Perceptions of Social Justice Among the South Asian and Mainstream Chinese Youth from Diverse Cultural Backgrounds in Hong Kong

References

• Allen, C., & Nielsen, J. S. (2002, May). Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001. Vienna, Austria: EUMC.
   Google Scholar
• Barber, C., Torney-Purta, J., & Fennelly, K. (2010, July). Adolescents' attitudes toward immigrants' rights and nationalism in 25 countries. Paper presented at the 4th IEA International Research Conference (IRC-2010), Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Bastedo, H. (2015). Not “one of us”: Understanding how non-engaged youth feel about politics and political leadership. Journal of Youth Studies, 18(5), 649–665.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, J. W. (1991). Understanding and managing multiculturalism: Some possible implications of research in Canada. Psychology & Developing Societies, 3(1), 17–49.
   Google Scholar
• Billiet, J., & De Witte, H. (2008). Everyday racism as predictor of political racism in Flemish Belgium. Journal of Social Issues, 64(2), 253–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. (2012). Structural equation modeling with Mplus. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, D. T. (1965). Ethnocentric and other altruistic motives. In Nebraska symposium on motivation (Vol. 13, pp. 283–311). Nebraska, NE, USA: University of Nebraska–Lincoln.
   Google Scholar
• Census and Statistics Department. (2016). Thematic report: Ethnic minorities. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer.
   Google Scholar
• Coenders, M., Lubbers, M., Scheepers, P., & Verkuyten, M. (2008). More than two decades of changing ethnic attitudes in the Netherlands. Journal of Social Issues, 64(2), 269–285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, I., & Issitt, J. (2005). Reflections on citizenship education in Australia, Canada and England. Comparative Education, 41(4), 389–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J. A., & Smith, T. W. (1992). National Opinion Research Center, Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, & National Data Program for the Social Sciences. General social surveys, 1972-1991: Cumulative codebook. Chicago, IL: National Opinion Research Center.
   Google Scholar
• Dejaeghere, J. G., & Tudball, L. (2007). Looking back, looking forward: Critical citizenship as a way ahead for civics and citizenship education in Australia. Citizenship Teaching and Learning, 3(2), 40–57.
   Google Scholar
• Dennis, J. M., Phinney, J. S., & Chuateco, L. I. (2005). The role of motivation, parental support, and peer support in the academic success of ethnic minority first-generation college students. Journal of College Student Development, 46(3), 223–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman, J., & Zetterberg, P. (2010). Making citizens in the classroom? Family background and the impact of civic education in Swedish schools. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Swedish Political Science Association, Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Erni, J. N., & Leung, L. Y. M. (2014). Understanding South Asian minorities in Hong Kong (Vol. 1). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Esses, V. M., Dovidio, J. F., Jackson, L. M., & Armstrong, T. L. (2001). The immigration dilemma: The role of perceived group competition, ethnic prejudice, and national identity. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 389–412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, C. S., & Lui, H. K. (2003). Structural change and the narrowing gender gap in wages: Theory and evidence from Hong Kong. Labour Economics, 10(5), 609–626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filmer, D., & Scott, K. (2008). Assessing asset indices (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series, 4605). Washington, DC: The World Bank, Development Research Group.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, J. M., & Darling-Hammond, L. (1997). New concepts for new challenges: Professional development for teachers of immigrant youth. Topics in immigrant education 2. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
   Google Scholar
• Grayman, J. K., & Godfrey, E. B. (2013). Social justice attitudes and their demographic correlates among a nationally representative sample of US adolescents. Social Justice Research, 26(4), 422–444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn, C. L. (2010). Comparative civic education research: What we know and what we need to know. Citizenship Teaching & Learning, 6(1), 5–23.
