Diet and vitamin nutrition of the high esophageal cancer risk population in Linxian, China

References and notes

• Warwick , GP . 1973 . “Some Aspects of the Epidemiology and Etiology of Esophageal Cancer With Particular Emphasis on the Transkei, South Africa” . Adv Cancer Res , 17 : 81 – 229 .
   Google Scholar
• Cook‐Mozaffari , P . 1979 . “The Epidemiology of Cancer of the Oesophagus” . Nutr Cancer , 1 (2) : 51 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Hormozdiari , H , Day , NE , Aramesh , B and Mahbpubi , E . 1975 . “Dietary Factors and Esophageal Cancer in the Caspian Littoral of Iran” . Cancer Res , 35 : 3493 – 3498 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint Iran‐International Agency for Research on Cancer Study Group . 1977 . “Esophageal Cancer Study in the Caspian Littoral of Iran: Results of Population Studies — A Prodrome” . JNCI , 59 : 1127 – 1138 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang , CS . 1980 . “Research on Esophageal Cancer in China: A Review” . Cancer Res , 40 : 2633 – 2644 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez , I . 1969 . “Factors Associated With Cancer of the Esophagus, Mouth, and Pharynx in Puerto Rico” . JNCI , 42 : 1069 – 1094 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraumeni , JF Jr and Blot , WJ . 1977 . “Geographic Variation in Esophageal Cancer Mortality in the United States” . J Chronic Dis , 30 : 759 – 767 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thind , IS , Quartello , G , Najew , R , Feuerman , M and Louria , D . 1981 . “Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Newark, New Jersey, 1970–1974: A National Comparison” . Cancer , 47 : 1047 – 1053 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pottern , LM , Morris , LE , Blot , WJ , Ziegler , RG and Fraumeni , JF . 1981 . “Esophageal Cancer Among Black Men in Washington, DC. I. Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Risk Factors” . JNCI , 67 : 777 – 783 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy , GD and Wynder , EL . 1979 . “Etiological and Preventive Implications in Alcohol Carcinogenesis” . Cancer Res , 39 : 2844 – 2850 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vitale , JJ and Coffey , J . 1971 . “Alcoholism and Vitamin Metabolism” . In The Biology of Alcoholism , Edited by: Kissin , B and Begleiter , H . Vol. 1 , 327 – 352 . New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Leevy , CM , Baker , H , tenHove , W , Frank , O and Cherrick , GR . 1965 . “B Complex Vitamins in Liver Disease of the Alcoholic” . Am J Clin Nutr , 16 : 339 – 346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henan Cancer Research Institute . 1980 . Cancer Research , Vol. 1 , 19 – 26 . Zhengzhou, Henan : Office of Cancer Prevention, Treatment, and Research of Henan Province . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Linhares , EDR . 1971 . “Microdetermination of Plasma or Serum Vitamin A and Carotene” . Microchem J , 16 : 467 – 471 .
   Google Scholar
• Omaye , ST , Turnbull , JD and Sauberlich , HE . 1979 . “Selected Methods for the Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Animal Cells, Tissues, and Fluids” . Methods Enzymol , 62 : 3 – 11 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sauberlich , HE , Judd , JH Jr , Nichoalds , GE , Broquist , HP and Darby , WJ . 1972 . “Application of the Erythrocyte Glutathione Reductase Assay in Evaluating Riboflavin Nutritional Status in High School Student Population” . Am J Clin Nutr , 25 : 756 – 762 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauberlich , HE , Dowdy , RP and Skala , JH . 1974 . Laboratory Tests for the Assessment of Nutritional Status , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tillotson , JA and Baker , EM . 1972 . “An Enzymatic Measurement of the Riboflavin Status in Man” . Am J Clin Nutr , 25 : 425 – 431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjelke , E . 1975 . “Dietary Vitamin A and Human Lung Cancer” . Int J Cancer , 15 : 561 – 565 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirayama , T . 1979 . “Diet and Cancer” . Nutr Cancer , 1 (3) : 67 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Mettlin , C , Graham , S and Swanson , M . 1979 . “Vitamin A and Lung Cancer” . JNCI , 62 : 1435 – 1438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mettlin , C and Graham , S . 1979 . “Dietary Risk Factors in Human Bladder Cancer” . Am J Epidemiol , 110 : 255 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kark , JD , Smith , AH , Switzer , BR and Hames , CG . 1981 . “Serum Vitamin A (Retinol) and Cancer Incidence in Evans County, Georgia” . JNCI , 66 : 7 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroder , EW and Black , PH . 1980 . “Retinoids: Tumor Preventers or Tumor Enhancers?” . JNCI , 65 : 671 – 674 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sporn , MB and Newton , DL . 1979 . “Chemoprevention of Cancer With Retinoids” . Fed Proc , 38 : 2528 – 2534 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nettesheim , P . 1979 . “Inhibition of Carcinogenesis by Retinoids” . Can Med Assoc J , 122 : 757 – 765 .
   Google Scholar
• Verma , AK , Shapas , BG , Rice , HM and Boutwell , RK . 1979 . “Correlation of the Inhibition by Retinoids of Tumor Promoter‐Induced Mouse Epidermal Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity and of Skin Tumor Promotion” . Cancer Res , 39 : 419 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leitner , ZA , Moore , T and Sharman , IM . 1979 . “Vitamin A and Vitamin E in Human Blood. I. Levels of Vitamin A and Carotenoids in British Men and Women, 1948–1957” . Br J Nutr , 14 : 157 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Patwardhan , VN . 1969 . “Hypovitaminosis A and Epidemiology of Xerophthalmia” . Am J Clin Nutr , 22 : 1106 – 1118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer , MD , Tannenbaum , SR , Fan , TY and Weisman , M . 1975 . “Reaction of Nitrite With Ascorbate and Its Relation to Nitrosamine Formation” . JNCI , 54 : 1203 – 1205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirvish , SS , Wallcave , L , Eagen , M and Shubik , P . 1972 . “Ascorbate‐Nitrite Reaction: Possible Means of Blocking the Formation of Carcinogenic N ‐Nitroso Compounds” . Science , 177 : 65 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , MH , Li , P and Li , PJ . 1980 . “Recent Progress in Research on Esophageal Cancer in China” . Adv Cancer Res , 33 : 173 – 249 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Department of Chemical Etiology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences . 1978 . “Further Studies on the Etiology of Esophageal Cancer” . Chin Med J , 58 : 593 – 597 .
   Google Scholar
• Benedict , WF , Wheatly , WL and Jones , PA . 1980 . “Inhibition of Chemically Induced Morphological Transformation and Reversion of the Transformed Phenotype by Ascorbic Acid in C3H/10T1/2 Cells” . Cancer Res , 40 : 2796 – 2801 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivlin , RS . 1978 . “Riboflavin and Cancer: A Review” . Cancer Res , 33 : 1977 – 1986 .
   Google Scholar
• Griffin , AC and Bauman , CA . 1948 . “Hepatic Riboflavin and Tumor Formation in Rats Fed Azo Dyes in Various Diets” . Cancer Res , 8 : 279 – 284 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulay , AS and O'Gara , RW . 1968 . “Enhancing Effects of a Riboflavin Analog on Azo‐Dye Carcinogenesis in Rats” . JNCI , 40 : 731 – 735 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wynder , EL and Chan , PC . 1970 . “The Possible Role of Riboflavin Deficiency in Epithelial Neoplasia. II. Effect on Skin Tumor Development” . Cancer , 26 : 1221 – 1224 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wynder , EL and Bross , IJ . 1961 . “A Study of Etiological Factors in Cancer of the Esophagus” . Cancer , 14 : 389 – 413 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson , L , Sandstrom , A and Westling , P . 1975 . “Relationship of Plummer‐Vinson Disease to Cancer of the Upper Alimentary Tract in Sweden” . Cancer Res , 35 : 3308 – 3316 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• This work was carried out in the Linxian Cancer Research Center, Linxian, Henan, China, and was supported by a research fund from Henan Province, China, and a “Research in China” grant from the US National Academy of Sciences to Chung S. Yang.
   Google Scholar
• We acknowledge the excellent technical assistance of Dongxia Jiang, Xianzhong Li, Quisheng Qin, Jingjian Wei, Cuilin Zhao, and Huifang Zheng. We thank the health organizations and their staffs in Linxian and Fanxian for their assistance.
   Google Scholar
• Address correspondence to Dr. Chung S. Yang. New Jersey Medical School — UMDNJ, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
   Google Scholar