Conscription and social transformations: Estonia between security needs and social expectations

References

• Ajangiz, R. 2009. “The European Farewell to Conscription?” In The Comparative Study of Conscription in the Armed Forces, edited by S. Van Holde and L. Mjoset, 307–333. Bingley: Emerald.
   Google Scholar
• Alisa, P., J. Kosonen, and T. Tallberg. 2019. “Saying No to Military Service – Obligation, Killing and Inequality as Experienced Problems in Conscription-Based Military in Finland.” Journal of Military Studies 8 (2019): 46–57. doi:10.2478/jms-2019-0005.
   Google Scholar
• Angrist, J. D. 1990. “Lifetime Earnings and the Vietnam Era Draft Lottery: Evidence from Social Security Administrative Records.” The American Economic Review 80 (3): 313–336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastig, M. 2019. “Kuidas kujutatakse naisi Eesti kaitsevaldkonnas läbiviidavates kampaaniates?” BA thesis, University of Tartu. https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/64025/bastig_margit_ba_2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Ari, E., E. Rosman, and E. Shamir. 2023. “Neither a Conscript Army nor an All-Volunteer Force: Emerging Recruiting Models.” Armed Forces & Society 49 (1): 138–159. doi:10.1177/0095327X211048216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bieri, M. 2015. “Military Conscription in Europe: New Relevance.” CSS Analyses in Security Policy 180: 1–4. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-010681919.
   Google Scholar
• Boene, B. 2009. “Shifting to All-Volunteer Armed Forces in Europe: Why, How, with What Effects?” Forum Sociológico 19: 49–60. doi:10.4000/sociologico.347.
   Google Scholar
• Bury, P. 2021. “Conceptualising the Quiet Revolution: The Post-Fordist Revolution in Western Military Logistics.” European Security 30 (1): 112–136. doi:10.1080/09662839.2020.1796650.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bury, P. 2022a. “Post-Fordism and the Transformation of Transatlantic Counter-Terrorism.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/1057610x.2021.2025020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bury, P. 2022b. “US Special Forces Transformation: Post-Fordism and the Limits of Networked Warfare.” International Affairs 98 (2): 587–607. doi:10.1093/ia/iiab213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caforio, G. 2018. “Unionisation of the Military: Representation of the Interests of Military Personnel.” In Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, edited by G. Caforio and M. Nuciari, 377–389. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Chui, W. H., and E. W. Y. Leung. 2014. “Youth in a Global World: Attitudes Towards Globalization and Global Citizenship Among University Students in Hong Kong.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 34 (1): 107–124. doi:10.1080/02188791.2013.810143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deephouse, D. L., J. Bundy, L. P. Tost, and M. C. Suchman. 2017. “Organizational Legitimacy: Six Key Questions.” In The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, edited by R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, T. B. Lawrence, and R. E. Meyer, 27–54. Los Angeles: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• EDF. 2022. “Conscript service.” Republic of Estonia Defence Forces Accessed 31 March 2023. https://mil.ee/en/defence-forces/compulsory-military-service/#t-women-and-compulsory-military-service.
   Google Scholar
• Edmunds, T. 2007. “What are Armed Forces For? The Changing Nature of Military Roles in Europe.” International Affairs 82 (6): 1059–1075. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00588.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eesti Päevaleht 2003. “Debatt: kas kaitsevägi peab täitma sotsiaalseid funktsioone?” Eesti Päevaleht, December 9. https://epl.delfi.ee/artikkel/50971199/debatt-kas-kaitsevagi-peab-taitma-sotsiaalseid-funktsioone.
   Google Scholar
• ERR. 2019. “Gallery: Independence Day Military Parade Held at Freedom Square.” ERR 24 February. https://news.err.ee/913934/gallery-independence-day-military-parade-held-at-freedom-square
   Google Scholar
• ERR. 2020. “Women Talk Frankly About Conscription at Online National Defense Info Days.” ERR May 28. https://news.err.ee/1095838/women-talk-frankly-about-conscription-at-online-national-defense-info-days.
   Google Scholar
• Forster, A., T. Edmunds, and A. Cottey. 2002. “Introduction: The Professionalisation of Armed Forces in Postcommunist Europe.” In The Challenge of Military Reform in Postcommunist Europe, edited by A. Forster, T. Edmunds, and A. Cottey, 1–16. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Fossey, M., L. Cooper, and K. Raid. 2019. “The Transition of Military Veterans from Active Service to Civilian Life: Impact of Transition on Families and the Role of the Family, Support, and Recognition.” In Military Veteran Reintegration, edited by C. A. Castro and S. Dursun, 185–213. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haltiner, K., and T. S. Tresch. 2009. “From Conscription-Based Defense to Volunteer-Based Constabulary Forces: European Defense Integration and Mission Change as Driving Factors for the End of Conscription.” In The Transformation of the World of War and Peace Support Operations, edited by D. Kellen, K. Michael, and E. Ben-Ari, 39–52. Westport: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Järvala, E. 2018. “Isikliku avalduse alusel ajateenistusse astumist kujundavad sotsiaaldemograafilised tegurid ja motiivid.” BA thesis, University of Tartu. https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/60939/jarvala_eliise_ba_2018.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar
• Jenkings, K. N., A. Dawes, T. Edmunds, P. Higate, and R. Woodward. 2019. “Reserve Forces and the Privatization of the Military by the Nation State.” In The Sociology of Privatized Security, edited by O. Swed and T. Crosbie, 1–31. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kaitseministeerium. 2020. Aruanne kaitseväekohustuse täitmisest ja kaitseväeteenistuse korraldamisest 2019. aastal. Tallinn: Kaitseministeerium. https://www.kaitseministeerium.ee/sites/default/files/elfinder/article_files/aruanne_kaitsevaekohustuse_taitmisest_riigis_2019.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kaitseministeerium. 2021. Aruanne kaitseväekohustuse täitmisest ja kaitseväeteenistuse korraldamisest 2020. aastal. Tallinn: Kaitseministeerium. https://kra.ee/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/aruanne_kaitsevaekohustuse_taitmisest_riigis_2020.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kasearu, K. 2021. “Teenistusambitsioonid ja nende realiseerumine.” In Ajateenijate teenistuses edasijõudmine: kompleksuuringu 2019–2020 ajateenijate küsitluse aruanne, edited by A. Trumm, 71–83. Tartu: Strateegilise Jätkusuutlikkuse Kompetentsikeskus, Tartu Ülikool.
   Google Scholar
• Kasearu, K., J. Kivirähk, and S. Aas. 2022. “Kaitseväe atraktiivsuse uuring: raport.” Tartu: Tartu Ülikool.
   Google Scholar
• Kasearu, K., E. Lillemäe, and E. Ben-Ari. 2022. “The Military Covenant, Contractual Relations and Social Cohesion in Democracies: Estonia as an Exploratory Case Study.” Armed Forces & Society 0095327X2211007. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0095327X221100769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasearu, K., A. -M.E. Olsson, A. Siplane, and J. Vuga Beršnak. 2020. “Military Families in Estonia, Slovenia and Sweden: Similarities and Differences.” Sodobni vojaški izzivi/Contemporary Military Challenges 22 (2): 69–89. doi:10.33179/BSV.99.SVI.11.CMC.22.2.4.
   Google Scholar
• Kasearu, K., and A. Trumm. 2021. “Inimvara hetkeseis ja ajateenijate profiil.” In Ajateenijate teenistuses edasijõudmine: kompleksuuringu 2019–2020 ajateenijate küsitluse aruanne, edited by A. Trumm, 12–17. Tartu: Strateegilise Jätkusuutlikkuse Kompetentsikeskus, Tartu Ülikool.
   Google Scholar
• Kepe, M., and J. Osburg. 2017. “Total Defense: How the Baltic States are Integrating Citizenry into Their National Security Strategies.” Small Wars Journal, September 24. https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/total-defense-how-the-baltic-states-are-integrating-citizenry-into-their-national-security-.
   Google Scholar
• King, A. 2006. “The Post-Fordist Military.” Journal of Political & Military Sociology 34 (2): 359–374.
   Google Scholar
• Kirjanen, K. 2020. “Asendusteenistujad saavad peagi kohustusi lisaks.” Postimees, November 11. https://leht.postimees.ee/7106978/asendusteenistujad-saavad-peagi-kohustusi-lisaks.
   Google Scholar
• Kivirähk, J. 2021. “Rahulolu ajateenistusega.” In Ajateenijate teenistuses edasijõudmine: kompleksuuringu 2019–2020 ajateenijate küsitluse aruanne, edited by A. Trumm, 18–37. Tartu: Strateegilise Jätkusuutlikkuse Kompetentsikeskus, Tartu Ülikool.
   Google Scholar
• Kollom, K. -S. 2020. “Kapitalide konversioon tsiviil- ja militaarvälja vahel ajateenijate käsitluses, ajateenijate kompleksuuringu näitel.” MA thesis, University of Tartu. https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/68019/kollom_karola_ma_2020.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar
• Kook, U. 2019. “Kaitsevägi hakkas vene noortele kohustuslikult eesti keelt õpetama.” ERR 17 October. https://www.err.ee/992525/kaitsevagi-hakkas-vene-noortele-kohustuslikult-eesti-keelt-opetama
   Google Scholar
• Laanepere, T., and K. Kasearu. 2021. “Military and Civilian Field-Related Factors in Estonian reservists’ Military Service Readiness.” Armed Forces & Society 47 (4): 690–709. doi:10.1177/0095327X20944093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laanepere, T., K. Kasearu, and L. -M. Tooding. 2020. “Objectified Cultural Capital and Military Service Readiness Among Reservists of the Estonian Defence Forces.” Estonian Journal of Military Studies 14: 39–64. https://www.kvak.ee/files/2020/10/S%C3%B5jateadlane_14_veebifail.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Lauristin, M. 2019. “Väärtusmustrid ajas.” In Väärtused kui inimvara ja nende seos ühiskonna arenguga, edited by M. Ainsaar and T. Strenze, 86–101. Tallinn: Arenguseire Keskus.
   Google Scholar
• Lauristin, M., and P. Vihalemm. 2010. “Eesti siirdeaeg tagasivaates: kas Eesti on olnud õigel teel?” In Imede aeg. Eesti Instituut Soomes 1995–2010, edited by G. Ahtola and J. Blomberg, 19–41. Helsinki: Eesti Instituut Soomes.
   Google Scholar
• Lauristin, M., and P. Vihalemm. 2020. “The Patterns of Political Participation.” In Researching Estonian Transformation: Morphogenetic Reflections, edited by V. Kalmus, M. Lauristin, S. Opermann, and T. Vihalemm, 105–136. Tartu: University of Tartu Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leander, A. 2004. “Drafting Community: Understanding the Fate of Conscription.” Armed Forces & Society 30 (4): 571–599. doi:10.1177/0095327X0403000404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, Y., E. Lomsky-Feder, and N. Harel. 2007. “From ‘Obligatory militarism’ to ‘Contractual militarism’– Competing Models of Citizenship.” Israel Studies 12 (1): 127–148. doi:10.2979/isr.2007.12.1.127.
   Google Scholar
• Lillemäe, E., K. Kasearu, and E. Ben-Ari. 2023. “Making Military Conscription Count? Converting Competencies Between the Civilian and Military Spheres in a Neoliberal Estonia.” Current Sociology. doi:10.1177/00113921231159433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masso, A., and S. Salvet. 2020. “Spatial Mobilities in a ‘High-Speed Society.” In Researching Estonian Transformation: Morphogenetic Reflections, edited by V. Kalmus, M. Lauristin, S. Opermann, and T. Vihalemm, 173–200. Tartu: University of Tartu Press.
   Google Scholar
• Matlary, J. H. 2004. “The Legitimacy of Military Intervention: How Important is a UN Mandate?” Journal of Military Ethics 3 (2): 129–141. doi:10.1080/15027570410006138.
   Google Scholar
• Mikecz, R. 2011. The neoliberalisation of Estonia: agency does matter. PhD diss., University of Liverpool.
   Google Scholar
• Ng, Y. -K. 2008. “Why is the Military Draft Common? Conscription and Increasing Returns.” Annals of Economics & Finance 9 (2): 373–384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notermans, T. 2015. “An Unassailable Fortress? Neo-Liberalism in Estonia.” Localities 5: 103–138. doi:10.15299/local.2015.11.5.103.
   Google Scholar
• Pettai, V. 2021. “National Identity and Re-Identity in Post-Soviet Estonia.” Journal of Baltic Studies 52 (3): 425–436. doi:10.1080/01629778.2021.1944236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piirimäe, E. 2007. “Eesti Rahvuslus Euroopa Kontekstis.” Ajalooline Ajakiri 1 (119): 93–109.
   Google Scholar
• Postimees. 2016. “Almost 1200 Young People, Including 12 Women Start Conscript Service in Estonia.” Postimees, 6 October. https://news.postimees.ee/3863451/almost-1200-young-people-including-12-women-start-conscript-service-in-estonia
   Google Scholar
• Postimees. 2018 “Conscript Injured During Training.” Postimees, 24 April. https://news.postimees.ee/4477908/conscript-injured-during-training
   Google Scholar
• Poutvaara, P., and A. Wagener. 2007. “Conscription: Economic Costs and Political Allure.” The Economics of Peace & Security Journal 2 (1): 6–15. doi:10.15355/2.1.6.
   Google Scholar
• Raid, K., K. Kasearu, and T. -T. Truusa. 2019. “I Just Want to Be Done with It! Estonian Conscripts Negotiating the Tensions Between Military, Family, and Personal Agendas.” In The Politics of Military Families State, Work Organizations, and the Rise of the Negotiation Household, edited by R. Moelker, M. Andres, and N. Rones, 87–104. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Reysen, S., and I. Katzarska-Miller. 2017. “Media, Family, and Friends: Normative Environment and Global Citizenship Identification.” Journal of International & Global Studies 9 (1): 38–55.
   Google Scholar
• Säälik, Ü., A. Ermus, I. Männamaa, L. Toom, and A. Kasemaa. 2020. “Kaitseväelise juhi pädevusmudel.” Estonian Journal of Military Studies 14: 11–37. https://www.kvak.ee/files/2020/10/S%C3%B5jateadlane_14_veebifail.pdf/.
   Google Scholar
• Saarniit, J. 2000. “Väärtusteadvus ja selle muutused.” In Eesti Noorsooraport: Eesti noorsoopoliitika ülevaade, edited by T. Lukas and M. Laar, 217–225. Tallinn: EV Haridusministeerium.
   Google Scholar
• Siplane, A. 2017. Women in the Estonian Defence Forces: motivation, attitudes, experiences and challenges. Tallinn: International Centre for Defence and Security. https://icds.ee/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ICDS_Report_Women_in_the_Estonian_Defence_Forces_Andres_Siplane_December_2017.PDF
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Estonia. 2021. “RV071: põlis- ja välispäritolu rahvastik 2017. aasta haldusreformi järgse maakonna, soo ja vanuse järgi, 1. jaanuar.” Statistics Estonia online database. https://andmed.stat.ee/et/stat/rahvastik__rahvastikunaitajad-ja-koosseis__rahvaarv-ja-rahvastiku-koosseis/RV071
   Google Scholar
• Suchman, M. C. 1995. “Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches.” Academy of Management Review 20 (3): 571–610. doi:10.2307/258788.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner, J. 2020. “Estonia: Russia Attack Not Likely but Baltics Under Threat.” ABC News, February 12. https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/estonia-russia-attack-baltics-threat-68937704.
   Google Scholar
• Tarabar, D., and J. C. Hall. 2016. “Explaining the Worldwide Decline in the Length of Mandatory Military Service, 1970–2010.” Public Choice 168 (1): 55–74. doi:10.1007/s11127-016-0349-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tooding, L. -M. 2020. “Probleemsed suhted ja ajateenistuse tulemuslikkus.” In Probleemsed suhted ajateenistuses: kompleksuuringu 2018–2019 aasta küsitluse aruanne, edited by A. Trumm, 49–68. Tartu: Strateegilise Jätkusuutlikkuse Kompetentsikeskus, Tartu Ülikool.
   Google Scholar
• Tooding, L. -M., and E. Järvala. 2020. “Probleemsed suhted ja riskitegurid ajateenistuses.” In Probleemsed suhted ajateenistuses: kompleksuuringu 2018–2019 aasta küsitluse aruanne, edited by A. Trumm, 32–48. Tartu: Strateegilise Jätkusuutlikkuse Kompetentsikeskus, Tartu Ülikool.
   Google Scholar
• Tresch, T. S. 2011. “The Transformation of Switzerland’s Militia Armed Forces and the Role of the Citizen in Uniform.” Armed Forces & Society 37 (2): 239–260. doi:10.1177/0095327x10361670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trumm, A., ed. 2021. Ajateenijate teenistuses edasijõudmine: kompleksuuringu 2019–2020 ajateenijate küsitluse aruanne. Tartu: Strateegilise Jätkusuutlikkuse Kompetentsikeskus, Tartu Ülikool.
   Google Scholar
• Truusa, T. -T., and K. Kasearu. 2019. “Capable Patriots: Narratives of Estonian Women Living with Military Service Members.” In Civil–Military Entanglements: Anthropological Perspectives, edited by B. R. Sørensen and E. Ben-Ari, 42–62. New York: Berghahn.
   Google Scholar
• Turu-Uuringute, A. S. 2021. Avalik arvamus riigikaitsest. Tallinn: Eesti Uuringukeskus. https://kaitseministeerium.ee/sites/default/files/elfinder/article_files/avalik_arvamus_ja_riigikaitse_mai_2021.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Värk, J. 2017. “Doctor Released Young Men from Service for Bribes.” Postimees, May 29. https://news.postimees.ee/4128031/doctor-released-young-men-from-service-for-bribes.
   Google Scholar
• Veebel, V., and I. Ploom. 2018. “Estonia’s Comprehensive Approach to National Defence: Origins and Dilemmas.” Journal on Baltic Security 4 (2): 1–13. doi:10.2478/jobs-2018-0007.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, C. 2005. “From Conscripts to Volunteers: Nato’s Transitions to All-Volunteer Forces.” Naval War College Review 58 (1): 35–62.
   Google Scholar
• Wither, J. K. 2020. “Back to the Future? Nordic Total Defence Concepts.” Defence Studies 20 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1080/14702436.2020.1718498.
   Google Scholar