Encountering Ambivalence – A Qualitative Study of Mental Health Nurses' Experiences with Dual Relationships

References

• American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct (including 2010 and 2016 amendments). Washington: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, S. K., & Kitchener, K. S. (1996). Nonromantic, nonsexual posttherapy relationships between psychologists and former clients: An exploratory study of critical incidents. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 27(1), 59. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.27.1.59
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton, K. S. (2016). Teaching nursing students about terminating professional relationships, boundaries, and social media. Nurse Education Today, 37, 170–172. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2015.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baca, M. (2011). Professional boundaries and dual relationships in clinical practice. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 7(3), 195–200. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2010.10.003
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, J. E. (2017). Unavoidable incidental contacts and multiple relationships in rural practice. In O. Zur (Ed.), Multiple relationships in psychotherapy and counseling: Unavoidable, common, and mandatory relations between clients and therapists. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2013). Principles of biomedical ethics (7th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Biringer, E., Davidson, L., Sundfør, B., Ruud, T., & Borg, M. (2017). Service users' expectations of treatment and support at the Community Mental Health Centre in their recovery. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 31(3), 505–513. doi:10.1111/scs.12364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Brinkmann, S., & Kvale, S. (2015). InterViews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Brocious, H., Eisenberg, J., York, J., Shepard, H., Clayton, S., & Van Sickle, B. (2013). The strengths of rural social workers: Perspectives on managing dual relationships in small Alaskan communities. Journal of Family Social Work, 16(1), 4–19. doi:10.1080/10522158.2012.745180
   Google Scholar
• Chiarella, M., & Adrian, A. (2014). Boundary violations, gender and the nature of nursing work. Nursing Ethics, 21(3), 267–277. doi:10.1177/0969733013493214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleary, M., Lees, D., Molloy, L., Escott, P., & Sayers, J. (2017). Recovery-oriented care and leadership in mental health nursing. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 38(5), 458–460. doi:10.1080/01612840.2017.1314738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, D. B., McCarthy, D., & Sweeney, J. F. (2016). The value of the use of dialogue and self in recovery. In J. S. Jones, J. J. Fitzpatrick, & V. L. Rogers (Eds.), Psychiatric-mental health nursing: An interpersonal approach (2nd ed., pp. 31–47). New York: Springer Publishing Company LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. London: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Griffith, R. (2013). Professional boundaries in the nurse–patient relationship. British Journal of Nursing, 22(18), 1087–1088. doi:10.12968/bjon.2013.22.18.1087
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gutheil, T. G. (1989). Borderline personality disorder, boundary violations, and patient-therapist sex: Medicolegal pitfalls. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(5), 597–602. doi:10.1176/ajp.146.5.597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutheil, T. G. (2005). Boundary issues and personality disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 11(2), 88–96. doi:10.1097/00131746-200503000-00003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gutheil, T. G., & Brodsky, A. (2011). Preventing boundary violations in clinical practice. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hagen, M. B., & da Silva, A. B. (2016). Miljøterapeuters reaksjoner i møte med traumatiserte pasienter[Milieu therapists' reactions in meetings with traumatized patients. In: Traumacentered care in mental health work.]. In M. B. Hagen, A. B. da Silva, & M. I. Thelle (Eds.), Traumabevisst omsorg i psykisk helsearbeid (pp. 184–194). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Hem, M. H. (2008). Mature care?: An empirical study of interaction between psychotic patients and psychiatric nurses (PhD thesis). University of Oslo, Norway. Retrieved from https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/28364. Available from Univeristy of Oslo DUO Research Archive database.
   Google Scholar
• Hem, M. H., Halvorsen, K., & Nortvedt, P. (2014). Altruism and mature care. Nursing Ethics, 21(7), 794–802. doi:10.1177/0969733014521094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hem, M. H., & Pettersen, T. (2011). Mature care and nursing in psychiatry: Notions regarding reciprocity in asymmetric professional relationships. An International Journal of Health Care Philosophy and Policy, 19(1), 65–76. doi:10.1007/s10728-011-0167-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holyoake, D.-D. (1999). Favourite patients: Exploring labelling in inpatient culture. Nursing Standard, 13(16), 44–47. doi:10.7748/ns1999.01.13.16.44.c2577
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones, J. S. (2016). Boundary management. In J. S. Jones, M. Fitzpatrick, & V. L. Rogers (Eds.), Psychiatric-mental health nursing: An interpersonal approach (2nd ed., pp. 49–61). New York: Springer Publishing Company LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson, B., & Borg, M. (2017). Recovery: Tradisjoner, fornyelser og praksiser. Oslo: Gyldendal akademisk.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2015). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (5th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Le Boutillier, C., Leamy, M., Bird, V. J., Davidson, L., Williams, J., & Slade, M. (2011). What does recovery mean in practice? A qualitative analysis of international recovery-oriented practice guidance. Psychiatric Services, 62(12), 1470–1476. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.001312011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leamy, M., Bird, V., Le Boutillier, C., Williams, J., & Slade, M. (2011). Conceptual framework for personal recovery in mental health: Systematic review and narrative synthesis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(6), 445–452. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljungberg, A., Denhov, A., & Topor, A. (2015). The art of helpful relationships with professionals: A meta-ethnography of the perspective of persons with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Quarterly, 86(4), 471–495. doi:10.1007/s11126-015-9347-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljungberg, A., Denhov, A., & Topor, A. (2017). A balancing act—How mental health professionals experience being personal in their relationships with service users. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 38(7), 578–583. doi: 10.1080/01612840.2017.1301603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malterud, K., Siersma, V. D., & Guassora, A. D. (2016). Sample size in qualitative interview studies: Guided by information power. Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1753–1760. doi:10.1177/1049732315617444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfrin-Ledet, L., Porche, D. J., & Eymard, A. S. (2015). Professional boundary violations: A literature review. Home Healthcare Now, 33(6), 326–332.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morse, J. M. (1995). The significance of saturation. Qualitative Health Research, 5(2), 147–149. doi:10.1177/104973239500500201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse, J. M. (2000). Determining sample size. Qualitative Health Research, 10(1), 3–5. doi:10.1177/104973200129118183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse, J. M. (2015a). All data are not equal. Qualitative Health Research, 25(9), 1169–1170. doi:10.1177/1049732315597655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse, J. M. (2015b). Data were saturated. Qualitative Health Research, 25(5), 587–588. doi:10.1177/1049732315576699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noddings, N. (2013). Caring: A relational approach to ethics and moral education. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nordhaug, M., & Nortvedt, P. (2011). Mature care in professional relationships and health care prioritizations. Nursing Ethics, 18(2), 209–216. doi:10.1177/0969733010389257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, B., & Piazza, N. (1997). Classification of dual relationships in the helping professions. Counselor Education and Supervision, 37(2), 89. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6978.1997.tb00535.x
   Google Scholar
• Peplau, H. E. (1952). Interpersonal relations in nursing. London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Pettersen, T. (2006). Omsorg som etisk teori. [Care as an ethical theory]. Norsk Filosofisk Tidsskrift (Norwegian Journal of Philosophy), 41(2), 151–163.
   Google Scholar
• Pettersen, T. (2008). Comprehending care: Problems and possibilities in the ethics of care. Lanham: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Pettersen, T. (2011). The ethics of care: Normative structures and empirical implications. An International Journal of Health Care Philosophy and Policy, 19(1), 51–64. doi:10.1007/s10728-010-0163-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersen, T. (2012). Conceptions of care: Altruism, feminism, and mature care. Hypatia, 27(2), 366–389. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2011.01197.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersen, T., & Hem, M. H. (2011). Mature care and reciprocity: Two cases from acute psychiatry. Nursing Ethics, 18(2), 217–231. doi:10.1177/0969733010392301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, K. S. (2017). Dual relationships, multiple relationships, & boundary decisions. Retrieved June 28, 2017, from https://kspope.com/dual/
   Google Scholar
• Reamer, F. G. (2012). Boundary issues and dual relationships in the human services. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reamer, F. G. (2017). The challenge of multiple relationships in total institutions. In O. Zur (Ed.), Multiple relationships in psychotherapy and counseling: Unavoidable, common, and mandatory dual relations in therapy (pp. 141–151). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ruyter, K. W., Førde, R., & Solbakk, J. H. (2014). Medisinsk og helsefaglig etikk (3rd ed.). Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk.
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer, S., & Prescott, D. (2010). Boundaries and dual relationships. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 23(3), 365–380. doi:10.1177/1079063210381411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schön, U.-K., & Rosenberg, D. (2013). Transplanting recovery: Research and practice in the Nordic countries. Journal of Mental Health, 22(6), 563–569. doi:10.3109/09638237.2013.815337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slade, M., Amering, M., Farkas, M., Hamilton, B., O'Hagan, M., Panther, G., … Whitley, R. (2014). Uses and abuses of recovery: Implementing recovery‐oriented practices in mental health systems. World Psychiatry, 13(1), 12–20. doi:10.1002/wps.20084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuart, G. W. (2013). Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing (10th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
   Google Scholar
• The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision. (2012). Årsrapport 2012 fra Statens helsetilsyn. Retrieved from https://www.helsetilsynet.no/upload/Publikasjoner/aarsrapporter/aarsrapport2012.pdf [ Annual Report 2012 from The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision]
   Google Scholar
• The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision. (2013). Årsrapport 2013 fra Statens helsetilsyn. Retrieved from https://www.helsetilsynet.no/upload/Publikasjoner/aarsrapporter/aarsrapport2013.pdf [Annual report 2013 The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision]
   Google Scholar
• The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision. (2014). Årsrapport 2014 fra Statens helsetilsyn. Retrieved from https://www.helsetilsynet.no/upload/Publikasjoner/aarsrapporter/aarsrapport2014.pdf [Annual report 2014 The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision]
   Google Scholar
• The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision. (2015). Årsrapport 2015 fra Statens helsetilsyn. Retrieved from https://www.helsetilsynet.no/upload/Publikasjoner/aarsrapporter/aarsrapport2015.pdf [Annual report 2015 The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision]
   Google Scholar
• The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision. (2016a). Sykepleier fikk advarsel for privat forhold til pasient. Retrieved from https://www.helsetilsynet.no/no/Tilsyn/Tilsynssaker/Sykepleier-fikk-advarsel-for-privat-forhold-til-pasient/. Accessed 15 August, 2017 [Nurse received warning due to having a private relationship with a patient]
   Google Scholar
• The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision. (2016b). Årsrapport 2016 fra Statens helsetilsyn. Retrieved from https://www.helsetilsynet.no/upload/Publikasjoner/aarsrapporter/aarsrapport2016.pdf [Annual report 2016 The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision]
   Google Scholar
• Topor, A., Borg, M., Mezzina, R., Sells, D., Marin, I., & Davidson, L. (2006). Others: The role of family, friends, and professionals in the recovery process. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 9(1), 17–37. doi:10.1080/15487760500339410
   Google Scholar
• Travelbee, J. (1971). Interpersonal aspects of nursing (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Davis Company.
   Google Scholar
• Valente, S. M. (2017). Managing professional and nurse–patient relationship boundaries in mental health. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 55(1), 45–51. doi:10.3928/02793695-20170119-09
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar