ENDNOTES
- See Latvia: the Transition to a Market Economy The World Bank Washington DC 1993 228 228 Table 1.1.
- “Normality” is oftentimes defined as “modernity” (see Ainārs Dimants, “Latvijas laiks negaida: vai Latvija kļūs par modernu valsti? [For Latvia, Time Does Not Stand Still: Will Latvia Become a Modern Nation?],” Diena 1993 September 2 2 27 Diena is Latvia's newspaper “of record.”
- In dealing with the question of “national character” among the Baltic peoples, Anatol Lieven opines that Latvians “are apparently passive and patient but suddenly flare up into gusts of terrible violence: a characteristic not immediately in evidence in recent years, but which may yet be put to the test in the future.” The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence Yale University Press New Haven 1993 35 35 see also Olgerts Eglītis, Non-Violent Action in the Liberation of Latvia (Monograph Series No. 5. Cambridge, Mass.: The Albert Einstein Institution, 1992).
- Usackis , Uldis . October 1993 . “ Iedzivotāju nacionālā sastāva izmaiņas Latvijā kopš 1989. gada tautas skaitīšanas ” . In Diena October , 4 – 4 . [Changes in the Nationality Composition of Latvian Since the 1989 Census],” 9 See also Elmārs Vēbers, “Demography and Ethnic Politics in Independent Latvia: Some Basic Facts,” Nationalities Papers 21 (Fall, 1991, No. 2), pp. 179–194.
- Stradiņš , Jānis . 1992 . Trešā Atmoda , 94 – 98 . Riga : Zinātne . [The Third Awakening]
- Andris Kolbergis, a popular writer of detective fiction and an organizer of the important June, 1988, meeting of the plenum of Latvian creative associations that is believed to have started the “third awakening,” remembers that then “we needed to gather under our flag a team that thought alike and was sufficiently brave to announce that .. we stood on the brink of annihilation.” Dumpis uz laupītāju kuga Lauku Apgāds Riga 1993 49 49 [Mutiny on a Pirate Ship]
- Plakans , Andrejs . 1991 . Latvia's Return to Independence . Journal of Baltic Studies , 22 : 259 – 266 .
- For a recent call for a monitoring institution of this kind see Indāns Ivars Kalniņš Valts Kas sargās tiesības Latvijā? Diena 1993 October 2 2 [Who Will Safeguard Rights in Latvia?],” 12
- The complicated tasks of legal renovation during the first independence period are described in Šilde Ādolfs Latvijas vēsture 1914–1940 Daugava Stockholm 1976 420 435 [History of Latvia 1914–1940]
- See Diena 1993 July 9 special appendix on the start of the 5th Saeima.
- For the Democratic Center Party see Demokratiskā Centra Partija; Dibināšanas Kongress DCP Riga 1992 [The Democratic Center Party: Founding Congress]
- For the most recent survey of how the transition is faring see Latvia: The Transition to a Market Economy The World Bank Washington DC 1993 based on a visit by the Bank's team in August, 1992.
- These ambiguous attitudes are reported in Liepiņš Valdis Baltic Attitudes to Economic Recovery: A Survey of Public Opinion in the Baltic Countries Journal of Baltic Studies 1993 12 2 189 200
- For the most thorough descrition of the Latvian economy in the first independence period see Aizsilnieks Arnolds Latvijas saimniecības vēsture 1914–1945 Daugava Stockholm 1968 [History of the Latvian Economy 1914–1945]
- To a surprising extent, publications in Latvia (and, even more, personal conversations) tend to use the term “Russians” to refer to all Slavic minority populations. Russians are actually now 33.5% of the population of Latvia, Belorussians 4.3%, Ukrainians, 3.2%, Poles 2.2%, and Lithuanians 1.6%. All other nationality groups are under 1% of the total. See Zvidriņš Peteris Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Latvia Journal of Baltic Studies 1992 23 4 359 368 Ilmārs Mežš, Latvieši Latvijā: Etnodemografisks apskats [Latvians in Latvia: An Ethnodemographic Survey] (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Latvian Studies Center, 1992); and Elmārs Vēbers, “Demography and Ethnic Politics in Independent Latvia: Some Basic Facts,” Nationalities Papers 11 (No. 2, Fall, 1993), pp. 179–194.
- See Valsts Valoda Latvijā Latvijas Republikas Valsts Valodas Centrs Riga 1992 [Official State Language in Latvia]
- A comparison of these proposals is in Kalniņš Valts Pilsonības likumprojekti salīdzinājumā Diena 1993 October 2 2 [The Citizenship Proposals in Comparison],” 26
- The unusual makeup of the current resident population of Latvia makes the task of writing a citizenship law exceedingly difficult, especially with respect to those persons who took up residence in the country after its incorporation into the Soviet Union in 1940. Within this last group a particularly difficult subgroup consists of those persons (and their families) who, after retirement from the Soviet armed forces, either remained in Latvia after having served there or moved to Latvia after having served in other parts of the Soviet Union. All such persons, by current definition, were members of an “occupying army,” and the problems entailed in resolving such cases at the individual level are well described in Zolnerovica Ieva Politika uz provinces skatuves Diena 1993 October 3 3 [Politics on a Provincial Stage],” 22
- For a survey of the progress of the citizenship law as of December, 1993, see Laiks 1993 December 1 1 [Time], 1 The process of transforming the residents of Latvia into citizens has to date yielded the following results for the largest nationality groups: Latvians 98.4% citizens; Russians 39.0%; Belorussians 20.0%; Ukrainians 6.3%; Lithuanians 21.5%; Poles 61.6%; Jews 45.5%. Elmārs Vēbers, “Kādas tautības šobrīd dzīvo Latvijā [The Nationalities of Latvia Today],” Diena, October 30, 1993, p. 5.
- For historical background on this issue see Plakans Andrejs From a Regional Vernacular to the Language of a State: The Case of Latvian International Journal of the Sociology of Language 1993 203 219 Nos. 100/101