The Body Mass Index Paradox in Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

References

• Wang K, Yu Xh, Tang YJ, Tang Y-L, Liang X-h. Obesity: an emerging driver of head and neck cancer. Life Sci. 2019;233:116687. doi: 10.1016/J.LFS.2019.116687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farsi NJ, Rousseau M-C, Schlecht N, Castonguay G, Allison P, Nguyen-Tan PF, Souliéres D, Coutlée F, Hier M, Madathil S, et al. Aetiological heterogeneity of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: the role of human papillomavirus infections, smoking and alcohol. Carcinogenesis. 2017;38(12):1188–95. doi: 10.1093/CARCIN/BGX106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourad M, Jetmore T, Jategaonkar AA, Moubayed S, Moshier E, Urken ML. Epidemiological trends of head and neck cancer in the United States: a SEER population study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;75(12):2562–72. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2017.05.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigneswaran N, Williams MD. Epidemiologic trends in head and neck cancer and aids in diagnosis. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2014;26(2):123–41. doi: 10.1016/J.COMS.2014.01.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rettig EM, D’Souza G. Epidemiology of head and neck cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2015;24(3):379–96. doi: 10.1016/J.SOC.2015.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillison ML, Chaturvedi AK, Anderson WF, Fakhry C. Epidemiology of human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(29):3235–42. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2015.61.6995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, Mullany EC, Biryukov S, Abbafati C, Abera SF, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384(9945):766–81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Beydoun MA, Min J, Xue H, Kaminsky LA, Cheskin LJ. Has the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity levelled off in the United States? Trends, patterns, disparities, and future projections for the obesity epidemic. Int J Epidemiol. 2020;49(3):810–23. doi: 10.1093/IJE/DYZ273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H, Graubard BI. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013;309(1):71–82. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.113905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet. 2008;371(9612):569–78. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60269-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, Moher D, Becker BJ, Sipe TA, Thacker SB, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. JAMA. 2000;283(15):2008–12. doi: 10.1001/JAMA.283.15.2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obesity and overweight. 2021. Accessed February 3, 2022. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.
   Google Scholar
• DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7(3):177–88. doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lennon H, Sperrin M, Badrick E, Renehan AG. The obesity paradox in cancer: a review. Curr Oncol Rep. 2016;18(9):56. doi:10.1007/s11912-016-0539-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langius JAE, Bakker S, Rietveld DHF, Kruizenga HM, Langendijk JA, Weijs PJM, Leemans CR. Critical weight loss is a major prognostic indicator for disease-specific survival in patients with head and neck cancer receiving radiotherapy. Br J Cancer. 2013;109(5):1093–9. doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fattouh M, Chang GY, Ow TJ, Shifteh K, Rosenblatt G, Patel VM, Smith RV, Prystowsky MB, Schlecht NF. Association between pretreatment obesity, sarcopenia, and survival in patients with head and neck cancer. Head Neck. 2019;41(3):707–14. doi: 10.1002/HED.25420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albergotti WG, Davis KS, Abberbock S, Bauman JE, Ohr J, Clump DA, Heron DE, Duvvuri U, Kim S, Johnson JT, et al. Association of pretreatment body mass index and survival in human papillomavirus positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2016;60:55–60. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gama RR, Song Y, Zhang Q, Brown MC, Wang J, Habbous S, Tong L, Huang SH, O’Sullivan B, Waldron J, et al. Body mass index and prognosis in patients with head and neck cancer. Head Neck. 2017;39(6):1226–33. doi:10.1002/hed.24760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRackan TR, Watkins JM, Herrin AE, Garrett-Mayer EM, Sharma AK, Day TA, Gillespie MB, Intensive chemoradiation therapy (CRT) is a popular strategy for organ preservation. Unfortunately treatment-associated toxicity sometimes results in significant dysfunction. In a retrospective study of 72 patients with advanced cancer of the laryngopharynx, CRT patients with body mass index greater than 25 had improved swallowing outcome, longer time to disease recurrence, and improved survival. Effect of body mass index on chemoradiation outcomes in head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope. 2008;118(7):1180–5. doi:10.1097/MLG.0b013e31816fca5c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen AM, Li B-Q, Lau DH, Farwell DG, Luu Q, Stuart K, Newman K, Purdy JA, Vijayakumar S. Evaluating the role of prophylactic gastrostomy tube placement prior to definitive chemoradiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;78(4):1026–32. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.09.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Brown JC, O’Malley BW, Troxel AB, Bauml JM, Rubnitz KR, Grosso CM, Weinstein GS, Schmitz KH. Post-treatment weight change in oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(5):2333–40. doi: 10.1007/S00520-015-3029-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Myles B, Wei C, Chang JY, Hofstetter WL, Ajani JA, Swisher SG, Cox JD, Komaki R, Liao Z, et al. Obesity and outcomes in patients treated with chemoradiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma. Dis Esophagus. 2014;27(2):168–75. doi:10.1111/dote.12074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisbruch A, Ship JA, Martel MK, Ten Haken RK, Marsh LH, Wolf GT, Esclamado RM, Bradford CR, Terrell JE, Gebarski SS, et al. Parotid gland sparing in patients undergoing bilateral head and neck irradiation: techniques and early results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;36(2):469–80. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(96)00264-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez MC, Pastore CA, Orlandi SP, Heymsfield SB. Obesity paradox in cancer: new insights provided by body composition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(5):999–1005. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.071399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen G-P, Xu F-H, He F, Ruan H-L, Cui C, Chen L-Z, Zeng Y-X, Jia W-H. Pretreatment lifestyle behaviors as survival predictors for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e36515. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The impact of nutritional status on the prognoses of patients with advanced head and neck cancer - PubMed. Accessed February 2, 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10430262/.
   Google Scholar
• Hicks DF, Bakst R, Doucette J, Kann BH, Miles B, Genden E, Misiukiewicz K, Posner M, Gupta V. Impact of obesity on outcomes for patients with head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol. 2018;83:11–7. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.05.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Cutsem E, Arends J. The causes and consequences of cancer-associated malnutrition. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2005;9(Suppl. 2):S51–63. doi:10.1016/J.EJON.2005.09.007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hakimi AA, Furberg H, Zabor EC, Jacobsen A, Schultz N, Ciriello G, Mikklineni N, Fiegoli B, Kim PH, Voss MH, et al. An epidemiologic and genomic investigation into the obesity paradox in renal cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(24):1862–70. doi:10.1093/jnci/djt310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nieman KM, Romero IL, van Houten B, Lengyel E. Adipose tissue and adipocytes support tumorigenesis and metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1831(10):1533–41. doi: 10.1016/J.BBALIP.2013.02.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park J, Morley TS, Kim M, Clegg DJ, Scherer PE. Obesity and cancer–mechanisms underlying tumour progression and recurrence. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014;10(8):455–65. doi: 10.1038/NRENDO.2014.94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar NM, Hudis CA, Dannenberg AJ. Obesity and cancer: local and systemic mechanisms. Annu Rev Med. 2015;66:297–309. doi: 10.1146/ANNUREV-MED-050913-022228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Q, Peng J, Chen X, Li H, Song M, Cheng B, Wu T. Obesity and genes related to lipid metabolism predict poor survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2019;89:14–22. doi: 10.1016/J.ORALONCOLOGY.2018.12.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kekatpure VD, Boyle JO, Zhou XK, Duffield-Lillico AJ, Gross ND, Lee NY, Subbaramaiah K, Morrow JD, Milne G, Lippman SM, et al. Elevated levels of urinary prostaglandin e metabolite indicate a poor prognosis in ever smoker head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2009;2(11):957–65. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbaramaiah K, Howe LR, Bhardwaj P, Du B, Gravaghi C, Yantiss RK, Zhou XK, Blaho VA, Hla T, Yang P, et al. Obesity is associated with inflammation and elevated aromatase expression in the mouse mammary gland. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011;4(3):329–46. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung CH, Guthrie VB, Masica DL, Tokheim C, Kang H, Richmon J, Agrawal N, Fakhry C, Quon H, Subramaniam RM, et al. Genomic alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma determined by cancer gene-targeted sequencing. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(6):1216–23. doi: 10.1093/ANNONC/MDV109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kichenadasse G, Hopkins AM, Sorich MJ. Obesity paradox in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with immunotherapy-reply. JAMA Oncol. 2020;6(6):941–2. doi: 10.1001/JAMAONCOL.2020.0643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy KA, James BR, Sjaastad FV, Kucaba TA, Kim H, Brincks EL, Chua SC, Wilber A, Griffith TS. Cutting edge: elevated leptin during diet-induced obesity reduces the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. J Immunol. 2018;201(7):1837–41. doi:10.4049/JIMMUNOL.1701738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etemadi A, O’Doherty MG, Freedman ND, Hollenbeck AR, Dawsey SM, Abnet CC. A prospective cohort study of body size and risk of head and neck cancers in the NIH-AARP diet and health study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23(11):2422–9. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0709-T
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudet MM, Kitahara CM, Newton CC, Bernstein L, Reynolds P, Weiderpass E, Kreimer AR, Yang G, Adami H-O, Alavanja MC, et al. Anthropometry and head and neck cancer:a pooled analysis of cohort data. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):673–81. doi:10.1093/ije/dyv059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang H, Berg E, Cheng X, Shen W. How to best assess abdominal obesity. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2018;21(5):360–5. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhaliwal SS, Welborn TA. Measurement error and ethnic comparisons of measures of abdominal obesity. Prev Med. 2009;49(2–3):148–52. doi: 10.1016/J.YPMED.2009.06.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong A, Zhu D, Kraus D, Tham T. Radiologically defined sarcopenia affects survival in head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2021;131(2):333–41. doi: 10.1002/LARY.28616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hua X, Liu S, Liao J-F, Wen W, Long Z-Q, Lu Z-J, Guo L, Lin H-X. When the loss costs too much: a systematic review and meta-analysis of sarcopenia in head and neck cancer. Front Oncol. 2019;9:1561. doi: 10.3389/FONC.2019.01561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prado CM, Lieffers JR, McCargar LJ, Reiman T, Sawyer MB, Martin L, Baracos VE. Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(7):629–35. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70153-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernán MA, Hernández-Díaz S, Robins JA. A structural approach to selection bias. Epidemiology. 2004;15(5):615–25. doi: 10.1097/01.EDE.0000135174.63482.43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudet MM, Patel AV, Sun J, Hildebrand JS, McCullough ML, Chen AY, Gapstur SM. Prospective studies of body mass index with head and neck cancer incidence and mortality. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012;21(3):497–503. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashibe M, Hunt J, Wei M, Buys S, Gren L, Lee YCA. Tobacco, alcohol, body mass index, physical activity, and the risk of head and neck cancer in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian (PLCO) cohort. Head Neck. 2013;35(7):914–22. doi: 10.1002/HED.23052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Lee Y-CA, Li S, Li Q, Chen C-J, Hsu W-L, Lou P-J, Zhu C, Pan J, Shen H, et al. Body mass index and the risk of head and neck cancer in the Chinese population. Cancer Epidemiol. 2019;60:208–15. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2019.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maasland DHE, van den Brandt PA, Kremer B, Schouten LJ. Body mass index and risk of subtypes of head-neck cancer: the Netherlands Cohort Study. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1). doi:10.1038/srep17744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarleton HP, Park SL, Zhu W-M, Lee Y-CA, Hashibe M, Morgenstern H, Tashkin DP, Mao JT, Cozen W, Mack TM, et al. Body mass index change in adulthood and lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers. Int J Cancer. 2012;131(6):1407–16. doi: 10.1002/IJC.27383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SL, Lee Y-CA, Marron M, Agudo A, Ahrens W, Barzan L, Bencko V, Benhamou S, Bouchardy C, Canova C, et al. The association between change in body mass index and upper aerodigestive tract cancers in the ARCAGE project: multicenter case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2011;128(6):1449–61. doi:10.1002/ijc.25468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreimer AR, Randi G, Herrero R, Castellsagué X, la Vecchia C, Franceschi S, IARC Multicenter Oral Cancer Study Group. Diet and body mass, and oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas: analysis from the IARC multinational case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2006;118(9):2293–7. doi: 10.1002/IJC.21577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radoï L, Paget-Bailly S, Cyr D, Papadopoulos A, Guida F, Tarnaud C, Menvielle G, Schmaus A, Cénée S, Carton M, et al. Body mass index, body mass change, and risk of oral cavity cancer: results of a large population-based case-control study, the ICARE study. Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24(7):1437–48. doi: 10.1007/S10552-013-0223-Z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banack HR, Kaufman JS. From bad to worse: collider stratification amplifies confounding bias in the “obesity paradox. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015;30(10):1111–4. doi:10.1007/s10654-015-0069-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banack HR, Kaufman JS. The “obesity paradox” explained. Epidemiology. 2013;24(3):461–2. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0B013E31828C776C.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song M, Giovannucci E. Estimating the influence of obesity on cancer risk: stratification by smoking is critical. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(27):3237–9. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.67.6916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couch ME, Dittus K, Toth MJ, Willis MS, Guttridge DC, George JR, Barnes CA, Gourin CG, Der-Torossian H. Cancer cachexia update in head and neck cancer: definitions and diagnostic features. Head Neck. 2015;37(4):594–604. doi: 10.1002/HED.23599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park Y, Peterson LL, Colditz GA. The plausibility of obesity paradox in cancer-point. Cancer Res. 2018;78(8):1898–903. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-3043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anantharaman D, Billot A, Waterboer T, Gheit T, Abedi-Ardekani B, Lagiou P, Lagiou A, Ahrens W, Holcátová I, Merletti F, et al. Predictors of oropharyngeal cancer survival in Europe. Oral Oncol. 2018;81:89–94. doi: 10.1016/J.ORALONCOLOGY.2018.04.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghadjar P, Hayoz S, Zimmermann F, Bodis S, Kaul D, Badakhshi H, Bernier J, Studer G, Plasswilm L, Budach V, For the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK), et al. Impact of weight loss on survival after chemoradiation for locally advanced head and neck cancer: secondary results of a randomized phase III trial (SAKK 10/94). Radiat Oncol. 2015;10(1) doi:10.1186/s13014-014-0319-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir CB, Jan A. BMI classification percentile and cut off points. StatPearls. Published online June 29, 2021. Accessed May 19, 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541070/.
   Google Scholar
• Mathus-Vliegen EMH. Obesity and the elderly. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;46(7):533–44. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0B013E31825692CE.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinkovich A, Livshits G. Sarcopenic obesity or obese sarcopenia: a cross talk between age-associated adipose tissue and skeletal muscle inflammation as a main mechanism of the pathogenesis. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;35:200–21. doi: 10.1016/J.ARR.2016.09.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cederholm T, Jensen GL, Correia MITD, Gonzalez MC, Fukushima R, Higashiguchi T, Baptista G, Barazzoni R, Blaauw R, Coats AJS, GLIM Core Leadership Committee, GLIM Working Group, et al. GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition – a consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10(1):207–17. doi: 10.1002/JCSM.12383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur AE, Peterson KE, Rozek LS, Taylor JMG, Light E, Chepeha DB, Hébert JR, Terrell JE, Wolf GT, Duffy SA, UM Head and Neck SPORE Program, et al. Pretreatment dietary patterns, weight status, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma prognosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(2):360–8. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.044859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao X, Liu F, Lin J, Chen Q, Chen L, Chen F, Wang J, Qiu Y, Shi B, Pan L, et al. Nutritional assessment and prognosis of oral cancer patients: a large-scale prospective study. BMC Cancer. 2020;20(1):146. doi:10.1186/s12885-020-6604-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brkic FF, Kadletz L, Jank B, Mayer C, Heiduschka G, Brunner M. Impact of pretherapeutic neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, serum albumin, body-mass index, and advanced lung cancer inflammation index on clinical outcome in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2020;48(1):33–7. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2019.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang WC, Yang CY, Lin CS, Lin CK, Chen YW. Pretreatment body mass index as a prognostic predictor in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Oral Investig. 2020;24(8):2781–8. doi:10.1007/s00784-019-03141-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossberg AJ, Chamchod S, Fuller CD, Mohamed ASR, Heukelom J, Eichelberger H, Kantor ME, Hutcheson KA, Gunn GB, Garden AS, et al. Association of body composition with survival and locoregional control of radiotherapy-treated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2(6):782–9. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.6339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar NM, Kochhar A, Morris PG, Morris LG, Zhou XK, Ghossein RA, Pino A, Fury MG, Pfister DG, Patel SG, et al. Impact of obesity on the survival of patients with early‐stage squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue. Cancer. 2014;120(7):983–91. doi:10.1002/cncr.28532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung AR, Roh J-L, Kim JS, Kim S-B, Choi S-H, Nam SY, Kim SY. Prognostic value of body composition on recurrence and survival of advanced-stage head and neck cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2019;116:98–106. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2019.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li ZQ, Zou L, Liu TR, Yang AK. Prognostic value of body mass index before treatment for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Med. 2015;12(4):394–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li P, Sun L, Sun L. Influence of body mass index on survival and prognosis in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. CMAR. 2020;ume 12:3203–10. doi:10.2147/CMAR.S249775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon H, Roh J-L, Lee S-w, Kim S-B, Choi S-H, Nam SY, Kim SY. Prognostic value of nutritional and hematologic markers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treated by chemoradiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 2016;118(2):330–4. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2015.10.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai P-C, Chuang C-C, Tseng C-K, Tsang N-M, Chang K-P, Yen T-C, Liao C-T, Hong J-H, Chang JT-C. Impact of pretreatment body mass index on patients with head-and-neck cancer treated with radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;83(1):e93–e100. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.11.071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccinini A, Alicandri-Ciufelli M, Ghidini A, Vincenti V, Ferri T, Presutti L. Prognostic factors in stage IV oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: the "punto" experience. Acta Biomed. 2016;87(1):86–96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tan X, Nelson HH, Langevin SM, McClean M, Marsit CJ, Waterboer T, Pawlita M, Kelsey KT, Michaud DS. Obesity and head and neck cancer risk and survival by human papillomavirus serology. Cancer Causes Control. 2015;26(1):111–9. doi:10.1007/s10552-014-0490-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar