Raising the summit or flattening the agora? The elitist turn in science policy in Northern Europe

References

• Adams, J., and P. Robinson. 2002. Devolution in Practice: Public Policy Differences within the UK. London: Institute for Public Policy Research.
   Google Scholar
• Aksnes, D., M. Benner, S. B. Borlaug, H. F. Hansen, E. Kallerud, E. Kristiansen, L. Langfeldt, A. Pelkonen, and G. Sivertsen. 2012. “Centres of Excellence in the Nordic Countries: A Comparative Study of Research Excellence Policy and Excellence Centre Schemes in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.” Nordic Institute for Innovation, Research and Education (NIFU) Working Paper, 4. Oslo: NIFU.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson, B. 2004. Finansiering av starka forskningsmiljöer – en internationell utblick. Stockholm: Fritzes.
   Google Scholar
• Auranen, O., and M. Nieminen. 2010. “University Research Funding and Publication Performance – An International Comparison.” Research Policy 39 (6): 822–834. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2010.03.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beerkens, E. 2010. “Global Models for the National Research University: Adoption and Adaptation in Indonesia and Malaysia.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 8 (3): 369–381. doi:10.1080/14767724.2010.505099.
   Google Scholar
• Bloch, C., and M. P. Sørensen. 2015. “The Size of Research Funding: Trends and Implications.” Science and Public Policy 42 (1): 30–43. doi:10.1093/scipol/scu019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council, European. 2000. Lisbon European Council 23 and 24 March 2000 Presidency Conclusions. Available online at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/lis1_en.htm
   Google Scholar
• Czarniawska-Joerges, B., and G. Sevón. 2005. Global Ideas: How Ideas, Objects and Practices travel in a Global Economy. Copenhagen: Liber and Copenhagen Business School Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dahllöf, U. 1971. “Relevance and Fitness Analysis in Comparative Education.” Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 15 (1): 101–121. doi:10.1080/0031383710150106.
   Google Scholar
• Deephouse, D. L., and M. Suchman. 2008. “Legitimacy in Organizational Institutionalism.” In The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, ed. by R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, K. Sahlin, and R. Suddaby, 49–77. London and Thousand Oaks: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Deiaco, E., M. Benner, L. Geschwind, and K. A. Karlsson. 2009. “Att komma igång med strategiska forskningsmiljöer. En analys av SSF: Ssatsning på strategiska forskningscentra.” SISTER Arbetsrapport, 91. Stockholm: SISTER.
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio, P., and W. W. Powell. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American Sociological Review 48 (2): 147–160. doi:10.2307/2095101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeberg, M. 2006. Multilevel Union Administration: The Transformation of Executive Politics in Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• ERC (European Research Council). 2015. Official Website. Brussels: European Research Council.
   Google Scholar
• European Council. 2000. Lisbon European Council 23 and 24 March 2000 Presidency Conclusions. Available online at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/lis1_en.htm
   Google Scholar
• EUSBSR. 2015a. EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region. Brussels: European Union. accessed on 5 October 2016. On-line available at: http://www.balticsea-region-strategy.eu/
   Google Scholar
• EUSBSR. 2015b. Revised Action Plan of the EUSBSR in Focus: Policy Area Education. Brussels: European Union.
   Google Scholar
• EUSBSR (EU Startegy ofr the Baltic Sea Region). 2013. Commission Staff Working Document Accompanying the Communication from the Commission to the Euorpean Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions concerning the European Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region. Action Plan. Brussels: European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Fägerlind, I., and G. Strömqvist. 2004. Reforming Higher Education in the Nordic Countries: Studies of Change in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Paris: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Florida, R. 2006. “The Flight of the Creative Class: The New Global Competition for Talent.” Liberal Education 92 (3): 22–29.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, J., and J. Silberman. 2003. “University Technology Transfer: Do Incentives, Management, and Location Matter?” The Journal of Technology Transfer 28 (1): 17–30.
   Google Scholar
• Fumasoli, T. 2015. “Multilevel Governance in Higher Education Research.” In The Palgrave International Handbook of Higher Education Policy and Governance, ed. by M. Souto-Otero, J. Huisman, D. D. Dill, H. De Boer, A. S. Oberai, and L. Williams. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Gänzle, S., and G. Müntel. 2011. “Europeanization ‘Beyond’ Europe? EU Impact on Domestic Policies in the Russian Enclave of Kaliningrad.” Journal of Baltic Studies 42 (1): 57–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gänzle, S., G. Müntel, and E. Vinokurov. 2008. Adapting to European Integration? Kaliningrad, Russia and the European Union. Manchester: Manchester University Press
   Google Scholar
• Geschwind, L., and A. Broström. 2015. “Managing the Teaching-Research Nexus: Ideals and Practice in Research-oriented Universities.” Higher Education Research and Development 34 (1): 60–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gornitzka, Å. (2005). “Coordinating Policies for a ‘Europe of Knowledge.’ Emerging Practices of the ‘Open Method of Coordination’ in Education and Research, Arena Working Papers. University of Oslo.
