Examining Disparities in Student Discipline: Mapping Inequities from Infractions to Consequences

References

• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2013). Out-of-school suspension and expulsion. Pediatrics, 131, e1000–e1007. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/131/3/e1000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, K. P. (2018). Inequitable Compliance: Implementation Failure of a Statewide Student Discipline Reform. Peabody Journal of Education, 93(02), 244–263.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, K. P., & Ritter, G. W. (2017a). Disparate use of exclusionary discipline: Evidence on inequities in school discipline from a U.S. state. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 25, 1–32. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.25.2787
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, K. P., & Ritter, G. W. (2017b). Do school discipline policies treat students fairly? A second look at school discipline rate disparities ( EDRE Working Paper 2015-11). Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2700707
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, K. P., Ritter, G. W., & Zamarro, G. (2017). Understanding a vicious cycle: Do out-of-school suspensions impact student test scores? ( EDRE Working Paper 2017-09). Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2944346
   Google Scholar
• Arcia, E. (2006). Achievement and enrollment status of suspended students: Outcomes in a large, multicultural school district. Education and Urban Society, 38, 359–369. doi:10.1177/0013124506286947
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arkansas Code § 6-48-104. Department of Education responsibilities. Retrieved from http://law.justia.com/codes/arkansas/2016/title-6/subtitle-3/chapter-48/section-6-48-104/
   Google Scholar
• Balfanz, R., Byrnes, V., & Fox, J. (2014). Sent home and put off-track: The antecedents, disproportionalities, and consequences of being suspended in the ninth grade. Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk, 5, 1–19. Downloaded from http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/childrenatrisk/vol5/iss2/13/
   Google Scholar
• Balfanz, R., Spiridakis, K., Neild, R. C., & Legters, N. (2003). High-poverty secondary schools and the juvenile justice system: How neither helps the other and how that could change. New Directions for Youth Development, 99, 71–89. doi:10.1002/yd.55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cobb-Clark, D. A., Kassenboehmer, S. C., Le, T., McVicar, D., & Zhang, R. (2015). Is there an educational penalty for being suspended from school? Education Economics, 23, 376–395. doi:10.1080/09645292.2014.980398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabelo, T., Thompson, M. D., Plotkin, M., Carmichael, D., Marchbanks, M. P., & Booth, E. A. (2011). Breaking schools’ rules: A statewide study of how school discipline relates to students’ success and juvenile justice involvement. New York, NY: Council of State Governments Justice Center & Public Policy Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory, A., & Weinstein, R. S. (2008). The discipline gap and African Americans: Defiance or cooperation in the high school classroom. Journal of School Psychology, 46, 455–475. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2007.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz, D. L. (1985). Ethnic groups in conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Losen, D., & Gillespie, J. (2012). Opportunities suspended: The disparate impact of disciplinary exclusion from school. Los Angeles, CA: Civil Rights Project, UCLA. Retrieved from http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/resources/projects/center-for-civil-rights-remedies/school-to-prison-folder/federal-reports/upcoming-ccrr-research/losen-gillespie-opportunity-suspended-2012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Losen, D., Hodson, C., Keith, M., Morrison, K., & Belway, S. (2015). Are we closing the school discipline gap? Los Angeles, CA: The Civil Rights Project, UCLA.
   Google Scholar
• Losen, D., & Skiba, R. (2010). Suspended Education: Urban Middle Schools in Crisis. Los Angeles, CA: The Civil Rights Project at UCLA, The Equity Project at the Indiana University Center for Evaluation and Education Policy, and the Southern Poverty Law Center.
   Google Scholar
• Marchbanks, M. P., Blake, J. J., Smith, D., Seibert, A. L., & Carmichael, D. (2014). More than a drop in the bucket: The social and economic costs of dropouts and grade retentions associated with exclusionary discipline. Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk, 5, 1–34. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/childrenatrisk/vol5/iss2/17/
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson-Crotty, S., Birchmeier, Z., & Valentine, D. (2009). Exploring the impact of school discipline on racial disproportion in the juvenile justice system. Social Science Quarterly, 90, 1003–1018. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00674.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffaele-Mendez, L. M. (2003). Predictors of suspension and negative school outcomes: A longitudinal investigation. New Directions for Youth Development, 99, 17–33. doi:10.1002/yd.52
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, W. H. (1993). Regression standard errors in clustered samples. Stata Technical Bulletin, 13, 19–23.
   Google Scholar
  Stata Technical Bulletin Reprints, 3, 88–94.
   Google Scholar
• Sartain, L., Allensworth, E. M., & Porter, S., with Levenstein, R., Johnson, D. W., Huynh, M. H., & … Steinberg, M. P. (2015). Suspending Chicago's students: Differences in discipline practices across schools. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Consortium on Chicago School Research.
   Google Scholar
• Skiba, R. J., Chung, C., Trachok, M., Baker, T., Sheya, A., & Hughes, R. (2014). Parsing disciplinary disproportionality: Contributions of infraction, student, and school characteristics to out-of-school suspension and expulsion. American Educational Research Journal, 51, 640–670. doi:10.3102/0002831214541670
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skiba, R., Horner, R., Chung, C. G., Rausch, M. K., May, S., & Tobin, T. (2011). Race is not neutral: A national investigation of Black and Latino disproportionality in school discipline. School Psychology Review, 40, 85–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skiba, R., Michael, R., Nardo, A., & Peterson, R. (2002). The color of discipline: Sources of racial and gender disproportionality in school punishment. Urban Review, 34, 317–342. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021320817372.
   Google Scholar
• Skiba, R., & Rausch, M. K. (2004). The relationship between achievement, discipline, and race: An analysis of factors predicting ISTEP Scores. Bloomington, IN: Center for Evaluation and Education Policy, Indiana University.
   Google Scholar
• Swanson, E., Erickson, H. H., & Ritter, G. W. (2017). Examining the impacts of middle school disciplinary policies on 9^th grade retention ( EDRE Working Paper 2017-11). Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2952972
   Google Scholar
• Welch, K., & Payne, A. N. (2010). Racial threat and punitive school discipline. Social Problems, 57, 25–48. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2010.57.1.25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, H. (1980). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica, 48, 817–838. doi:10.2307/1912934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar