6), 695–700.
- McKay, J. R. (2016). Making the hard work of recovery more attractive for those with substance use disorders. Addiction (Epub ahead of print). doi:10.1111/add.13502
- MedicineNet. (n.d.). Abatement. Retrieved from http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=31484
- MedicineNet. (n.d.). Exacerbation. Retrieved from http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24661
- MedicineNet. (n.d.). Relapse. Retrieved from http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5292
- MedicineNet. (n.d.). Remission. Retrieved from http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5296
- Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Abstinence. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abstinence
- Merrian-Webster. (n.d.). Cessasion. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cessation
- Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Recovery. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/recovery
- Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Relapse. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/relapse
- Meyers, R. J., Roozen, H. G., & Smith, J. E. (2011). The community reinforcement approach: An update of the evidence. Alcohol Research and Health, 33(4), 380.
- Miller, W. R., Meyers, R. J., & Hiller-Sturmhöfel, S. (1999). The community-reinforcement approach. Alcohol Research and Health, 23(2), 116–121.
- Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2012). Meeting in the middle: Motivational interviewing and self-determination theory. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 1.
- Moos, R. H., & Moos, B. S. (2006). Rates and predictors of relapse after natural and treated remission from alcohol use disorders. Addiction, 101(2), 212–222.
- Narcotics Anonymous (NA). (2007). Public relations handbook. Retrieved from http://www.na.org/admin/include/spaw2/uploads/pdf/PRHB-Res/Chapter7resource_Mar07.pdf
- National Cancer Institute. (2014). Understanding cancer prognosis. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/prognosis
- National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. (2016). Addiction risk factors. Retrieved from http://www.centeronaddiction.org/addiction/addiction-risk-factors
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2014). Treatment and Recovery. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/treatment-recovery
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2015). Trends and statistics: Cost of substance abuse. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics
- Nosyk, B., Anglin, M. D., Brecht, M. L., Lima, V. D., & Hser, Y. I. (2013). American Journal of Epidemiology, 177(7), 675–682.
- Neale, J., Panebianco, D., Finch, E., Marsden, J., Mitcheson, L., Rose, D., … & Wykes, T. (2016). Emerging consensus on measuring addiction recovery: Findings from a multi-stakeholder consultation exercise. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 23(1), 31--40.
- Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services, State of New York. (2012). Survey: Ten percent of American adults report being in recovery from substance abuse or addiction. Retrieved from https://www.oasas.ny.gov/pio/press/20120306Recovery.cfm
- Peterman, A. H., Fitchett, G., Brady, M. J., Hernandez, L., & Cella, D. (2002). Measuring spiritual well-being in people with cancer: The functional assessment of chronic illness therapy—Spiritual Well-being Scale (FACIT-Sp). Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24(1), 49–58.
- Puchalski, C., & Romer, A. L. (2000). Taking a spiritual history allows clinicians to understand patients more fully. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 3(1), 129–137.
- Rundio, A., & Lorman, W. (2015). Core curriculum of addictions nursing (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
- Saguil, A., & Phelps, K. (2012). The spiritual assessment. American Family Physician, 86(6), 546--550.
- Schoenthaler, S. J., Blum, K., Braverman, E. R., Giordano, J., Thompson, B., Oscar-Berman, M., … & Demotrovics, Z. (2015). NIDA-Drug Addiction Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS) relapse as a function of spirituality/religiosity. Journal of Reward Deficiency Syndrome, 1(1), 36.
- Scott, C. K., Foss, M. A., & Dennis, M.L. (2005). Pathways in the relapse-treatment-recovery Cycle over 3 years. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 28, S63–S65.
- Silverman, K., DeFulio, A., & Sigurdsson, S. O. (2012). Maintenance of reinforcement to address the chronic nature of drug addiction. Preventive Medicine, 55, S46–S53.
- Silverman, K., Holtyn, A. F., & Morrison, R. (2016). The therapeutic utility of employment in treating drug addiction: Science to application. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 2(2), 203.
- Sklar, S. M., Annis, H. M., & Turner, N. E. (1997). Development and validation of the drug- taking confidence questionnaire: A measure of coping self-efficacy. Addictive Behaviors, 22(5), 655–670.
- Stevens, E., Jason, L. A., Ram, D., & Light, J. (2015). Investigating social support and network relationships in substance use disorder recovery. Substance Abuse, 36(4), 396–399.
- Subbaraman, M. S., & Witbrodt, J. (2014). Differences between abstinent and non-abstinent individuals in recovery from alcohol use disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 39(12), 1730–1735.
- Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2015). Recovery and recovery support. Retrieved from http://samhsa.gov/recovery
- Torrecillas, F. L., Cobo, M., Delgado, P., & Ucles, I. (2015). Predictive capacity of self-efficacy in drug dependence and substance abuse treatment. Journal of Psychology and Clinical Psychiatry, 2(3), 00073.
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2012). World Drug Report. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2012/WDR_2012_web_small.pdf
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2014). World Drug Report. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2014/World_Drug_Report_2014_web.pdf
- Vaillant, G. E. (1996). A long-term follow up of male alcohol abuse. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 243–249.
- Van Boekel, L. C., Brouwers, E. P., Van Weeghel, J., & Garretsen, H. F. (2013). Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: Systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 131(1), 23–35.
- Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., & Tomasi, D. (2012). Addiction circuitry in the human brain. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 52, 321–336. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134625
- Walton-Moss, B., Ray, E. M., & Woodruff, K. (2013). Relationship of spirituality or religion to recovery from substance abuse: A systematic review. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 24(4), 217–226.
- White, W. L. (2005). Recovery: Its history and renaissance as an organizing construct concerning alcohol and other drug problems. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 23(1), 3–15.
- White, W. L. (2007). Addition recovery: Its definition and conceptual boundaries. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 33, 229–241.
- WHOQOL group. (1995). The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Position paper from the World Health Organization. Social Science & Medicine, 41(10), 1403–1409.
- WHOQOL Group. (1997). WHOQOL-BREF. Retrieved from http://depts.washington.edu/seaqol/docs/WHOQOL-BREF%20with%20scoring%20instructions_Updated%2001-10-14.pdf
- WHOQOL Group. (1998). The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment. (WHOQL): Development and general psychometric qualities. Social Science & Medicine, 46, 28, 1568–1585.
- Witbrodt, J., Kaskutas, L. A., & Grella, C. E. (2014). How do recovery definitions distinguish recovering individuals? Five typologies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 148, 109–117.
- World Health Organization. (2016). Management of substance abuse: Facts and figures. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/facts/en/
- World Health Organization (WHO). (2016). Management of substance abuse: Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/who_lexicon/en/
- Worley, J., & Delaney, K.D. (2016). Nursing response to substance use disorders: Turning the tide. Manuscript submitted for publication.