   Google Scholar
• Gornitzka, Å., and L. Langfeldt. 2008. Borderless Knowledge: Understanding the ‘New’ Internationalisation of Research and Higher Education in Norway. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Gornitzka, Å., and P. Maassen. 2011. “University Governance Reforms, Global Scripts and the ‘Nordic Model’. Accounting for Policy Change?.” In Welten der Bildung? Vergleichende Analysen von Bildungspolitik und Bildungssystemen, ed. by J. Schmid, K. Amos, A. Thiel, and J. Schrader, 149–177. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
   Google Scholar
• Hallonsten, O., and O. Hugander. 2014. “Supporting ‘Future Research Leaders’ in Sweden: Institutional Isomorphism and Inadvertent Funding Agglomeration.” Research Evaluation 23 (3): 249–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallonsten, O., and C. Silander. 2012. “Commissioning the University of Excellence: Swedish Research Policy and New Public Research Funding Programmes.” Quality in Higher Education 18 (3): 367–381.
   Google Scholar
• Hellström, T. 2011. “Homing in on Excellence: Dimensions of Appraisal in Center of Excellence Program Evaluations.” Evaluation 17 (2): 117–131.
   Google Scholar
• Hicks, D. 2012. “Performance-based University Research Funding Systems.” Research Policy 41 (2): 251–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallerud, E., T. Finnbjørnsson, L. Geschwind, M. Häyrinen-Alestalo, I. Ramberg, and K. Siune. 2011. Public Debate on Research Policy in the Nordic Countries. A Comparative Analysis of Actors and Issues (1998 – 2007). Nordic Institute for Innovation, Research and Education (NIFU) Working Paper,  11, Oslo: NIFU.
   Google Scholar
• Keating, M. 2010. The Government of Scotland: Public Policy-making after Devolution. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Keating, M., P. Cairney, and E. Hepburn. 2012. “Policy Convergence, Transfer and Learning in the UK under Devolution.” Regional & Federal Studies 22 (3): 289–307.
   Google Scholar
• Keeling, R. 2006. “The Bologna Process and the Lisbon Research Agenda: The European Commission’s Expanding Role in Higher Education Discourse.” European Journal of Education 41 (2): 203–223.
   Google Scholar
• Kehm, B., and P. Pasternack. 2009. “The German ‘Excellence Initiative’ and its Role in Restructuring the National Higher Education Landscape.” In Structuring Mass Higher Education. The Role of Elite Institutions, ed. by D. Palfreyman, and T. Tapper, 113–128. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kern, K. 2011. “Governance for Sustainable Development in the Baltic Sea Region.” Journal of Baltic Studies 42 (1): 21–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langfeldt, L., M. Benner, G. Sivertsen, E. H. Kristiansen, D. W. Aksnes, S. B. Borlaug, H. F. Hansen, E. Kallerud, and A. Pelkonen. 2015. “Excellence and Growth Dynamics: A Comparative Study of the Matthew Effect.” Science and Public Policy 42 (5): 661–675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langfeldt, L., S. Borlaug, D. Aksnes, M. Benner, H. F. Hansen, E. Kallerud, E. H. Kristiansen, A. Pelkonen, and G. Sivertsen. 2013. “Excellence Initiatives in Nordic Research Policies: Policy Issues – Tensions and Options.” Nordic Institute for Innovation, Research and Education (NIFU) Working Paper, 10. Oslo: NIFU.
   Google Scholar
• Langfeldt, L., S. Borlaug, and M. Gulbrandsen. 2010. The Norwegian Centre of Excellence Scheme: Evaluation of Added Value and Financial Aspects. Oslo: NIFU-STEP.
   Google Scholar
• Lundgren, U. P. 1999. “Ramfaktorteori och praktisk utbildningsplanering.” Pedagogisk forskning i Sverige 4 (1): 31.
   Google Scholar
• Lundvall, S., and J. Meckbach. 2008. “Mind the Gap: Physical Education and Health and the Frame Factor Theory as a Tool for Analysing Educational Settings.” Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 13 (4): 345–364.
   Google Scholar
• Maassen, P. 2009. “The Modernisation of European Higher Education: National Policy Dynamics.” In From Governance to Identity, ed. by A. Amaral, I. Bleiklie, and C. Musselin, 95–112. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Maassen, P., and J. P. Olsen. 2007. University Dynamics and European Integration. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Maassen, P., and B. Stensaker. 2011. “The Knowledge Triangle, European Higher Education Policy Logics and Policy Implications.” Higher Education 61 (6): 757–769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March, J. G., and J. P. Olsen. 2006. “The Logic of Appropriateness.” In The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy, eds M. Moran, M. Rein, and R. E. Goodin, 689–708. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marginson, S., and G. Rhoades. 2002. “Beyond National States, Markets, and Systems of Higher Education: A Glonacal Agency Heuristic.” Higher Education 43 (3): 281–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mugyenzi, J. 2015. “EU External Governance: Regionalizing Multilevel Networks of Governance.” Journal of European Integration 37 (3): 353–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCM. 2015. Nordic Centre of Excellence. Oslo: Nordic Council of Ministers.
