The Role of Vitamins in Cancer: A Review

REFERENCES

• Lee , K W , Lee , H J , Surh , Y J and Lee , C Y . 2003 . Vitamin C and cancer chemoprevention: reappraisal . Am J Clin Nutr , 78 : 1074 – 1078 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , V R and Newberne , P M . 1981 . Vitamins and cancer prevention: issues and dilemmas . Cancer , 47 ( Suppl ) : 1226 – 1240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , W and Saba , N . 2005 . Retinoids as chemoprevention for head and neck cancer: where do we go from here? . Critical Rev Oncol Hematol , 55 : 143 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun , S Y and Lotan , R . 2002 . Retinoids and their receptors in cancer development and chemoprevention . Critical Rev Oncol Hematol , 41 : 41 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolbach , S B and Howe , P R . 1925 . Tissue changes following deprivation of fat-soluble A vitamin . J Experimental Med , 42 : 753 – 777 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lasnitzki , I . 1955 . The influence of A hypervitaminosis on the effect of 20-methylcholanthrene on mouse prostate glands grown in vitro . Br J Cancer , 9 : 434 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , D , Holmes , W F , Wu , S , Soprano , D R and Soprano , K J . 2000 . Retinoids and ovarian cancer . J Cell Physiol , 185 : 1 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trump , D L . 1994 . Retinoids in bladder, testis and prostate cancer: epidemiologic, pre-clinical and clinical observations . Leukemia , 8 ( Suppl 3 ) : S50 – S54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotan , R . 1995 . Retinoids and apoptosis: implications for cancer chemoprevention and therapy . J Natl Cancer Inst , 87 : 1655 – 1657 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana , J A and Rishi , A K . 2002 . Classical and novel retinoids: their targets in cancer therapy . Leukemia , 16 : 463 – 472 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mira , Y LR , Zheng , W L , Kuppumbatti , Y S , Rexer , B Jing , Y . 2000 . Retinol conversion to retinoic acid is impaired in breast cancer cell lines relative to normal cells . J Cell Physiol , 185 : 302 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , S J , Cvetkovic , D and Hamilton , T C . 2009 . Vitamin A metabolism is impaired in human ovarian cancer . Gynecol Oncol , 112 : 637 – 645 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristal , A R . 2004 . Vitamin A, retinoids and carotenoids as chemopreventive agents for prostate cancer . J Urol , 171 ( Pt. 2 ) : S54 – S58 . discussion S58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poulain , S , Evenou , F , Carre , M C , Corbel , S Vignaud , J M . 2009 . Vitamin A/retinoids signalling in the human lung . Lung Cancer , 66 : 1 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotan , R , Xu , X C , Lippman , S M , Ro , J Y Lee , J S . 1995 . Suppression of retinoic acid receptor-beta in premalignant oral lesions and its up-regulation by isotretinoin . N Engl J Med , 332 : 1405 – 1410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotan , Y , Xu , X C , Shalev , M , Lotan , R Williams , R . 2000 . Differential expression of nuclear retinoid receptors in normal and malignant prostates . J Clin Oncol , 18 : 116 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong , W K , Endicott , J , Itri , L M , Doos , W Batsakis , J G . 1986 . 13-cis-retinoic acid in the treatment of oral leukoplakia . N Engl J Med , 315 : 1501 – 1505 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beenken , S W , Huang , P , Sellers , M , Peters , G Listinsky , C . 1994 . Retinoid modulation of biomarkers in oral leukoplakia/dysplasia . J Cell Biochem Suppl , 19 : 270 – 277 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wada , R K , Pai , D S , Huang , J , Yamashiro , J M and Sidell , N . 1997 . Interferon-gamma and retinoic acid down-regulate N-myc in neuroblastoma through complementary mechanisms of action . Cancer Lett , 121 : 181 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rook , A H , Jaworsky , C , Nguyen , T , Grossman , R A Wolfe , J T . 1995 . Beneficial effect of low-dose systemic retinoid in combination with topical tretinoin for the treatment and prophylaxis of premalignant and malignant skin lesions in renal transplant recipients . Transplantation , 59 : 714 – 719 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyskens , F L Jr. and Manetta , A . 1995 . Prevention of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer . Am J Clin Nutr , 62 ( Suppl ) : 1417S – 1419S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassi , V , Vitale , M , Feliciello , A , De Riu , S Rossi , G . 1995 . Retinoic acid induces intercellular adhesion molecule-1 hyperexpression in human thyroid carcinoma cell lines . J Clin Endocrinol Metab , 80 : 1129 – 1135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Herle , A J , Agatep , M L , Padua , D N III , Totanes , T L Canlapan , D V . 1990 . Effects of 13 cis-retinoic acid on growth and differentiation of human follicular carcinoma cells (UCLA R0 82 W-1) in vitro . J Clin Endocrinol Metab , 71 : 755 – 763 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman , S D , Clarke , C L , Hall , R E , Alexander , I E and Sutherland , R L . 1992 . Expression and regulation of retinoic acid receptors in human breast cancer cells . Cancer Res , 52 : 2236 – 2242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman , S D , Ormandy , C J , Manning , D L , Blamey , R W Nicholson , R I . 1993 . Estradiol induction of retinoic acid receptors in human breast-cancer cells . Cancer Res , 53 : 5940 – 5945 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderburg , B , Vanderleede , B JM , Kwakkenbosisbrucker , L , Salverda , S Delaat , S W . 1993 . Retinoic acid resistance of estradiol-independent breast-cancer cells coincides with diminished retinoic acid receptor function . Mol Cellular Endocrinol , 91 : 149 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paik , S M . 1992 . Clinical-significance of Erbb-2 (Her-2/Neu) protein . Cancer Investigation , 10 : 575 – 579 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offterdinger , M , Schneider , S M , Huber , H and Grunt , T W . 1999 . Expression of c-erbB-4/HER4 is regulated in T47D breast carcinoma cells by retinoids and vitamin D-3 . Biochem Biophys Res Comm , 258 : 559 – 564 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seewaldt , V L , Dietze , E C , Johnson , B S , Collins , S J and Parker , M B . 1999 . Retinoic acid-mediated G1-S-phase arrest of normal human mammary epithelial cells is independent of the level of p53 protein expression . Cell Growth Differ , 10 : 49 – 59 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gottardis , M M , Bischoff , E D , Shirley , M A , Wagoner , M A Lamph , W W . 1996 . Chemoprevention of mammary carcinoma by LGD1069 (Targretin): an RXR-selective ligand . Cancer Res , 56 : 5566 – 5570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webber , M M , Bello-DeOcampo , D , Quader , S , Deocampo , N D Metcalfe , W S . 1999 . Modulation of the malignant phenotype of human prostate cancer cells by N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) . Clin Exp Metastasis , 17 : 255 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp , R M , Bello-DeOcampo , D , Quader , S T and Webber , M M . 2001 . N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) decreases neoplastic properties of human prostate cells: an agent for prevention . Mutat Res , 496 : 163 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun , S Y , Yue , P , Mao , L , Dawson , M I Shroot , B . 2000 . Identification of receptor-selective retinoids that are potent inhibitors of the growth of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells . Clin Cancer Res , 6 : 1563 – 1573 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren , J . 2008 . Comparison between synthetic retinoid CD437 and acitretin inhibiting melanoma A375 cell in vitro . J Nanjing Med Univ , 22 : 87 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Gonda , K , Tsuchiya , H , Sakabe , T , Akechi , Y Ikeda , R . 2008 . Synthetic retinoid CD437 induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells . Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 370 : 629 – 633 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalinsky , D R , Bischoff , E D , Lamph , W W , Zhang , L Boehm , M F . 1997 . A novel retinoic acid receptor-selective retinoid, ALRT1550, has potent antitumor activity against human oral squamous carcinoma xenografts in nude mice . Cancer Res , 57 : 162 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toma , S , Emionite , L , Scaramuccia , A , Ravera , G and Scarabelli , L . 2005 . Retinoids and human breast cancer: in vivo effects of an antagonist for RAR-alpha . Cancer Lett , 219 : 27 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toma , S , Isnardi , L , Raffo , P , Riccardi , L Dastoli , G . 1998 . RARalpha antagonist Ro 41-5253 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in breast-cancer cell lines . Int J Cancer , 78 : 86 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckhardt , K and Schmitt , G . 1994 . A retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist counteracts retinoid teratogenicity in vitro and reduced incidence and/or severity of malformations in vivo . Toxicol Lett , 70 : 299 – 308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad , K N , Cole , W C , Kumar , B and Prasad , K C . 2001 . Scientific rationale for using high-dose multiple micronutrients as an adjunct to standard and experimental cancer therapies . J Am Coll Nutr , 20 ( Suppl ) : 450S – 463S . discussion 473S–475S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Zandwijk , N , Dalesio , O , Pastorino , U , de Vries , N and van Tinteren , H . 2000 . EUROSCAN, a randomized trial of vitamin A and N-acetylcysteine in patients with head and neck cancer or lung cancer. For the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Head and Neck and Lung Cancer Cooperative Groups . J Natl Cancer Inst , 92 : 977 – 986 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn , S A and Albanes , D . 1994 . Folate and cancer: a review of the literature . Nutr Cancer , 22 : 101 – 119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames , B N . 2001 . DNA damage from micronutrient deficiencies is likely to be a major cause of cancer . Mutat Res , 475 : 7 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Poppel , G and Van Den Berg , H . 1997 . Vitamins and cancer . Cancer Lett , 114 : 195 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenech , M . 1999 . Micronucleus frequency in human lymphocytes is related to plasma vitamin B12 and homocysteine . Mutat Res , 428 : 299 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , Y I . 2005 . Nutritional epigenetics: impact of folate deficiency on DNA methylation and colon cancer susceptibility . J Nutr , 135 : 2703 – 2709 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , J B and Levesque , T . 1996 . Folate: effects on carcinogenesis and the potential for cancer chemoprevention . Oncology (Williston Park) , 10 : 1727 – 1736 . 1742 – 1723 . discussion 1743–1724
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim , Y I . 2004 . Will mandatory folic acid fortification prevent or promote cancer? . Am J Clin Nutr , 80 : 1123 – 1128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , A E . 1995 . Methyl donors in the diet and responses to chemical carcinogens . Am J Clin Nutr , 61 : S659 – S665 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selhub , J , Jacques , P F , Wilson , P WF , Rush , D and Rosenberg , I H . 1993 . Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population . JAMA , 270 : 2693 – 2698 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tully , D B , Allgood , V E and Cidlowski , J A . 1994 . Modulation of steroid receptor-mediated gene-expression by vitamin-B-6 . FASEB J , 8 : 343 – 349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers , T A , Kushi , L H , Cerhan , J R , Vierkant , R A Gapstur , S M . 2001 . Dietary folate intake, alcohol, and risk of breast cancer in a prospective study of postmenopausal women . Epidemiology , 12 : 420 – 428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negri , E , La Vecchia , C and Franceschi , S . 2000 . Re: dietary folate consumption and breast cancer risk . J Nat Cancer Inst , 92 : 1270 – 1271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi , F , Pasche , C , Lucchini , F and La Vecchia , C . 2001 . Dietary intake of selected micronutrients and breast-cancer risk . Int J Cancer , 91 : 260 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , S M , Willett , W C , Selhub , J , Hunter , D J Giovannucci , E L . 2003 . Plasma folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and risk of breast cancer . J Natl Cancer Inst , 95 : 373 – 380 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lajous , M , Lazcano-Ponce , E , Hernandez-Avila , M , Willett , W and Romieu , I . 2006 . Folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 intake and the risk of breast cancer among Mexican women . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 15 : 443 – 448 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultdin , J , Van Guelpen , B , Bergh , A , Hallmans , G and Stattin , M . 2005 . Plasma folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study . Int J Cancer , 113 : 819 – 824 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson , M , Appleby , P N , Allen , N E , Travis , R C Roddam , A W . 2008 . Circulating concentrations of folate and vitamin B-12 in relation to prostate cancer risk: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 17 : 279 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueiredo , J C , Grau , M V , Haile , R W , Sandler , R S Summers , R W . 2009 . Folic acid and risk of prostate cancer: results from a randomized clinical trial . J Natl Cancer Inst , 101 : 432 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key , T JA , Silcocks , P B , Davey , G K , Appleby , P N and Bishop , D T . 1997 . A case-control study of diet and prostate cancer . Br J Cancer , 76 : 678 – 687 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , B F , Baron , J A , Sandler , R S , Haile , R W Ahnen , D J . 2007 . Folic acid for the prevention of colorectal adenomas: a randomized clinical trial . JAMA , 297 : 2351 – 2359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , Y and Mason , J B . 1995 . Folate, epithelial dysplasia and colon cancer . Proc Assoc Am Physicians , 107 : 218 – 227 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giovannucci , E . 2002 . Modifiable risk factors for colon cancer . Gastroenterol Clin North Am , 31 : 925 – 943 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn , S A , Albanes , D , Pietinen , P , Brown , C C Rautalahti , M . 1996 . Colorectal cancer and folate status: a nested case-control study among male smokers . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 5 : 487 – 494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannucci , E , Rimm , E B , Ascherio , A , Stampfer , M J Colditz , G A . 1995 . Alcohol, low-methionine low-folate diets, and risk of colon-cancer in men . J Nat Cancer Inst , 87 : 265 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn , S A and Albanes , D . 1994 . Folate and cancer: a review of the literature . Nutr Cancer , 22 : 101 – 119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannucci , E , Stampfer , M J , Colditz , G A , Hunter , D J Fuchs , C . 1998 . Multivitamin use, folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses’ Health Study . Ann Internal Med , 129 : 517 – 524 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandy , S . 2008 . Effect of vitamin B12 and folate on homocysteine levels in colorectal cancer . Indian J Clin Biochem , 23 : 258 – 261 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dahlin , A M , Van Guelpen , B , Hultdin , J , Johansson , I Hallmans , G . 2008 . Plasma vitamin B12 concentrations and the risk of colorectal cancer: A nested case-referent study . Int J Cancer , 122 : 2057 – 2061 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Z F , Kurtz , R C , Yu , G P , Sun , M Gargon , N . 1997 . Adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia: The role of diet . Nutr Cancer , 27 : 298 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heimburger , D C . 1992 . Localized deficiencies of folic-acid in aerodigestive tissues . Ann NY Acad Sci , 669 : 87 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayne , S T , Risch , H A , Dubrow , R , Chow , W H Gammon , M D . 2001 . Nutrient intake and risk of subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancer . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 10 : 1055 – 1062 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavecchia , C , Ferraroni , M , Davanzo , B , Decarli , A and Franceschi , S . 1994 . Selected micronutrient intake and the risk of gastric cancer . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 3 : 393 – 398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison , L E , Zhang , Z F , Karpeh , M S , Sun , M and Kurtz , R C . 1997 . The role of dietary factors in the intestinal and diffuse histologic subtypes of gastric adenocarcinoma: a case-control study in the U.S . Cancer , 80 : 1021 – 1028 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumdieck , C L . 1991 . Localized folate-deficiency and cancer . Vit Cancer Prev , 14 : 39 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Nacci , A , Dallan , I , Bruschini , L , Traino , A C Panicucci , E . 2008 . Plasma homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 levels in patients with laryngeal cancer . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg , 134 : 1328 – 1333 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Byar , D and Blackard , C . 1977 . Comparisons of placebo, pyridoxine, and topical thiotepa in preventing recurrence of stage I bladder cancer . Urology , 10 : 556 – 561 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newling , D W , Robinson , M R , Smith , P H , Byar , D Lockwood , R . 1995 . Tryptophan metabolites, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and their influence on the recurrence rate of superficial bladder cancer. Results of a prospective, randomised phase III study performed by the EORTC GU Group. EORTC Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group . Eur Urol , 27 : 110 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lattouf , J B . 2009 . Chemoprevention in bladder cancer: what's new? . Can Urol Assoc J , 3 ( Suppl 4 ) : S184 – S187 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pais , R C , Vanous , E , Hollins , B , Faraj , B A Davis , R . 1990 . Abnormal vitamin B6 status in childhood leukemia . Cancer , 66 : 2421 – 2428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , Y I . 2006 . Folate: a magic bullet or a double edged sword for colorectal cancer prevention? . Gut , 55 : 1387 – 1389 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich , C M and Potter , J D . 2006 . Folate supplementation: too much of a good thing? . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 15 : 189 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich , C M and Potter , J D . 2007 . Folate and cancer—timing is everything . JAMA , 297 : 2408 – 2409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , Y I . 2007 . Folate and colorectal cancer: an evidence-based critical review . Mol Nutr Food Res , 51 : 267 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , W N , Boros , L G , Puigjaner , J , Bassilian , S Lim , S . 1998 . Mass isotopomer study of the nonoxidative pathways of the pentose cycle with [1,2–13C2]glucose . Am J Physiol , 274 ( Pt. 1 ) : E843 – E851 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boros , L G , Puigjaner , J , Cascante , M , Lee , W N Brandes , J L . 1997 . Oxythiamine and dehydroepiandrosterone inhibit the nonoxidative synthesis of ribose and tumor cell proliferation . Cancer Res , 57 : 4242 – 4248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascante , M , Centelles , J J , Veech , R L , Lee , W N and Boros , L G . 2000 . Role of thiamin (vitamin B-1) and transketolase in tumor cell proliferation . Nutr Cancer , 36 : 150 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comin-Anduix , B , Boren , J , Martinez , S , Moro , C Centelles , J J . 2001 . The effect of thiamine supplementation on tumour proliferation. A metabolic control analysis study . Eur J Biochem , 268 : 4177 – 4182 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu , S , Stromberg , A , Tai , H H and Moscow , J A . 2004 . Thiamine transporter gene expression and exogenous thiamine modulate the expression of genes involved in drug and prostaglandin metabolism in breast cancer cells . Mol Cancer Res , 2 : 477 – 487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivlin , R S . 1973 . Riboflavin and cancer: a review . Cancer Res , 33 : 1977 – 1986 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , P N , Levine , E , Myers , M O , Prakash , V Watson , J . 1999 . Elevation of serum riboflavin carrier protein in breast cancer . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 8 : 985 – 990 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm , J , Hansen , S I , Sondergaard , K and Hoier-Madsen , M . 1993 . The high-affinity folate binding protein in normal and malignant mammary gland tissue . Adv Exp Med Biol , 338 : 757 – 760 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foy , H , Kondi , A and Verjee , Z H . 1972 . Relation of riboflavin deficiency to corticosteroid metabolism and red cell hypoplasia in baboons . J Nutr , 102 : 571 – 582 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foy , H and Kondi , A . 1984 . The vulnerable esophagus: riboflavin deficiency and squamous cell dysplasia of the skin and the esophagus . J Natl Cancer Inst , 72 : 941 – 948 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siassi , F , Pouransari , Z and Ghadirian , P . 2000 . Nutrient intake and esophageal cancer in the Caspian littoral of Iran: a case-control study . Cancer Detect Prev , 24 : 295 – 303 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pangrekar , J , Krishnaswamy , K and Jagadeesan , V . 1993 . Effects of riboflavin deficiency and riboflavin administration on carcinogen-DNA binding . Food Chem Toxicol , 31 : 745 – 750 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , T , Soong , S J , Wilson , N P , Craig , C B Cole , P . 1993 . A case control study of nutritional factors and cervical dysplasia . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 2 : 525 – 530 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidya , S M , Kamlakar , P L and Kamble , S M . 1998 . Molybdenum, xanthine oxidase and riboflavin levels in tamoxifen treated postmenopausal women with breast cancer . Indian J Med Sci , 52 : 244 – 247 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsao , S M , Yin , M C and Liu , W H . 2007 . Oxidant stress and B vitamins status in patients with non-small cell lung cancer . Nutr Cancer , 59 : 8 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirakawa , N , Okauchi , R , Miura , Y and Yagasaki , K . 2005 . Anti-invasive activity of niacin and trigonelline against cancer cells . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem , 69 : 653 – 658 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaney , M L , Gardner , J R , Karasavvas , N , Golde , D W Scheinberg , D A . 2008 . Vitamin C antagonizes the cytotoxic effects of antineoplastic drugs . Cancer Res , 68 : 8031 – 8038 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivas , C I , Zuniga , F A , Salas-Burgos , A , Mardones , L Ormazabal , V . 2008 . Vitamin C transporters . J Physiol Biochem , 64 : 357 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verrax , J and Calderon , P B . 2008 . The controversial place of vitamin C in cancer treatment . Biochem Pharmacol , 76 : 1644 – 1652 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fruehauf , J P and Meyskens , F L . 2007 . Reactive oxygen species: a breath of life or death? . Clin Cancer Res , 13 : 789 – 794 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , Q , Espey , M G , Sun , A Y , Pooput , C Kirk , K L . 2009 . Pharmacologic doses of ascorbate act as a prooxidant and decrease growth of aggressive tumor xenografts in mice: editorial comment . J Urol , 181 : 2384 – 2385 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozanova , N , Zhang , J Z and Heck , D E . 2010 . Catalytic Therapy of cancer with ascorbate and extracts of medicinal herbs . Evide-Based Complement Alternative Med , 7 : 203 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , Q , Espey , M G , Sun , A Y , Lee , J H Krishna , M C . 2007 . Ascorbate in pharmacologic concentrations selectively generates ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide in extracellular fluid in vivo . Proc Nat Acad Sciences USA , 104 : 8749 – 8754 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron , E and Pauling , L . 1974 . The orthomolecular treatment of cancer: I. The role of ascorbic acid in host resistance . Chem Biol Interact , 9 : 273 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron , E and Campbell , A . 1974 . The orthomolecular treatment of cancer: II. Clinical trial of high-dose ascorbic acid supplements in advanced human cancer . Chem Biol Interact , 9 : 285 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffer , L J , Levine , M , Assouline , S , Melnychuk , D Padayatty , S J . 2008 . Phase I clinical trial of i.v. ascorbic acid in advanced malignancy . Ann Oncol , 19 : 1969 – 1974 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozanova , N , Zhang , J Z and Heck , D E . 2007 . Catalytic therapy of cancer with ascorbate and extracts of medicinal herbs . Evid Based Complement Alternat Med , 7 : 203 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toohey , J I . 2008 . Dehydroascorbic acid as an anti-cancer agent . Cancer Lett , 263 : 164 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaney , M L , Gardner , J R , Karasavvas , N , Golde , D W Scheinberg , D A . 2008 . Vitamin C antagonizes the cytotoxic effects of antineoplastic drugs . Cancer Res , 68 : 8031 – 8038 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , Q , Espey , M G , Sun , A Y , Pooput , C Kirk , K L . 2008 . Pharmacologic doses of ascorbate act as a prooxidant and decrease growth of aggressive tumor xenografts in mice . Proc Nat Acad Sci USA , 105 : 11105 – 11109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuroiwa , Y , Yamada , M , Matsui , K , Okamura , T Ishii , Y . 2008 . Combined ascorbic acid and sodium nitrite treatment induces oxidative DNA damage-associated mutagenicity in vitro, but lacks initiation activity in rat forestomach epithelium . Toxicol Sci , 104 : 274 – 282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verrax , J and Calderon , P B . 2009 . Pharmacologic concentrations of ascorbate are achieved by parenteral administration and exhibit antitumoral effects . Free Radic Biol Med , 47 : 32 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeom , C H , Lee , G , Park , J H , Yu , J Park , S . 2009 . High dose concentration administration of ascorbic acid inhibits tumor growth in BALB/C mice implanted with sarcoma 180 cancer cells via the restriction of angiogenesis . J Transl Med , 7 : 70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandini , S , Raimondi , S , Gnagnarella , P , Dore , J F Maisonneuve , P . 2009 . Vitamin D and skin cancer: a meta-analysis . Eur J Cancer , 45 : 634 – 641 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John , E M , Schwartz , G G , Koo , J , Van Den Berg , D and Ingles , S A . 2005 . Sun exposure, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, and risk of advanced prostate cancer . Cancer Res , 65 : 5470 – 5479 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoogendijk , W JG , Lips , P , Dik , M G , Deeg , D JH Beekman , A TF . 2008 . Depression is associated with decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin D and increased parathyroid hormone levels in older adults . Arch Gen Psych , 65 : 508 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendas-Franco , N , Gonzalez-Sancho , J M , Suarez , Y , Aguilera , O Steinmeyer , A . 2007 . Vitamin D regulates the phenotype of human breast cancer cells . Differentiation , 75 : 193 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy , D , Calaf , G and Hei , T K . 2003 . Role of vitamin D receptor gene in radiation–induced neoplastic transformation of human breast epithelial cell . Steroids , 68 : 621 – 627 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zehnder , D , Bland , R , Williams , M C , McNinch , R W and Howie , A J . 2001 . Set al.: Extrarenal expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-3–1 alpha-hydroxylase . J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism , 86 : 888 – 894 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corder , E H , Guess , H A , Hulka , B S , Friedman , G D Sadler , M . 1993 . Vitamin-D and prostate-cancer: a prediagnostic study with stored sera . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 2 : 467 – 472 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick , M F . 2007 . Vitamin D deficiency . New Eng J Med , 357 : 266 – 281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uitterlinden , A G , Fang , Y , van Meurs , J BJ , Pols , H AP and van Leeuwen , JPTM . 2004 . Genetics and biology of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms . Gene , 338 : 143 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundin , A C , Soderkvist , P , Eriksson , B , Bergman-Jungestrom , M Wingren , S . 1999 . Association of breast cancer progression with a vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism . Cancer Res , 59 : 2332 – 2334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe , L C , Guy , M , Mansi , J L , Peckitt , C Bliss , J . 2005 . Plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations, vitamin D receptor genotype, and breast cancer risk in a UK Caucasian population . Eur Jo Cancer , 41 : 1164 – 1169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , W B . 2002 . An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation . Cancer , 94 : 1867 – 1875 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , X Y , Peehl , D M , Navone , N M and Feldman , D . 2000 . 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 inhibits prostate cancer cell growth by androgen-dependent and androgen-independent mechanisms . Endocrinology , 141 : 2548 – 2556 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corder , E H , Friedman , G D , Vogelman , J H and Orentreich , N . 1995 . Seasonal-variation in vitamin-D, vitamin-D-binding protein, and dehydroepiandrosterone: risk of prostate-cancer in black and white men . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 4 : 655 – 659 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLuca , H F and Ostrem , V . 1986 . The relationship between the vitamin D system and cancer . Adv Exp Med Biol , 206 : 413 – 429 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hickish , T , Cunningham , D , Colston , K , Millar , B C Sandle , J . 1993 . The effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on lymphoma cell lines and expression of vitamin D receptor in lymphoma . Br J Cancer , 68 : 668 – 672 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahonen , M H , Zhuang , Y H , Aine , R , Ylikomi , T and Tuohimaa , P . 2000 . Androgen receptor and vitamin D receptor in human ovarian cancer: growth stimulation and inhibition by ligands . Int J Cancer , 86 : 40 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujioka , T , Hasegawa , M , Ishikura , K , Matsushita , Y Sato , M . 1998 . Inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis by vitamin D3 agents in murine renal cell carcinoma . J Urol , 160 : 247 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandewalle , B , Wattez , N and Lefebvre , J . 1995 . Effects of vitamin D3 derivatives on growth, differentiation and apoptosis in tumoral colonic HT 29 cells: possible implication of intracellular calcium . Cancer Lett , 97 : 99 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yabushita , H , Hirata , M , Noguchi , M and Nakanishi , M . 1996 . Vitamin D receptor in endometrial carcinoma and the differentiation-inducing effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on endometrial carcinoma cell lines . J Obstet Gynaecol Res , 22 : 529 – 539 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou , W , Suk , R , Liu , G , Park , S Neuberg , D S . 2005 . Vitamin D is associated with improved survival in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer patients . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 14 : 2303 – 2309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robsahm , T E , Tretli , S , Dahlback , A and Moan , J . 2004 . Vitamin D3 from sunlight may improve the prognosis of breast-, colon- and prostate cancer (Norway) . Cancer Causes Control , 15 : 149 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu , J Y , Feldman , D , McNeal , J E and Peehl , D M . 2001 . Reduced 1alpha-hydroxylase activity in human prostate cancer cells correlates with decreased susceptibility to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-induced growth inhibition . Cancer Res , 61 : 2852 – 2856 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitlatch , L W , Young , M V , Schwartz , G G , Flanagan , J N Burnstein , K L . 2002 . 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase activity is diminished in human prostate cancer cells and is enhanced by gene transfer . J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol , 81 : 135 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannucci , E . 2005 . The epidemiology of vitamin D and cancer incidence and mortality: a review (United States) . Cancer Causes Control , 16 : 83 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feskanich , D , Ma , J , Fuchs , C S , Kirkner , G J Hankinson , S E . 2004 . Plasma vitamin D metabolites and risk of colorectal cancer in women . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 13 : 1502 – 1508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tworoger , S S , Lee , I M , Buring , J E , Rosner , B Hollis , B W . 2007 . Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and risk of incident ovarian cancer . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 16 : 783 – 788 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahonen , M H , Tenkanen , L , Teppo , L , Hakama , M and Tuohimaa , P . 2000 . Prostate cancer risk and prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (Finland) . Cancer Causes Control , 11 : 847 – 852 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gissel , T , Rejnmark , L , Mosekilde , L and Vestergaard , P . 2008 . Intake of vitamin D and risk of breast cancer—a meta-analysis . J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol , 111 : 195 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin , M H , Holmes , M D , Hankinson , S E , Wu , K Colditz , G A . 2002 . Intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D and risk of breast cancer . J Natl Cancer Inst , 94 : 1301 – 1311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannucci , E , Liu , Y , Rimm , E B , Hollis , B W Fuchs , C S . 2006 . Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality in men . J Natl Cancer Inst , 98 : 451 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haussler , M R , Haussler , C A , Jurutka , P W , Thompson , P D Hsieh , J C . 1997 . The vitamin D hormone and its nuclear receptor: molecular actions and disease states . J Endocrinol , 154 ( Suppl ) : S57 – S73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uitterlinden , A G , Fang , Y , van Meurs , J B , van Leeuwen , H and Pols , H A . 2004 . Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in relation to Vitamin D related disease states . J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol , 89–90 : 187 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sillanpaa , P , Hirvonen , A , Kataja , V , Eskelinen , M Kosma , V M . 2004 . Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism as an important modifier of positive family history related breast cancer risk . Pharmacogenetics , 14 : 239 – 245 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor , J A , Hirvonen , A , Watson , M , Pittman , G Mohler , J L . 1996 . Association of prostate cancer with vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism . Cancer Res , 56 : 4108 – 4110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingles , S A , Coetzee , G A , Ross , R K , Henderson , B E Kolonel , L N . 1998 . Association of prostate cancer with vitamin D receptor haplotypes in African-Americans . Cancer Res , 58 : 1620 – 1623 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , S P , Chou , Y H , Chang , W SW , Wu , M T Chen , Y Y . 2004 . Association between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk in a Taiwanese population . Cancer Letters , 207 : 69 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakley-Girvan , I , Feldman , D , Eccleshall , T R , Gallagher , R P Wu , A H . 2004 . Risk of early-onset prostate cancer in relation to germ line polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 13 : 1325 – 1330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luscombe , C J , Fryer , A A , French , M E , Liu , S Saxby , M F . 2001 . Exposure to ultraviolet radiation: association with susceptibility and age at presentation with prostate cancer . Lancet , 358 : 641 – 642 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gsur , A , Madersbacher , S , Haidinger , G , Schatzl , G Marberger , M . 2002 . Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and prostate cancer risk . Prostate , 51 : 30 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tayeb , M T , Clark , C , Haites , N E , Sharp , L Murray , G I . 2004 . Vitamin D receptor, HER-2 polymorphisms, and risk of prostate cancer in men with benign prostate hyperplasia . Saudi Med J , 25 : 447 – 451 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki , K , Matsui , H , Ohtake , N , Nakata , S Takei , T . 2003 . Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in familial prostate cancer in a Japanese population . Int J Urol , 10 : 261 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheteri , M B , Stanford , J L , Friedrichsen , D M , Peters , M A Iwasaki , L . 2004 . Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk . Prostate , 59 : 409 – 418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slattery , M . 2001 . Variants of the VDR gene and risk of colon cancer (United States) . Cancer Causes Control , 12 : 359 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamprecht , S A and Lipkin , M . 2001 . Cellular mechanisms of calcium and vitamin D in the inhibition of colorectal carcinogenesis . Ann NY Acad Sci , 952 : 73 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamprecht , S A and Lipkin , M . 2003 . Chemoprevention of colon cancer by calcium, vitamin D and folate: molecular mechanisms . Nat Rev Cancer , 3 : 601 – 614 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough , M L , Bandera , E V , Moore , D F and Kushi , L H . 2008 . Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to risk of endometrial cancer: a systematic review of the literature . Prev Med , 46 : 298 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertone-Johnson , E R . 2009 . Vitamin D and breast cancer . Ann Epidemiol , 19 : 462 – 467 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , E A , Thompson , I M , Lippman , S M , Goodman , P J Albanes , D . 2000 . SELECT: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial: rationale and design . Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis , 3 : 145 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , E A , Thompson , I M , Lippman , S M , Goodman , P J Albanes , D . 2003 . SELECT: the Selenium and vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial . Urol Oncol Seminars Original Investigations , 21 : 59 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonn , E , Bosch , J , Yusuf , S , Sheridan , P Pogue , J . 2005 . Effects of long-term supplementation on and cancer vitamin E cardiovascular events: a randomized controlled trial . JAMA , 293 : 1338 – 1347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traber , M G and Atkinson , J . 2007 . Vitamin E, antioxidant, and nothing more . Free Radical Biol Med , 43 : 4 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzi , A and Stocker , A . 2000 . Vitamin E: non-antioxidant roles . Progress Lipid Res , 39 : 231 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippman , S M , Goodman , P J , Klein , E A , Parnes , H L Thompson , I M . 2005 . Designing the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) . J Nat Cancer Inst , 97 : 94 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quin , J , Engle , D , Litwiller , A , Peralta , E Grasch , A . 2005 . Vitamin E succinate decreases lung cancer tumor growth in mice . J Surg Res , 127 : 139 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traber , M G . 2007 . Vitamin E regulatory mechanisms . Ann Rev Nutr , 27 : 347 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinonen , O P , Albanes , D , Virtamo , J , Taylor , P R Huttunen , J K . 1998 . Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial . J Nat Cancer Inst , 90 : 440 – 446 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brigelius-Flohe , R and Traber , M G . 1999 . Vitamin E: function and metabolism . FASEB J , 13 : 1145 – 1155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , E R , Pastor-Barriuso , R , Dalal , D , Riemersma , R A Appel , L J . 2005 . Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality . Ann Internal Med , 142 : 37 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchel , R E and McCann , R A . 2003 . Skin tumor promotion by vitamin E in mice: amplification by ionizing radiation and vitamin C . Cancer Detect Prev , 27 : 102 – 108 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bermudez , Y , Ahmadi , S , Lowell , N E and Kruk , P A . 2007 . Vitamin E suppresses telomerase activity in ovarian cancer cells . Cancer Detect Prev , 31 : 119 – 128 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bermudez , Y , Ahmadi , S , Lowell , N E and Kruk , P A . 2007 . Vitamin E suppresses telomerase activity in ovarian cancer cells . Cancer Detect Prev , 31 : 119 – 128 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lippman , S M , Klein , E A , Goodman , P J , Lucia , M S Thompson , I M . 2009 . Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) . JAMA , 301 : 39 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni , R , Nishikawa , Y and Carr , B I . 1998 . Cell growth inhibition by a novel vitamin K is associated with induction of protein tyrosine phosphorylation . J Biol Chem , 273 : 9906 – 9911 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , F Y , Liao , W C and Chang , H M . 1993 . Comparison of antitumor activity of vitamins K1, K2, and K3 on human tumor cells by two (MTT and SRB) cell viability assays . Life Sci , 52 : 1797 – 1804 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oztopcu , P , Kabadere , S , Mercangoz , A and Uyar , R . 2004 . Comparison of vitamins K1, K2 and K3 effects on growth of rat glioma and human glioblastoma multiforme cells in vitro . Acta Neurol Belg , 104 : 106 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr , B I . 1996 . Suppression of DCP/PIVKA-2 and alpha-fetoprotein levels in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by high doses of vitamin K1 (VK1) . Hepatology , 24 : 887 – 887 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun , L , Yoshii , Y , Miyagi , K and Ishida , A . 1999 . Proliferation inhibition of glioma cells by vitamin K2 . No Shinkei Geka , 27 : 119 – 125 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takami , A , Nakao , S , Ontachi , Y , Yamauchi , H and Matsuda , T . 1999 . Successful therapy of myelodysplastic syndrome with menatetrenone, a vitamin K2 analog . Int J Hematol , 69 : 24 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazawa , K , Yaguchi , M , Funato , K , Gotoh , A Kawanishi , Y . 2001 . Apoptosis/differentiation-inducing effects of vitamin K2 on HL-60 cells: dichotomous nature of vitamin K2 in leukemia cells . Leukemia , 15 : 1111 – 1117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaguchi , M , Miyazawa , K , Katagiri , T , Nishimaki , J Kizaki , M . 1997 . Vitamin K2 and its derivatives induce apoptosis in leukemia cells and enhance the effect of all-trans retinoic acid . Leukemia , 11 : 779 – 787 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantoni , O , Fiorani , M , Cattabeni , F and Bellomo , G . 1991 . DNA Breakage caused by hydrogen-peroxide produced during the metabolism of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione) does not contribute to the cytotoxic action of the quinone . Biochem Pharmacol , 42 : S220 – S222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamson , D W and Plaza , S M . 2003 . The anticancer effects of vitamin K . Altern Med Rev , 8 : 303 – 318 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sata , N , KlonowskiStumpe , H , Han , B , Haussinger , D and Niederau , C . 1997 . Menadione induces both necrosis and apoptosis in rat pancreatic acinar AR4–2J cells . Free Radical Biol Med , 23 : 844 – 850 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutter , L M , Cheng , A L , Hung , H L , Hsieh , R K Ngo , E O . 1991 . Menadione-Spectrum of anticancer activity and effects on nucleotide-metabolism in human neoplastic cell-lines . Biochemical Pharmacology , 41 : 1283 – 1292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , F YH , Chang , N T , Chen , W J and Juan , C C . 1993 . Vitamin-K3-induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptotic cell-death are accompanied by altered expression of c-fos and c-myc in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells . Oncogene , 8 : 2237 – 2244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , J S , Brinkley , D and Haybittle , J L . 1965 . Clinical trial of radiosensitizers, including synkavit and oxygen inhaled at atmospheric pressure . Acta Radiol Ther Phys Biol , 3 : 329 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juan , C C and Wu , F Y . 1993 . Vitamin K3 inhibits growth of human hepatoma HepG2 cells by decreasing activities of both p34cdc2 kinase and phosphatase . Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 190 : 907 – 913 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarabak , R and Jarabak , J . 1995 . Effect of Ascorbate on the dt-diaphorase-mediated redox cycling of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone . Arch Biochem Biophysics , 318 : 418 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noto , V , Taper , H S , Jiang , Y H , Janssens , J Bonte , J . 1989 . Effects of sodium ascorbate (vitamin C) and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (vitamin K3) treatment on human tumor cell growth in vitro. I. Synergism of combined vitamin C and K3 action . Cancer , 63 : 901 – 906 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taper , H S , de Gerlache , J , Lans , M and Roberfroid , M . 1987 . Non-toxic potentiation of cancer chemotherapy by combined C and K3 vitamin pretreatment . Int J Cancer , 40 : 575 – 579 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamison , J M , Gilloteaux , J , Taper , H S and Summers , J L . 2001 . Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities of vitamin C and K-3 combinations against human prostate cancer . J Nutr , 131 : 158S – 160S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venugopal , M , Jamison , J M , Gilloteaux , J , Koch , J A Summers , M . 1996 . Synergistic antitumour activity of vitamins C and K3 against human prostate carcinoma cell lines . Cell Biol Int , 20 : 787 – 797 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilloteaux , J , Jamison , J M , Ervin , E , Arnold , D and Summers , J L . 1998 . Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy aspects of the synergistic antitumor activity of vitamin C/vitamin K3 combinations against human T24 bladder carcinoma: another kind of cell death? . Scanning , 20 : 208 – 209 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taper , H S . 1981 . Reversibility of acid and alkaline deoxyribonuclease deficiency in malignant tumor cells . J Histochem Cytochem , 29 : 1053 – 1060 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fort , L , Taper , H S and Brucher , J M . 1974 . Gastric carcinogenesis in rat induced by methylnitrosourea (MNU). Morphology and histochemistry of nucleases . Z Krebsforsch Klin Onkol Cancer Res Clin Oncol , 81 : 51 – 62 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taper , H S and Bannasch , P . 1976 . Histochemical correlation between glycogen, nucleic acids and nucleases in pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of rat liver after short-term administration of N-nitrosomorpholine . Z Krebsforsch Klin Onkol Cancer Res Clin Oncol , 87 : 53 – 65 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waxman , S and Bruckner , H . 1982 . The enhancement of 5-fluorouracil antimetabolic activity by leucovorin, menadione and alpha-tocopherol . Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol , 18 : 685 – 692 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gold , J . 1986 . In vivo synergy of vitamin K3 and methotrexate in tumor-bearing animals . Cancer Treat Rep , 70 : 1433 – 1435 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nutter , L M , Cheng , A L , Hung , H L , Hsieh , R K Ngo , E O . 1991 . Menadione: spectrum of anticancer activity and effects on nucleotide metabolism in human neoplastic cell lines . Biochem Pharmacol , 41 : 1283 – 1292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Z , Wang , M , Finn , F and Carr , B I . 1995 . The growth inhibitory effects of vitamins K and their actions on gene expression . Hepatology , 22 : 876 – 882 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taper , H S , Jamison , J M , Gilloteaux , J , Gwin , C A Gordon , T . 2001 . In vivo reactivation of DNases in implanted human prostate tumors after administration of a vitamin C/K-3 combination . J Histochem Cytochem , 49 : 109 – 119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar