References
- Harras , A . 1996 . Cancer: Rates and Risks. Cancer Statistics , Bethesda, MD : Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Institute .
- Armstrong , B and Doll , R . 1975 . Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries with special reference to dietary practices . Int J Cancer , 15 : 617 – 631 .
- Giovannucci , E , Rinim , EB , Colditz , GA , Stampfer , MJ Ascherio , A . 1993 . A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer . JNCI , 85 : 1571 – 1579 .
- Yatani , R , Chigusa , I , Akazaki , K , Stemmermann , GN Welsh , RA . 1982 . Geographic pathology of latent prostatic carcinoma . Int J Cancer , 29 : 611 – 616 .
- Awad , AB , Hernandez , A‐YT , Fink , CS and Mendel , SL . 1997 . Effect of dietary phytosterols on cell proliferation and protein kinase C activity in rat colonic mucosa . Nutr Cancer , 27 : 210 – 215 .
- Raicht , RF , Cohen , BI , Fazzini , EP , Sarwal , AN and Takahashi , M . 1980 . Protective effect of plant sterols against chemically induced colon tumors in rats . Cancer Res , 40 : 403 – 405 .
- Awad , AB , Chen , YC , Fink , CS and Hennessey , T . 1996 . P‐Sitosterol inhibits HT‐29 human colon cancer cell growth and alters membrane lipids . Anticancer Res , 16 : 2797 – 2804 .
- Venable , ME , Lee , JY , Smyth , MJ , Bielawska , A and Obeid , LM . 1995 . Role of ceramide in cellular senescence . J Biol Chem , 270 : 30701 – 30708 .
- Ohta , H , Sweeney , EA , Masamune , A , Yatomi , Y Hakamori , S . 1995 . Induction of apoptosis by sphingosine in human leukemic HL‐60 cells: a possible endogenous modular by apoptotic DNA fragmentation occurring during phorbol ester‐induced differentiation . Cancer Res , 55 : 691 – 697 .
- Hannun , YA and Linardic , CM . 1993 . Sphingolipid breakdown products: antiproliferative and tumor suppressor lipids . Biochim Biophys Acta , 1154 : 223 – 236 .
- Jarvis , WD , Kolesnick , RN , Fornari , F , Traylor , RS Gewirtz , DA . 1994 . Induction of apoptotic DNA damage and cell death by activation of the sphingomyelin pathway . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 91 : 73 – 77 .
- Obeid , LM , Linardic , CM , Karolak , LA and Hannun , YA . 1993 . Programmed cell death induced by ceramide . Science , 259 : 1769 – 1771 .
- Horszewicz , JS , Leong , SS , Kawinski , E , Karr , JP Rosenthal , H . 1983 . LNCaP model of human prostatic carcinoma . Cancer Res , 43 : 1809 – 1818 .
- Greenberg‐Ofrath , N , Terespolsky , Y , Kahane , I and Bar , R . 1993 . Cy‐clodextrins as carriers of cholesterol and fatty acids in cultivation of mycoplasmas . Appl Environ Microbiol , 59 : 547 – 551 .
- Lin , M and Garcia‐Arenas , R . 1994 . Effect of cell density on androgen regulation of the mRNA level of human prostatic acid phosphatase . Mol Cell Endocrinol , 99 : R21 – R24 .
- Bradford , MM . 1976 . A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein‐dye binding . Anal Biochem , 72 : 248 – 254 .
- Jones , MJ and Murray , AW . 1995 . Evidence that ceramide selectively inhibits protein kinase C‐α translocation and modulates bradykinin activation of phospholipase D . J Biol Chem , 270 : 5007 – 5013 .
- Hubscher , G , Hawthorne , JN and Kemp , P . 1960 . The analysis of tissue phospholipids: hydrolysis procedure and results with pig liver . J Lipid Res , 1 : 433 – 438 .
- Awad , AB , von Holtz , RL , Cone , JP , Fink , CS and Chen , Y‐C . 1998 . β‐Sitosterol inhibits the growth of HT‐29 human colon cancer cells by activating the sphingomyelin cycle . Anticancer Res , 18 : 471 – 479 .
- Hennessey , TM . 1992 . Effects of membrane plant sterols on excitable cell functions . Comp Biochem Physiol , 101 : 1 – 9 .
- Kim , M , Linardic , C , Obeid , L and Hannun , Y . 1991 . Identification of sphingomyelin turnover as an effector mechanism for the action of tumor necrosis factor‐α and γ‐interferon . J Biol Chem , 66 : 484 – 489 .
- Dobrowsky , RT and Hannun , YA . 1992 . Ceramide stimulates a cystolic protein phosphatase . J Biol Chem , 267 : 5048 – 5051 .
- Ling , WH and Jones , PJH . 1995 . Dietary phytosterols: a review of metabolism, benefits and side effects . Life Sci , 57 : 195 – 206 .
- Messina , M and Barnes , S . 1991 . The role of soy products in reducing the risk of cancer . JNCI , 83 : 541 – 546 .
- Pollak , OJ . 1985 . Effect of plant sterols on serum lipids and atherosclerosis . Pharmacol Ther , 31 : 177 – 208 .
- Kennedy , AR . 1995 . The evidence for soybean products as cancer preventive agents . J Nutr , 125 : 733S – 743S .