1,886
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

Role of Emoticons as Structural Markers in Twitter Interactions

ORCID Icon

References

  • Ahn, W. (2010). The emotional effect of emoticon on interpreting text message. Journal of the HCI Society of Korea, 5(1), 11–18. doi:10.17210/jhsk.2010.05.5.1.11
  • Amaghlobeli, N. (2012). Linguistic features of typographic emoticons in SMS discourse. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(2), 348–354. doi:10.4304/tpls.2.2.348-354
  • Andrews, P. (1994). Put on a happy face, but not in my e-mail. User Friendly, in Seattle Times. Retrieved from http://www.mit.edu/people/cordelia/smileys_edit.html
  • Ascone, L. (2015). The computer-mediated expression of surprise. In A. Celle & L. Lansari (Eds.), Expressing and describing surprise (pp. 121–151). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.
  • Asteroff, J. F. (1987). Paralanguage in electronic mail: A case study. PhD dissertation, Columbia University, New York.
  • Auer, P. (1992). The contextualization of language. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.
  • Azuma, J., & Maurer, H. (2007). From emoticon to universal symbolic signs: Can written language survive in cyberspace? Proceedings of the 3rd International Microlearning 2007 Conference (pp. 106–122). Innsbruck, Austria: Innsbruck University Press.
  • Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 59, 390–412. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005
  • Baron, N. S. (2008). Always on: Language in an online and mobile world. Oxford, England: OUP.
  • Baron, N. S. (2009). The myth of impoverished signal: Dispelling the spoken-language fallacy for emoticons in online communication. In J. Vincent & L. Fortunati (Eds.), Emotion and ICTs (pp. 107–135). London, England: Peter Lang.
  • Baron, N. S., & Ling, R. (2011). Necessary smileys and useless periods: Redefining punctuation in electronically-mediated communication. Visible Language, 45(1–2), 45–67.
  • Briscoe, T. (1996). The syntax and semantics of punctuation and its use in interpretation. In Punctuation in computational linguistics. SIGPARSE 1996, Post Conference Workshop of ACL1996 (pp. 1–8). Santa Cruz, CA: UCSC.
  • Bruns, A., & Moe, H. (2014). Structural layers of communication on Twitter. In K. Weller, A. Bruns, J. Burgess, M. Mahrt, & C. Puschmann (Eds.), Twitter and society (pp. 15–28). London, England: Peter Lang.
  • Cunnings, I., & Finlayson, I. (2015). Mixed effects modeling and longitudinal data analysis. In L. Plonsky (Ed.), Advancing quantitative methods in second language research (pp. 159–181). New York and London, England: Routledge.
  • Danesi, M. (2016). The semiotics of Emoji. The rise of visual language in the age of the internet. London, England: Bloomsbury.
  • Danet, B., & Herring, S. C. (2007). The multilingual internet: Language, culture, and communication online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Derks, D., Bos, A. E. R., & von Grumbkow, J. (2007). Emoticons and social interaction on the Internet: The importance of social context. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 842–849. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2004.11.013
  • Dresner, E., & Herring, S. C. (2010). Functions of the nonverbal in CMC: Emoticons and illocutionary force. Communication Theory, 20(3), 249–268. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1468-2885
  • Filik, R., Turcan, A., Thompson, D., Harvey, N., Davies, H., & Turner, A. (2015). Sarcasm and emoticons: Comprehension and emotional impact. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 1–17. doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1017513
  • Fox, A. B., Bukatko, D., Hallahan, M., & Crawford, M. (2007). The medium makes a difference: Gender similarities and difference in instant messaging. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 26(4), 389–397. doi:10.1177/0261927X07306982
  • Fullwood, C., & Martino, O. I. (2007). Emoticons and impression formation. Applied Semiotics, 19, 4–14.
  • Fullwood, C., Orchard, L., & Floyd, S. (2013). Emoticon convergence in Internet chat rooms. Social Semiotics, 23(5), 648–662. doi:10.1080/10350330.2012.739000
  • Gaffney, D., & Puschmann, C. (2014). Data collection on Twitter. In K. Weller, A. Bruns, J. Burgess, M. Mahrt, & C. Puschmann (Eds.), Twitter and society (pp. 55–67). London, England: Peter Lang.
  • Gries, S. T. (2015). The most underused statistical method in corpus linguistics: Multi-level (and mixed-effects) models. Corpora, 10(1), 95–125. doi:10.3366/cor.2015.0068
  • Gumperz, J. (1982). Discourse strategies. Cambridge, England: CUP.
  • Gunraj, D. N., Drumm-Hewitt, A. M., Dashow, E. M., Upadhyay, S. S. N., & Klin, C. M. (2016). Texting insincerely: The role of the period in text messaging. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 1067–1075. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.003
  • Halvorsen, A. D. (2012). Patterns of emoticon usage in ESL students’ discussion forum writing. CALICO Journal, 29(4), 694–717. doi:10.11139/cj.29.4
  • Hancock, J. T. (2004). Verbal irony use in face-to-face and computer-mediated communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 23, 447–463. doi:10.1177/0261927X04269587
  • Hautasaari, A., Yamashita, N., & Gao, G. (2017). How non-native english speakers perceive the emotional valence of messages in text-based computer-mediated communication. Discourse Processes, 1–17. doi:10.1080/0163853X.2017.1323184
  • Herring, S. C. (2003). Gender and power in online communication. In J. Holmes & M. Meyerhoff (Eds.), The handbook of language and gender (pp. 202–228). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
  • Honeycutt, C., & Herring, S. C. (2009). Beyond microblogging: Conversation and collaboration via Twitter. Proceedings of the Forty-Second Hawai’i International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-42), Los Alamitos: IEEE Press.
  • Houghton, K. J., Upadhyay, S. S. N., & Klin, C. M. (2018). Punctuation in text messages may convey abruptness. Period. Computers in Human Behavior, 80, 112–121. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.044
  • Hovy, D., Johannsen, A., & Søgaard, A. (2015). User review sites as a resource for large-scale sociolinguistic studies. In A. Gangemi, S. Leonardi, & A. Panconesi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 24th international conference on World Wide Web (pp. 452–461). New York, NY: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, ACM.
  • Hsiao, K. A., & Hsieh, P. L. (2014). Age difference in recognition of emoticons. In S. Yamamoto (Ed.), Human interface and the management of information. Information and knowledge in applications and services (Vol. 8522, pp. 394–403). HIMI 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer.
  • Hsieh, S. H., & Tseng, T. H. (2017). Playfulness in mobile instant messaging: Examining the influence of emoticons and text messaging on social interaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 405–414. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.052
  • Huffaker, D. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2005). Gender, identity, and language use in teenage blogs. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(2).
  • Jibril, T. A., & Abdullah, M. H. (2013). Relevance of emoticons in computer-mediated communication contexts: An overview. Asian Social Science, 9(4), 201–207. doi:10.5539/ass.v9n4p201
  • Krohn, F. B. (2004). A generational approach to using emoticons as nonverbal communication. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 34(4), 321–328. doi:10.2190/9EQH-DE81-CWG1-QLL9
  • Lee, E. (2017). Motivations for the using emoticon: Exploring the effect of motivations and intimacies between users on the attitude and behaviors of using emoticon. Journal of the HCI Society of Korea, 12(2), 5–12.
  • Levshina, N. (2015). How to do linguistics with R. Data exploration and statistical analysis. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.
  • Lüdtke, U. M. (2015). Emotion in language. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.
  • Marwick, A., & Boyd, D. (2010). I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society, 13(1), 114–133. doi:10.1177/1461444810365313
  • Morera, Y., León, J. A., Escudero, I., & de Vega, M. (2017). Do causal and concessive connectives guide emotional expectancies in comprehension? A double-task paradigm using emotional icons. Discourse Processes, 5(8), 583–598. doi:10.1080/0163853X.2015.1137445
  • Nunberg, G. (1990). The linguistics of punctuation. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI).
  • Ong, K. K. W. (2011). Disagreement, confusion, disapproval, turn elicitation and floor holding: Actions as accomplished by ellipsis marks-only turns and blank turns in quasisynchronous chats. Discourse Studies, 13, 211–234. doi:10.1177/1461445610392138
  • Park, J., Barash, V., Fink, C., & Cha, M. (2013). Emoticon style: Interpreting differences in emoticons across cultures. Proceedings of the Seventh International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (p. 466–475). Palo Alto, CA: AAAI Press.
  • Poyatos, F. (2009). Punctuation as nonverbal communication: Toward an interdisciplinary approach to writing. Semiotica, 34(1–2), 91–112.
  • Provine, R. R., Spencer, R. J., & Mandell, D. L. (2007). Emotional expression online. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 26(3), 299–307. doi:10.1177/0261927X06303481
  • Raclaw, J. (2006). Punctuation as social action: The ellipsis as a discourse marker in computer-mediated communication. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 32(1), 299–306. doi:10.3765/bls.v32i1.3469
  • Schmid, H., (1994). Probabilistic part-of-speech tagging using decision trees. Proceedings of the International Conference on New Methods in Language Processing. Manchester, UK
  • Schmidt, J. (2014). Twitter and the rise of personal publics. In K. Weller, A. Bruns, J. Burgess, M. Mahrt, & C. Puschmann (Eds.), Twitter and society (pp. IX–XXVI). London, England: Peter Lang.
  • Schnoebelen, T. J. (2012). Emotions Are Relational: Positioning and the Use of Affective Linguistic Resources. PhD dissertation, Stanford University, Stansford, CA.
  • Spina, S. (2016). Fiumi di parole. Discorso e grammatica delle interazioni scritte in Twitter. Loreto, Italy: StreetLib.
  • Spina, S. (in press). Emoticons as multifunctional and pragmatic Resources: A corpus-based Study on Twitter. Clermont-Ferrand, France: Presses Universitaires Blaise Pascal.
  • Spina, S., & Cancila, J. (2013). Gender issues in the interactions of Italian politicians on Twitter: Identity, representation and flows of conversation. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Studies and Environmental Communication, 2(2), 147–157.
  • Tagg, C. (2012). Discourse of text messaging: Analysis of SMS communication. London, England: Continuum.
  • Thompson, D., & Filik, R. (2016). Sarcasm in written communication: Emoticons are efficient markers of intention. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21(2), 105–120. doi:10.1111/jcc4.2016.21.issue-2
  • Tossell, C. C., Kortum, P., Shepard, C., Barg-Walkow, L. H., Rahmati, A., & Zhong, L. (2012). A longitudinal study of emoticon use in text messaging from smartphones. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2), 659–663. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.11.012
  • Vandergriff, I. (2013). Emotive communication online: A contextual analysis of computer-mediated communication (CMC) cues. Journal of Pragmatics, 51, 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2013.02.008
  • Vandergriff, I. (2014). A pragmatic investigation of emoticon use in nonnative/native speaker text chat. Language@Internet, 11(4).
  • Walther, J. B., & D’Addario, K. P. (2001). The impacts of emoticons on message interpretation in computer-mediated communication. Social Science Computer Review, 19(3), 324–347. doi:10.1177/089443930101900307
  • Witmer, D., & Katzman, S. (1997). On-line smiles: Does gender make a difference in the use of graphic accents? Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 2(4).
  • Wolf, A. (2000). Emotional expression online: Gender differences in emoticon use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 3(5), 827–833. doi:10.1089/10949310050191809
  • Yus, F. (2011). Cyberpragmatics. Internet-mediated communication in context. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.
  • Yus, F. (2014). Not all emoticons are created equal. Linguagem Em (Dis)Curso, 14(3), 511–529. doi:10.1590/1982-4017-140304-0414
  • Zappavigna, M. (2012). Discourse of Twitter and social media. How we use language to create affiliation on the web. London, England: Continuum.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.