   Google Scholar
• NCM (Nordic Council of Ministers). 2013. Nordic Centre of Excellence – Upgraded Concept. Oslo: Nordic Council of Ministers.
   Google Scholar
• Norwegian Government. 1999. Forskning ved et tidsskille (Research at a Turning Point. Oslo: Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs. St. meld. nr 39/98-99.
   Google Scholar
• Norwegian Government. 2014. Langtidsplan for forskning og høyere utdanning (Long term plan for research and higher education) 2015-2024. Oslo: Ministry of Education. Meld. St. 7 (2014/15).
   Google Scholar
• NRC (Norwegian Research Council). 2015. New Funding Announcement for Centres of Excellence in November. Oslo: Norwegian Research Council.
   Google Scholar
• Nyborg, P. (2007). ”Forskning som politisk felt – Forskningsmeldinger gjennom 30 år”. Paper presented at the seminar ‘Nettverksbygging og lobbyvirksomhet’, Forskerforbundet, Oslo. 26-27 September.
   Google Scholar
• OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2014. Promoting Research Excellence: New Approaches to Funding. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• Piattoni, S. 2009. “Multi‐level Governance: A Historical and Conceptual Analysis.” Journal of European Integration 31 (2): 163–180.
   Google Scholar
• Piattoni, S. 2010. The Theory of Multi-level Governance: Conceptual, Empirical, and Normative Challenges. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, R. (2015). “Competition, Segmentation and Vertical Stratification: Norway.” Paper presented at the 28th annual CHER conference. Lisbon, 7–9 September.
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, R., L. Geschwind, and T. Aarrevaara. 2014. “Nested Tensions and Interwoven Dilemmas in Higher Education: The View from the Nordic Countries.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 7 (2): 233–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, R., L. Geschwind, and T. Aarrevaara, eds. 2016. Mergers in Higher Education: The Experiences from Northern Europe. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, R., and B. Stensaker. 2014. “Designing the Entrepreneurial University: The Interpretation of a Global Idea.” Public Organization Review 14 (4): 497–516.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, W. W., and P. DiMaggio. 1991. The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pruisken, I., and D. Jansen. 2015. “Introduction: The Changing Governance of Ph.D. Education and Research.” In The Changing Governance of Higher Education and Research, eds by D. Jansen, and I. Pruisken, 1–11. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Reve, T., and A. Sasson. 2012. Et kunnskapsbasert Norge. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Sahlin, K., and L. Wedlin. 2008. “Circulating Ideas: Imitation, Translation and Editing.” In The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, eds R. Greenwood, K. Sahlin-Andersson, and R. Suddaby, 218–242. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Sandström, U., A. Wold, B. Jordansson, B. Ohlsson, and Å. Smedberg. 2010. Hans Excellens: Om miljardsatsningarna på starka forskningsmiljöer (His Excellency: On the billion Investments in Strong Research Environments). Stockholm: Delegationen för jämställdhet i högskolan.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartzman, S., ed. 2008. “University and Development in Latin America: Successful Experiences of Research Centers.” Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Solem, E. 1977. The Nordic Council and Scandinavian Integration. New York: Praeger Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• SOU (Statens Offentliga Utredningar). (2007). Resurser för Kvalitet. Slutbetänkande av Resursutredningen (Resources for Quality. Final Report from the Resource Inquiry), SOU: 81. Stockholm: Fritzes.
   Google Scholar
• Stensaker, B., P.-O. Aamodt, C. Å. Arnesen, Å. Mariusen, M. Fraas, M. Gulbrandsen, M. Bugge, et al. (2005). OECD Thematic Review of Tertiary Education: Country Background Report for Norway. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, D. 2012. “Transfer and Translation of Policy.” Policy Studies 33 (6): 483–499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swedish Government. 2000. Forskning och förnyelse (Research and Renewal), Prop, 3. Vol. 01. Stockholm: Ministry of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Swedish Government. 2005. Forskning för ett bättre liv (Research for a Better Life), Prop, 80. Vol. 05. Stockholm: Ministry of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Swedish Government. 2008. Ett lyft för forskning och innovation (A Boost for Research and Innovation). Prop, 50. Vol. 09. Stockholm: Ministry of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Swedish Government. 2012. Forskning och innovation (Research and Innovation), Prop, 30. Vol. 13. Stockholm: Ministry of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Tickamyer, A. R., J. White, B. Tadlock, and D. Henderson. 2007. “The Spatial Politics of Public Policy: Devolution, Development, and Welfare Reform.” In The Sociology of Spatial Inequality, eds. by  L. M. Lobao, G. Hooks, and A. R. Tickamyer. 113–139.
   Google Scholar
• Vetenskapsrådet. (2014). Midterm Evaluation Report of the 2008 Linnaeus Centres. Stockholm: Vetenskapsrådet.
   Google Scholar
• Vetenskapsrådet. 2015. Evaluation of the Strategic Research Area Initiative 2010-2014. Stockholm: Vetenskapsrådet.
   Google Scholar