   Google Scholar
• Hannum, E., Kong, P., & Zhang, Y. (2009). Family sources of educational gender inequality in rural China: A critical assessment. International Journal of Educational Development, 29(5), 474–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath, S. B. (2008). Language socialization in the learning communities of adolescents. In Encyclopedia of Language and Education (2nd ed., pp. 2779–2792). New York, USA: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hello, E., Scheepers, P., Vermulst, A., & Gerris, J. R. (2004). Association between educational attainment and ethnic distance in young adults: Socialization by schools or parents? Acta Sociologica, 47(3), 253–275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups. (1995). The population poser: How do young new arrivals from Mainland China adapt? Hong Kong: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Hong Kong Unison. (2012). Racial Acceptance Survey Report. Retrieved from http://www.unison.org.hk/DocumentDownload/Researches/R201203%20Racial%20Acceptance%20Survey%20Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Isaacs, J., & Magnuson, K. (2011). Income and education as predictors of children's school readiness. The social genome project. Washington, DC: Center on Children and Families at Brookings.
   Google Scholar
• Joppke, C. (2005). Exclusion in the liberal state: The case of immigration and citizenship policy. European Journal of Social Theory, 8(1), 43–61.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, K. (2014, January 28). Respect and tolerance for all must be enshrined in Hong Kong policy. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1415607/respect-and-tolerance-all-must-be-enshrined-hong-kong-policy
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S. Y., & Chao, R. K. (2009). Heritage language fluency, ethnic identity, and school effort of immigrant Chinese and Mexican Adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(1), 27–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ku, H. B., Chan, K. W., & Sandhu, K. K. (2005). Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, & Centre for Social Policy Studies. A research report on the education of South Asian ethnic minority groups in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University/ Unison Hong Kong.
   Google Scholar
• Lauglo, J. (2013). Do more knowledgeable adolescents have more rationally based civic attitudes? Analysis of 38 countries. Educational Psychology, 33(3), 262–282. doi:10.1080/01443410.2013.772773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, K. Y., & Lee, K. M. (2006). Citizenship, economy and social exclusion of mainland Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 36(2), 217–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K. M., Wong, H., & Law, K. Y. (2007). Social polarisation and poverty in the global city: The case of Hong Kong. China Report, 43(1), 1–30.
   Google Scholar
• Lewin-Epstein, N., & Levanon, A. (2005). National identity and xenophobia in an ethnically divided society. International Journal on Multicultural Societies, 7, 90–118.
   Google Scholar
• Loper, K. (2004). Race and equality: A study of ethnic minorities in Hong Kong's education system. Hong Kong: Center for Comparative and Public Law, Faculty of Law, The University of Hong Kong.
   Google Scholar
• Mahaffy, K. A., & Ward, S. K. (2002). The gendering of adolescents' childbearing and educational plans: Reciprocal effects and the influence of social context. Sex Roles, 46(11–12), 403–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, J., Wade, P., & Kerr, D. (2010). Young people's civic attitudes and practices: England's outcomes from the IEA international civic and citizenship education study (ICCS) (Research Report DFE-RR060). United Kingdom: Department for Education. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/181802/DFE-RR060.pdf
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor, P. (2011). Everyday hybridity and Hong Kong's Muslim youth. Visual Anthropology, 24, 203–225.
   Google Scholar
• Or, N. H. K., & Lau, C. H. M. (2014). The rise of transgressive contention by young activists: The recent cases in Hong Kong. Journal of Youth Studies, 17(1), 57–77.
   Google Scholar
• Phinney, J. S., Romero, I., Nava, M., & Huang, D. (2001). The role of language, parents, and peers in ethnic identity among adolescents in immigrant families. Journal of youth and Adolescence, 30(2), 135–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post, D. (2004). Family resources, gender, and immigration: Changing sources of Hong Kong educational inequality, 1971–2001. Social Science Quarterly, 85(5), 1238–1258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, W., Ainley, J., & Fraillon, J. (2011). ICCS 2009 Technical report. International association for the evaluation of educational achievement. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Herengracht 487.
   Google Scholar
• Schulz, W., Ainley, J., Fraillon, J., Losito, B., & Agrusti, G. (2016). IEA International Civic and Citizenship Education Study 2016 Assessment Framework. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-39357-5.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Sherif, M. (1966). Group conflict and cooperation: Their social psychology. London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
   Google Scholar
• Shum, M. S. K., Gao, F., & Tsung, L. (2012). Unlocking the racialized and gendered educational experiences of South Asian females in Hong Kong: The case study of Pakistani girls. Asian Ethnicity, 13(3), 251–262.
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. Reducing prejudice and discrimination, (pp. 23–45). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 33(47), 74.
   Google Scholar
• Talbani, A., & Hasanali, P. (2000). Adolescent females between tradition and modernity: Gender role socialization in South Asian immigrant culture. Journal of Adolescence, 23(5), 615–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam, T., Hewstone, M., Kenworthy, J. B., Cairns, E., Marinetti, C., Geddes, L., & Parkinson, B. (2008). Post-conflict reconciliation: Intergroup forgiveness and implicit biases in Northern Ireland. Journal of Social Issues, 64(2), 303–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torney-Purta, J., Lehmann, R., Oswald, H., & Schulz, W. (2001). Citizenship and education in twenty-eight countries: Civic knowledge and engagement at age fourteen. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: IEA Secretariat, Herengracht 487.
   Google Scholar
• Trommsdorff, G., & Iwawaki, S. (1989). Students' perceptions of socialisation and gender role in Japan and Germany. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 12(4), 485–493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng, V., & Fuligni, A. J. (2000). Parent-adolescent language use and relationships among immigrant families with East Asian, Filipino, and Latin American backgrounds. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(2), 465–476.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, B. S. (2007). The enclave society: Towards a sociology of immobility. European Journal of Social Theory, 10(2), 287–304.
   Google Scholar
• Verkuyten, M. (2009). Support for multiculturalism and minority rights: The role of national identification and out-group threat. Social Justice Research, 22(1), 31–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, U., Christ, O., & Hetimeyer, W. (2010). Ethnocentrism and bias towards immigrants. In J. F. Dovidio, M. Hewstone, P. Glick, & V. M. Esses (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (1st ed., pp. 361–376). New York, NY: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2005). The World Bank annual report. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association [IDA]. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTANNREP2K5/Resources/51563_English.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (1998). The World Health Report 1998: life in the 21st century. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Wortley, S., & Owusu-Bempah, A. (2009). Unequal before the law: Immigrant and racial minority perceptions of the Canadian criminal justice system. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 10(4), 447–473.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, M. Y., & Sarri, R. (1997). Women's health status and gender inequality in China. Social Science & Medicine, 45(12), 1885–1898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen, Y. M. C. (2010). Assimilation, integration and the construction of identity: The experience of Chinese cross-boundary and newly arrived students in Hong Kong schools. Multicultural Education Review, 2(2), 1–32.
   Google Scholar
• Yuen, Y. M. C. (2012). Caught between two cultures: Everyday civic life of cross-boundary youth. Journal of Youth Studies, 15(2), 75–81.
   Google Scholar
• Yuen, Y. M. C. (2013). Ethnicity, level of study, gender, religious affiliation and life satisfaction of adolescents from diverse cultures in Hong Kong. Journal of Youth Studies, 16(6), 776–791.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen, Y. M. C. (2014a). Above all, young Hongkongers want our social injustices addressed. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1643667/above-all-young-hongkongers-want-our-social-injustices
   Google Scholar
• Yuen, Y. M. C. (2014b). School engagement and civic engagement as predictors for the future political participation of ethnic Chinese and South Asian adolescents in Hong Kong. Migration and Ethnic Themes, 29(3), 317–342.
   Google Scholar
• Yuen, Y. M. C. (2015). Gender difference in life satisfaction and spiritual health among the junior immigrant and local Hong Kong secondary students. International Journal of Children's Spirituality, 20(2), 139–154. doi:10.1080/1364436X.2015.1061485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen, Y. M. C. (2016). Linking life satisfaction with school engagement of secondary students from diverse cultural backgrounds in Hong Kong. International Journal of Educational Research, 77, 74–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen, Y. M. C., & Lee, M. (2013). Mapping the life satisfaction of adolescents in Hong Kong secondary schools with high ethnic concentration. Youth & Society, 48(4), 539–556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen, Y. M. C., Lee, M. S., & Leung, C. S. S. (2016). Religious belief and its association with life satisfaction of adolescents in Hong Kong. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 37(1), 103–113. doi:10.1080/13617672.2016.1141533
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zick, A., Pettigrew, T. F., & Wagner, U. (2008). Ethnic prejudice and discrimination in Europe. Journal of Social Issues, 64(2), 233–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar