References
- Baker, J., Berzins, K., Canvin, K., Benson, I., Kellar, I., Wright, J., Lopez, R. R., Duxbury, J., Kendall, T., Stewart, D. (2021). Non-pharmacological interventions to reduce restrictive practices in adult mental health inpatient settings: the COMPARE systematic mapping review. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hsdr/hsdr09050#/abstract https://doi.org/10.3310/hsdr09050
- Baker, J., Berzins, K., Canvin, K., Kendal, S., Branthonne-Foster, S., Wright, J., McDougall, T., Goldson, B., Kellar, I., & Duxbury, J. (2022). Components of interventions to reduce restrictive practices with children and young people in institutional settings: The Contrast systematic mapping review. Health and Social Care Delivery Research, 10(8), 1–180. https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3154885/1/3039569.pdf https://doi.org/10.3310/YVKT5692
- Birken, S. A., Powell, B. J., Shea, C. M., Haines, E. R., Kirk, M. A., Leeman, J., Rohweder, C., Damschroder, L., & Presseau, J. (2017). Criteria for selecting implementation science theories and frameworks: Results from an international survey. Implementation Science, 12(1), 124. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-017-0656-y
- Bowers, L. (2014). Safewards: A new model of conflict and containment on psychiatric wards. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 21(6), 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12129
- Bowers, L., Alexander, J., Bilgin, H., Botha, M., Dack, C., James, K., Jarrett, M., Jeffery, D., Nijman, H., Owiti, J. A., Papadopoulos, C., Ross, J., Wright, S., & Stewart, D. (2014). Safewards: The empirical basis of the model and a critical appraisal. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 21(4), 354–364. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpm.12085 https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12085
- Bowers, L., James, K., Quirk, A., Simpson, A., Sugar, Stewart, D., & Hodsoll, J. (2015). Safewards: A cluster randomised controlled trial of a complex intervention to reduce conflict and containment rates on acute psychiatric wards. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 52, 1412–1422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.05.001
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Butterworth, H., Wood, L., & Rowe, S. (2022). Patients’ and staff members’ experiences of restrictive practices in acute mental health in-patient settings: Systematic review and thematic synthesis. BJPsych Open, 8(6), E178. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2022.574
- CQC. (2017). The state of care in mental health services 2014 to 2017: Findings from CQC's programme of comprehensive inspections of specialist mental health services. London, Care Quality Commission. https://www.cqc.org.uk/publications/major-report/state-care-mental-health-services-2014-2017
- Cusack, P., Cusack, F. P., McAndrew, S., McKeown, M., & Duxbury, J. (2018). An integrative review exploring the physical and psychological harm inherent in using restraint in mental health inpatient settings. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 27(3), 1162–1176. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12432
- Department of Health. (2014). Positive and Proactive Care: reducing the need for restrictive interventions. London, Department of Health. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/300293/JRA_DoH_Guidance_on_RP_web_accessible.pdf#:∼:text=The%20guidance%20makes%20clear%20that%20restrictive%20interventions%20may,or%20as%20part%20of%20an%20agreed%20care%20plan.
- Dickens, G. L., Tabvuma, T., & Frost, S. A. (2020). Safewards: Changes in conflict, containment, and violence prevention climate during implementation. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(6), 1230–1240. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12762
- Duxbury, J., Aiken, F., & Dale, C. (2011). Deaths in custody: The role of restraint. Journal of Learning Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 2(4), 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1108/20420921111207873
- Finch, K., Lawrence, D., Williams, M., Thompson, A., & Hartwright, C. (2021). A systematic review of the effectiveness of Safewards: Has enthusiasm exceeded evidence? Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 43(2), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2021.1967533
- Fletcher, J., Spittal, M., Brophy, L., Tibble, H., Kinner, S., Elsom, S., & Hamilton, B. (2017). Outcomes of the Victorian Safewards trial in 13 wards: Impact on seclusion rates and fidelity measurement. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 26(5), 461–471. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12380
- Gilbert, H., Mallorie, S. (2024). Mental health 360: workforce. London, King’s Fund. https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/insight-and-analysis/long-reads/mental-health-360-workforce
- Harvey, G., & Kitson, A. (2015). PARIHS revisited: From heuristic to integrated framework for the successful implementation of knowledge into practice. Implementation Science, 11(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-016-0398-2
- Hayes, D., Thievendran, J., & Kyriakopoulos, M. (2022). Adolescent inpatient mental health services in the UK. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 107(5), 427–430. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-321442
- Higgins, N., Meehan, T., Dart, N., Kilshaw, M., & Fawcett, L. (2018). Implementation of the Safewards model in public mental health facilities: A qualitative evaluation of staff perceptions. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 88, 114–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.08.008
- Hill, J. N., Guihan, M., Hogan, T. P., Smith, B. M., LaVela, S. L., Weaver, F. M., Anaya, H. D., & Evans, C. T. (2017). Use of the PARIHS framework for retrospective and prospective implementation evaluations. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 14(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12211
- Hottinen, A., Rytilä-Manninen, M., Laurén, J., Autio, S., Laiho, T., & Lindberg, N. (2020). Impact of the implementation of the safewards model on the social climate on adolescent psychiatric wards. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(3), 399–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12674
- INQUEST. (2017). Jury condemns police restraint of young black man in mental health hospital whilst medical staff looked on. https://www.inquest.org.uk/seni-lewis-conclusion
- James, K., Quirk, A., Patterson, S., Brennan, G., & Stewart, D. (2017). Quality of intervention delivery in a cluster randomised controlled trial: A qualitative observational study with lessons for fidelity. Trials, 18(1), 548. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-017-2189-8
- Jones, P. B. (2013). Adult mental health disorders and their age at onset. The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement, 54(s54), S5–S10. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.119164
- Kipping, S. M., De Souza, J. L., & Marshall, L. A. (2019). Co-creation of the Safewards Model in a forensic mental health care facility. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 40(1), 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2018.1481472
- Lawrence, D., Bagshaw, R., Stubbings, D., & Watt, A. (2021). Restrictive practices in adult secure mental health services: A scoping review. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 21(1), 68–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2021.1887978
- Lumivero. (2023). NVivo (Version 14). www.lumivero.com
- Maguire, T., Harrison, M., Ryan, J., Lang, R., & McKenna, B. (2023). A Nominal Group Technique to finalise Safewards Secure model and interventions for forensic mental health services. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 00, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.13006
- Mullen, A., Browne, G., Hamilton, B., Skinner, S., & Happell, B. (2022). Safewards: An integrative review of the literature within inpatient and forensic mental health units. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 31(5), 1090–1108. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/inm.13001 https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13001
- Nawaz, R., Reen, G., Bloodworth, N., Maughan, D., & Vincent, C. (2021). Interventions to reduce self-harm on in-patient wards: Systematic review. BJPsych Open, 7(3), E80. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-open/article/interventions-to-reduce-selfharm-on-inpatient-wards-systematic-review/45D158CCE75BD49345BD7822A4CA387B https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.41
- NHS Benchmarking. (2018). 2018 CAMHS Project – Results published. Manchester, NHS Benchmarking. https://www.nhsbenchmarking.nhs.uk/news/2018-camhs-project-results-published
- NICE. (2015). Guideline NG10: Violence and aggression: short-term management in mental health, health and community settings. London, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng10
- NIHR. (2017/2022). Best practice in the ethics and governance of service evaluation. NIHR Applied Research Collaboration West. https://arc-w.nihr.ac.uk/Wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Full-ethics-guidelines-revised-Nov-2020.pdf
- Panda, P., K., Gupta, J., Chowdhury, S. R., Kumar, R., Meena, A. K., Madaan, P., Sharawat, I. K., & Gulati, S. (2021). Psychological and behavioral impact of lockdown and quarantine measures for COVID-19 pandemic on children, adolescents and caregivers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 67(1), fmaa122. https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmaa122
- Price, O., Burbery, P., Leonard, S., & Doyle, M. (2016). Evaluation of Safewards in forensic mental health. Mental Health Practice, 19(8), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.7748/mhp.19.8.14.s17
- Safewards. (2023). Evaluation methods. https://www.safewards.net/managers/evaluation-methods
- Thibaut, B., Dewa, L. H., Ramtale, S. C., D'Lima, D., Adam, S., Ashrafian, H., Darzi, A., & Archer, S. (2019). Patient safety in inpatient mental health settings: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 9(12), e030230. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/12/e030230 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030230
- UNICEF. (1990). The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. London, UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/unicef-convention-rights-child-uncrc.pdf
- Ward-Stockham, K., Kapp, S., Jarden, R., Gerdtz, M., & Daniel, C. (2022). Effect of Safewards on reducing conflict and containment and the experiences of staff and consumers: A mixed-methods systematic review. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 31(1), 199–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12950
- Yates, N. J., & Lathlean, J. (2022). Exploring factors that influence success when introducing “The Safewards Model” to an acute adolescent ward: A qualitative study of staff perceptions. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing: Official Publication of the Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses, Inc, 35(3), 218–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12365