Social Support, Caregiver Burden, and Life Satisfaction in a Sample of Rural African American and White Caregivers of Older Persons With Dementia

REFERENCES

• Administration on Aging. (2003). A profile of older Americans: 2003 http://www.aoa.gov/prof/statistics/profile/2003/profiles2003.asp (Accessed: 4 April 2005 ).
   Google Scholar
• Barker , J. C. , Morrow , J. and Mitteness , L. S. 1998 . Gender, informal social support networks, and elderly urban African Americans . Journal of Aging Studies , 12 : 199 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrera , M. Jr. 1986 . Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models . American Journal of Community Psychology , 14 : 413 – 416 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkman , B. J. , Gardner , D. S. , Zodikoff , B. D. and Harootyan , L. K. 2005 . Social work in health care with older adults: Future challenges . Families in Society , 86 : 329 – 337 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop , A. J. , Martin , P. and Poon , L. 2006 . Happiness and congruence in older adulthood: A structural model of life satisfaction . Aging & Mental Health , 10 : 445 – 453 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckwalter , K. C. , Russell , D. and Hall , G. 1994 . “ Needs, resources, and responses of rural caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease ” . In Stress effects on family caregivers of Alzheimer's patients: Research and interventions , Edited by: Light , E. , Niederehe , G. and Lebowitz , B. D. 301 – 315 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Bull , C. N. 1998 . Aging in rural communities . National Forum , 78 ( 2 ) : 38 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Cantor , M. 1983 . Strain among caregivers: A study of experience in the United States . Gerontologist , 23 : 597 – 604 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , C. and Ewbank , D. 1996 . Performance of the dementia severity rating scale: A caregiver questionnaire for rating severity in Alzheimer's disease . Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders , 10 : 31 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. , Mermelstein , R. , Kamarch , T. and Hoberman , L. 1985 . “ Measuring the functional components of social support ” . In Social support , Edited by: Sarason , I. G. and Sarason , I. G. 74 – 94 . Boston : Martin Nijhoff .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. and Syme , S. L. 1985 . Social support and health , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. and Wills , T. A. 1985 . Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis . Psychological Bulletin , 98 : 310 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell , C. M. and Gibson , G. D. 1997 . Racial, ethnic, and cultural differences in dementia caregiving: Review and analysis . Gerontologist , 37 : 355 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covinsky , K. E. , Newcomer , R , Fox , P. , Wood , J. , Lands , L. Dane , K. 2003 . Patient and caregiver characteristics associated with depression in caregivers of patients with dementia . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 18 : 1006 – 1014 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuellar , N. and Butts , J. 1999 . Caregiver distress: What nurses in rural settings can do to help . Nursing Forum , 34 ( 3 ) : 24 – 30 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dilworth-Anderson , P. , Williams , I. C. and Gibson , B. E. 2002 . Issues of race, ethnicity, and culture in caregiving research: A 20-year review (1980–2000) . Gerontologist , 42 : 237 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drentea , P. , Clay , O. J. , Roth , D. L. and Mittelman , M. S. 2006 . Predictors of improvement in social support: Five-year effects of a structured intervention for caregivers of spouses with Alzheimer's disease . Social Science & Medicine , 63 : 957 – 967 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer , J. W. and Miller , M.D. 1990 . Determinants of primary caregiver stress and burden: Area of residence and the caregiving networks of frail elders . Journal of Rural Health , 6 : 161 – 184 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Family Caregiver Alliance . 2006 . Caregiver assessment: Voices and views from the field. Report from a National Consensus Development Conference , Vol. II , San Francisco : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Frisch , M. B . 1992 . “ Use of the Quality of Life Inventory in problem assessment and treatment planning for cognitive therapy of depression ” . In Comprehensive Casebook of Cognitive Therapy , Edited by: Freeman , A. and Dattilio , F. M. 27 – 52 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Goins , R. T. , Spencer , S. M. and Byrd , J. C. 2009 . Research on rural caregiving: A literature review . Journal of Applied Gerontology , 28 : 139 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haley , W. E. , Gitlin , L. N. , Wisniewski , S. R. , Feeney Mahoney , D. , Coon , D. W. Winter , L. 2004 . Well-being, appraisal, and coping in African-American and Caucasian dementia caregivers: Findings from the REACH study . Aging & Mental Health , 8 : 316 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haley , W. E. , Wadley , V. G. , West , C. C. and Vetzel , L. L. 1994 . How caregiving stressors change with severity of dementia . Seminars in Speech and Language , 15 : 195 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Haley , W. E. , Roth , D. L. , Coleton , M. I. , Ford , G. R. , West , C. A. C. Collins , R. P. 1996 . Appraisal, coping, and social support as mediators of well-being in Black and White caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 64 : 121 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janevic , M. R. and Connell , C. M. 2001 . Racial, ethnic, and cultural differences in the dementia caregiving experience: Recent findings . Gerontologist , 41 : 334 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman , A. V. 1990 . Social network assessment: A critical component in case management for functionally impaired older persons . International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 30 : 63 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye , L. W. 1997 . “ Informal caregiving by older men ” . In Elderly men: Special problems and professional challenges , Edited by: Kosberg , J. I. and Kaye , L. W. 231 – 249 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Keefover , R. W. , Rankin , E. D. , Keyl , P. M. , Wells , J. C. , Martin , J. and Shaw , J. 1996 . Dementing illnesses in rural populations: The need for research and challenges confronting investigators . Journal of Rural Health , 12 : 178 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosberg , J. I. and Cairl , R. 1986 . The cost of care index: A case management took for screening informal caregivers . Gerontologist , 26 : 273 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosberg , J. I. , Cairl , R. and Keller , D. 1990 . Components of burden: Interventive implications . Gerontologist , 30 : 236 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause , N. 2001 . “ Social support ” . In Handbook of aging and the social sciences , Edited by: Binstock , R. H. and George , L. K. 272 – 294 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lakey , B. and Cohen , S. 2000 . “ Social support theory and measurement ” . In Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists , Edited by: Cohen , S. , Underwood , L. G. and Gottlieb , B. H. 29 – 52 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lawton , M. , Rajagopal , D. , Brody , E. and Kleban , M. H. 1992 . The dynamics of caregiving for a demented elder among Black and White families . Journals of Gerontology , 47 : S156 – S164 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levitt , M. J. , Antonucci , T. C. , Clark , M. C. , Rotton , J. and Finley , G. E. 1985 . Social support and well-being: Preliminary indicators based on two samples of the elderly . International Journal of Aging & Human Development , 21 : 61 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litwin , H. and Shiovitz-Ezra , S. 2006 . The association between activity and wellbeing in later life: What really matters? . Ageing & Society , 26 : 225 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navaie-Waliser , M. , Feldman , P. , Gould , D. , Levine , C. , Kuerbis , A. and Donelan , K. 2002 . When the caregiver needs care: the plight of vulnerable caregivers . American Journal of Public Health , 92 : 409 – 413 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlin , L. I. , Mullan , J. T. , Semple , J. S. and Skaff , M. M. 1990 . Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their measures . Gerontologist , 30 : 583 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer , E. 1975 . Short portable status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients . Journal of the American Geriatric Society , 23 : 433 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinquart , M. and Sorensen , S. 2000 . Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: A meta-analysis . Psychology and Aging , 15 : 187 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinquart , M. and Sorensen , S. 2005 . Ethnic differences in stressors, resources, and psychological outcomes of family caregiving: A meta-analysis . Gerontologist , 45 : 90 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roff , L. L. , Burgio , L. D. , Gitlin , L. , Nichols , L. , Chaplin , W. and Hardin , J. M. 2004 . Positive aspects of Alzheimer's caregiving: The role of race . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 59B : 185 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Roth , D. L. , Mittelman , M. S. , Clay , O. J. , Madan , A. and Haley , W. E. 2005 . Changes in social support as mediators of the impact of a psychosocial intervention for spouse caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease . Psychology and Aging , 20 : 634 – 644 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz , R. , Burgio , L. , Burns , R. , Eisdorfer , C. , Gallagher-Thompson , D. Gitlin , L. N. 2003 . Resources for enhancing Alzheimer's caregiver health (REACH): Overview, site-specific outcomes, and future directions . Gerontologist , 43 : 514 – 520 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , M. , Barnfather , A. , Neufeld , A. , Warren , S. , Letourneau , N. and Liu , L.L. 2006 . Accessible support for family caregivers of seniors with chronic conditions: From isolation to inclusion . Canadian Journal on Aging , 25 : 179 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streeter , C. L. and Franklin , C. 1992 . Defining and measuring social support: Guidelines for social work practitioners . Research on Social Work Practice , 2 : 81 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaux , A. 1988 . Social support: Theory, research, and intervention , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Vissing , Y. M. , Salloway , J. C. and Siress , D. 1994 . Organization of Alzheimer's services for rural areas . Education Gerontology , 20 : 303 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallsten , S. S. 2000 . Effects of caregiving, gender, and race on the health, mutuality, and social supports of older couples . Journal of Aging and Health , 12 : 90 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner , D. L. and Niles-Yokum , K. J. 2006 . “ Caregiving in a rural context ” . In Service delivery to rural older adults: Research, policy, and practice , Edited by: Goins , R. T. and Krout , J. A. 145 – 162 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , Y. 2006 . How does functional disability affect depressive symptoms in late life? The role of perceived social support and psychological resources . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 47 : 355 – 372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee , J. and Schultz , R. 2000 . Gender differences in psychiatric morbidity among family caregivers: A review and analysis . Gerontologist , 40 : 147 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar