Pandemic Pivots for Older Volunteers: Online Tutoring and Pen Pal Programs

References

• Ackermann, K., & Manatschal, A. (2018). Online volunteering as a means to overcome unequal participation? The profiles of online and offline volunteers compared. New Media & Society, 20(12), 4453–4472. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818775698
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amichai-Hamburger, Y. (2008). Potential and promise of online volunteering. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(2), 544–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2007.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2012). Thematic analysis. In APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol 2: Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological (pp. 57–71). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-004
   Google Scholar
• Brydges, C. R., Carlson, M. C., Andrews, R. M., Rebok, G. W., & Bielak, A. A. M. (2021). Using cognitive intraindividual variability to measure intervention effectiveness: Results from the Baltimore experience corps trial. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(4), 661–670. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa009
   Google Scholar
• Campos-Castillo, C. (2015). Revisiting the first-level digital divide in the United States: Gender and race/ethnicity patterns, 2007–2012. Social Science Computer Review, 33(4), 423–439. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314547617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cravens, J., & Ellis, S. J. (2014). The last virtual volunteering guidebook: Fully integrating online service into volunteer involvement. Energize.
   Google Scholar
• de Raad, A. (2003). Volunteers – The first and last mile of connectivity. World Summit on the Information Society. https://www.itu.int/net/wsis/geneva/coverage/statements/unv/i22.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Filsinger, M., & Freitag, M. (2019). Internet use and volunteering: Relationships and differences across age and applications. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 30(1), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-018-0045-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Free, K. (2020, July). Residents at this senior center asked for pen pals. They’ve gotten nearly 20,000 letters. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2020/07/16/pen-pal-letters-victorian-senior-care-covid/
   Google Scholar
• Grotz, J., Dyson, S., & Birt, L. (2020). Pandemic policy making: The health and wellbeing effects of the cessation of volunteering on older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Quality in Ageing and Older Adults, 21(4), 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1108/QAOA-07-2020-0032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haski Leventhal, D. (2009). Elderly volunteering and well-being: A cross-European comparison based on share data. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 20(4), 388–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-009-9096-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacobucci, D., Posavac, S. S., Kardes, F. R., Schneider, M. J., & Popovich, D. L. (2015). The median split: Robust, refined, and revived. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25(4), 690–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2015.06.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibarra, F., Korovina, O., Baez, M., Casati, F., Marchese, M., Cernuzzi, L., & Barysheva, G. A. (2016). Tools enabling online contributions by older adults. IEEE Internet Computing, 20(5), 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2016.20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joffe, H., & Yardley, L. (2004). Content and thematic analysis. In D. F. Marks & L. Yardley (Eds.), Research methods for clinical and health psychology (pp. 56–68). SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Kinnevy, S., & Morrow-Howell, N. (2000). Perceived benefits of intergenerational tutoring. Gerontology & Geriatrics Education, 20(2), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1300/J021v20n02_02
   Google Scholar
• Lachance, E. L. (2020). COVID-19 and its impact on volunteering: Moving towards virtual volunteering. Leisure Sciences, 0(0), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1773990
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzi, F., & White, I. (2019). Liminality in education: Generating a creative space of encounter and dialogue between teachers and students within educational structures. Pastoral Care in Education, 37(3), 190–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643944.2019.1648538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luksyte, A., Dunlop, P. D., Holtrop, D., Gagné, M., Kragt, D., & Farid, H. M. (2021). The challenges of volunteering during the COVID-19 pandemic. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 14(1–2), 286–289. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2021.62
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak, H., & Fancourt, D. (2021). Predictors of engaging in voluntary work during the COVID-19 pandemic: Analyses of data from 31,890 adults in the UK. Perspectives in Public Health, 142(5), 1757913921994146. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913921994146
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. 1994. Qualitative data analysis, an expanded sourcebook (2nd ed., pp. xiv, 338). Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, A. J., Jezewski, E. E., Harlow, E. N., & Potter, J. F. (2021). A Pen Pal program during COVID-19 pandemic increases student interest for careers in geriatrics. Gerontology & Geriatrics Education, 43(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701960.2021.1937147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow-Howell, N., Lee, Y. S., McCrary, S., & McBride, A. (2014). Volunteering as a pathway to productive and social engagement among older adults. Health Education & Behavior, 41(1_suppl), 84S–90S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198114540463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee, D. (2010). An exploratory study of older adults’ engagement with virtual volunteerism. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 28(3), 188–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2010.508368
   Google Scholar
• Nahm, E.-S., Resnick, B., DeGrezia, M., & Brotemarkle, R. (2009). Use of discussion boards in a theory-based health web site for older adults. Nursing Research, 58(6), 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181bee6c4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oasis Institute. (2021). Demographics. Oasis Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Peng, S., & Roth, A. R. (2021). Social isolation and loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study of US adults over 50. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(2), gbab068. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, A. R., Nyame-Mensah, A., de Wit, A., & Handy, F. (2019). Volunteering and wellbeing among ageing adults: A longitudinal analysis. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 30(1), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-018-0041-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, M. R. C., & Laureano, R. M. S. (2021). COVID-19-related studies of nonprofit management: A critical review and research agenda. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-021-00432-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert, A., Cotten, S. R., & Xie, B. (2020). A double burden of exclusion? Digital and social exclusion of older adults in times of COVID-19. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, gbaa098. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa098
   Google Scholar
• Sin, N. L., Klaiber, P., Wen, J. H., & DeLongis, A. (2021). Helping amid the pandemic: Daily affective and social implications of COVID-19-related prosocial activities. The Gerontologist, 61(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoglund, A. G. (2006). Do not forget about your volunteers: A qualitative analysis of factors influencing volunteer turnover. Health & Social Work, 31(3), 217–220. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/31.3.217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taipale, S. (2016). Synchronicity matters: Defining the characteristics of digital generations. Information, Communication & Society, 19(1), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1093528
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, F., Morrow-Howell, N., & Hong, S. (2009). Inclusion of diverse older populations in volunteering: The importance of institutional facilitation. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 38(5), 810–827. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764008320195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, I. R., Royston, P., & Wood, A. M. (2011). Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice. Statistics in Medicine, 30(4), 377–399. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, B., Charness, N., Fingerman, K., Kaye, J., Kim, M. T., & Khurshid, A. (2020). When going digital becomes a necessity: Ensuring older adults’ needs for information, services, and social inclusion during COVID-19. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 32(4–5), 460–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2020.1771237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita, T., Punksungka, W., Van Vleet, S., Helsinger, A., & Cummins, P. (2022). Experiences of older adults during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in the United States: An initial exploration of nationally representative data at the intersection of gender and race. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 41(3), 619–627. https://doi.org/10.1177/07334648211048258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaveri, M. (2020, April 10). To battle isolation, elders and children connect as Pen Pals. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/10/us/coronavirus-seniors-pen-pals.html
   Google Scholar