Pushing Up on the Glass Ceiling of Female Muscularity: Women’s Bodybuilding as Edgework

References

• Allman, Tara, Robin D. Mittelstaedt, Bruce Martin, and Marni Goldenberg. 2009. “Exploring the Motivations of BASE Jumpers: Extreme Sport Enthusiasts.” Journal of Sport & Tourism 14(4):229–247.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, Ross, Kelly D. Brownell, Glen D. Morgan, and Susan J. Bartlett. 1998. “Weight Loss, Psychological, and Nutritional Patterns in Competitive Female Bodybuilders.” Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention 6(2):159–167.
   Google Scholar
• Balsamo, A. 1994. “Feminist Bodybuilding.” Pp. 341–352 in Women, Sport, and Culture, edited by S. Birrell and C. L. Cole. Urbana-Champagne, IL: Human Kinetics Press.
   Google Scholar
• Batchelor, Susan A. 2007. “Getting Mad Wi’ It’: Risk-Seeking By Young Women.” Pp. 205–227 in Gendered Risks, edited by Kelly Hannah-Moffat and Pat O’Malley. Abingdon: Routledge-Cavendish.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, Melina C. 2008. “Strength in Muscle and Beauty in Integrity: Building a Body for Her.” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 35:43–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtsson, Tea. 2012. “‘It’s what you have to do!’: Exploring the Role of Highrisk Edgework and Advanced Marginality in a Young Man’s Motivation for Crime.” Criminology & Criminal Justice 13(1) 99–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolin, Anne. 1992a. “Vandalized Vanity: Feminine Physiques Betrayed and Portrayed.” Pp. 78–99 in Tattoo, Torture, Mutilation, and Adornment: The Denaturalization of the Body in Culture and Text, edited by F. Mascia-Lees. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bolin, Anne. 1992b. “Flex Appeal, Food and Fat: Competitive Bodybuilding, Gender, and Diet.” Play and Culture 5(4):378–400.
   Google Scholar
• Bolin, Anne. 1998. “Muscularity and Femininity: Women Bodybuilders and Women’s Bodies in Culturo-Historical Context.” Pp. 187–212 in Fitness as Cultural Phenomenon, edited by Karin Volkwein. New York: Waxmann.
   Google Scholar
• Bolin, Anne. 2003. “Beauty or the Beast: The Subversive Soma.” Pp. 107–130 in Athletic Intruders: Ethnographic Research on Women, Culture, and Exercise, edited by Anne Bolin and Jane Granskog. Albany: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bordo, Susan. 2003. Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boyle, Lex. 2005. “Flexing the Tensions of Female Muscularity: How Female Bodybuilders Negotiate Normative Femininity in Competitive Bodybuilding.” Women’s Studies Quarterly 33(1/2):134-149.
   Google Scholar
• Brace‐Govan, Jan. 2002. “Looking at Bodywork: Women and Three Physical Activities.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 26:403–420.
   Google Scholar
• Brace‐Govan, Jan. 2004. “Weighty Matters: Control of Women’s Access to Physical Strength.” The Sociological Review 52(4):503–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brymer, Eric. 2010. “Risk Taking in Extreme Sports: A Phenomenological Perspective.” Annals of Leisure Research 13(1–2):218–238.
   Google Scholar
• Chananie, Ruth, Shelly McGrath, and Justin Stoll. 2012. “Deviant or Normal? Female Bodybuilders’ Accounts of Social Reactions.” Deviant Behavior 33:811–830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, Wendy and George Rigakos. 2002. “Risk, Crime and Gender.” British Journal of Criminology 42(4):743–761.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chare, Nicholas. 2004. “Women’s Bodybuilding: Towards a Radical Politics of Muscle.” Limina 10:52–69.
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz, Kathy, 2006. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, Precilla Y. L. 2003. “Muscle Matters: Maintaining Visible Differences between Women and Men.” Sexualities, Evolution & Gender 5(2):71–81.
   Google Scholar
• Donnelly, Peter. 2004. “Sport and Risk Culture.” Pp. 29–57 in Sporting Bodies, Damaged Selves: Sociological Studies of Sports-Related Injuries, edited by K. Young. Oxford: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Duff, Robert and Lawrence Hong. 1984. “Self-Images of Women Bodybuilders.” Sociology of Sport Journal 1:374–380.
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin, Shari L. 2001. “‘Holding Back’: Negotiating a Glass Ceiling on Women’s Muscular Strength.” Sociological Perspectives 44(3):333–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin, Shari L. 2003. “A Woman’s Place is in the … Cardiovascular Room? Gender Relations, the Body and the Gym. Pp. 131–158 in Athletic Intruders: Ethnographic Research on Women, Culture, and Exercise, edited by in Anne Bolin and Jane Granksog. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrell, Jeff and Mark Hamm. 1998. Ethnography at the Edge: Crime, Deviance, and Field Research. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, Leslee A. 1997. “Building One’s Self Up”: Bodybuilding and the Construction of Identity among Professional Female Bodybuilders.” Pp. 135–161 in Building Bodies, edited by Pamela L. Moore. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, Leslee A. and Brenda Bredemeier. 2000. “Caring About Injustice: The Moral Self-Perceptions of Professional Female Bodybuilders.” Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 22:327–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes, Gordon, Leah Adams-Curtis, Katie Holmgren, and Kay White. 2004. “Perceptions of the Social and Personal Characteristics of Hypermuscular Women and of the Men Who Love Them.” The Journal of Social Psychology 144(5), 487–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth, Craig J. and Jessica Simpson. 2008. “Everything Changes Once you Hang: Flesh Hook Suspension.” Deviant Behavior 29(4):367–387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franck, L. 1984. “Exposure and Gender Effects in the Social Perception of Women Bodybuilders.” Journal of Sport Psychology 6:239–245.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, Harvey. 1988. “Social Perception of Bodybuilders.” Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 10:221–293.
   Google Scholar
• Gailey, Jeannine. 2009. “‘Starving is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have’: The Pro-Ana Subculture as Edgework.” Critical Criminology 17(2):93–108.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser, Barney and Anselm Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Chicago: Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Goldfield, Gary S. 2009. “Body Image, Disordered Eating and Anabolic Steroid Use in Female Bodybuilders.” Eating Disorders 17(3):200–210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grogan, Sarah, Ruth Evans, Sam Wright, and Geoff Hunter. 2004. “Femininity and Muscularity: Accounts of Seven Women Body Builders.” Journal of Gender Studies 13(1):49–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthrie, Sharon and Shirley Castelnuovo. 1992. “Elite Women Bodybuilders: Models of Resistance or Compliance.” Play & Culture 5:401–408.
   Google Scholar
• Halberstam, Judith. 1998. Female Masculinity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Halsey, Mark. 2008. “Narrating the Chase: Edgework and Young Peoples’ Experiences of Crime.” Pp. 105–117 in The Critical Criminology Companion. Sydney, NSW: Hawkins Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heywood, Leslie. 1998. Bodymakers: A Cultural Anatomy of Women’s Body Building. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ian, Marcia. 2001. “The Primitive Subject of Female Bodybuilding: Transgression and Other Postmodern Myths.” Differences: a Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 12(3):69–100.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, Lynda. 1996. “Flexing Femininity: Female Body-Builders Refiguring ‘The Body’.” Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 3(3):327–340.
   Google Scholar
• Lamar-Hildebrand, N., L. Saldanha, and J. Endres. 1989. “Dietary and Exercise Practices of College-Aged Female Bodybuilders.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 89(9):1308–1310.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laurendeau, Jason. 2006. “‘He Didn’t Go in Doing a Skydive’: Sustaining the Illusion of Control in an Edgework Activity.” Sociological Perspectives 49(4):583–605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurendeau, Jason. 2008. “‘Gendered Risk Regimes’: A Theoretical Consideration of Edgework and Gender.” Sociology of Sport Journal 25(3):293–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurendeau, Jason. 2011. “‘If You’re Reading This, It’s Because I’ve Died’: Masculinity and Relational Risk in BASE Jumping.” Sociology of Sport Journal 28:404–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurendeau, Jason and N. Shahara, 2008. “‘Women Could be Every Bit as Good as Guys’: Reproductive and Resistant Agency in Two ‘Action’ Sports.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 32(1): 24–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurendeau, Jason and E. G. Van Brunschot. 2006. “Policing the Edge: Risk and Social Control in Skydiving.” Deviant Behavior 27(2):173–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lois, Jennifer. 2001. “Peaks and Valleys: The Gendered Emotional Culture of Edgework.” Gender & Society 15:381–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lois, Jennifer. 2005. “Gender and Emotion Management in the Stages of Edgework.” Pp. 117–152 in Edgework: The Sociology of Risk-Taking, edited by Stephen Lyng. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe, Maria. 1998. Women of Steel: Female Bodybuilders and the Struggle for Self-Definition. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lyng, Stephen. 1990. “Edgework: A Social Psychological Analysis of Voluntary Risk Taking.” The American Journal of Sociology 95(4):851–886.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyng, Stephen. 1993. “Dysfunctional Risk Taking: Criminal Behavior as Edgework.” Pp. 107–130 in Adolescent Risk Taking, edited by Nancy Bell and Robert Bell. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
   Google Scholar
• Lyng, Stephen. 2004. “Crime, Edgework, and Corporeal Transaction.” Theoretical Criminology 8(3):359–375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyng, Stephen. 2005. Edgework: The Sociology of Risk-Taking. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lyng, Stephen and D. Snow. 1986. “Vocabularies of Motive and High-Risk Behavior: The Case of Skydiving.” Pp. 157–179 in Advances in Group Processes, edited by E. Lawler. Greenwich: JAI.
   Google Scholar
• Lyng, Stephen and Rick Matthews. 2007. “Risk, Edgework, and Masculinities.” Pp. 75–99 in Gendered Risks, edited by Kelly Hannah-Moffat and Pat O’Malley. Abingdon: Routledge-Cavendish.
   Google Scholar
• Lyng, Stephen, Rick Matthews, and William Miller. 2009. “Existentialism, Edgework, and the Contingent Body: Exploring the Criminological Implications of Ultimate Fighting.” Pp. 94–126 in Existentialist Criminology, edited by Don Crewe and Ronnie Lippens. London: Routledge-Cavendish.
   Google Scholar
• Martha, C. and Jason Laurendeau. 2010. “Are Perceived Comparative Risks Realistic Among High‐Risk Sports Participants?” International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 8(2):129–146.
   Google Scholar
• McGovern, Ruth and William McGovern. 2011. “Voluntary Risk-Taking and Heavy-End Crack Cocaine Use: An Edgework Perspective.” Health, Risk & Society 13(5):487–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath, Shelly and Ruth Chananie-Hill. 2009. “‘Big Freaky Looking Women’: Normalizing Gender Transgression through Bodybuilding.” Sociology of Sport Journal 26(2):235–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, Eleanor. 1991. “Assessing the Risk of Inattention to Class, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender: Comment on Lyng.” American Journal of Sociology 96:1530–1534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, Leslie and Otto Penz. 1991. “Talking Bodies: Female Bodybuilders Colonize a Male Preserve.” Quest 43:148–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, William and J. H. Frey. 1996. “Skydivers as Risk Takers: An Examination.” Humanity and Society 20(4):3–15.
   Google Scholar
• Monagan, Lee. 2001. Bodybuilding, Drugs, and Risk. New York: Routlege.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, Pamela L. 1997. “Feminist Bodybuilding, Sex, and the Interruption of Investigative Knowledge.” Pp. 74–86 in Building Bodies, edited by Pamela L. Moore. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, Stephen and Maurice Patterson. 2011. “Motorcycling Edgework: A Practice Theory Perspective.” Journal of Marketing Management 27(13–14):1322–1340.
   Google Scholar
• Newmahr, Staci. 2011. “Conceptualization of Edgework Chaos, Order, and Collaboration: Toward a Feminist Conceptualization of Edgework.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 40:682–712.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olstead, Riley. 2011. “Gender, Space and Fear: A Study of Women’s Edgework.” Emotion, Space and Society 4:86–94.
   Google Scholar
• Obel, Camilla. 1996. “Collapsing Gender in Competitive Bodybuilding: Researching Contractions and Ambiguity in Sport.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 31:185–202.
   Google Scholar
• Patton, Cindy. 2001. “Rock Hard: Judging the Female Physique.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 25(2):118–140.
   Google Scholar
• Probert, Anne, Farah Palmer, and Sarah Leberman. 2007. “The Fine Line: An Insight into ‘Risky’ Practices of Male and Female Competitive Bodybuilders.” Annals of Leisure Research 10(3/4):272–290.
   Google Scholar
• Quinn, James and Craig Forsyth. 2009. “Leathers and Rolexs: The Symbolism and Values of the Motorcycle Clubs.” Deviant Behavior 30:325–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajah, Valli. 2007. “Resistance as Edgework in Violent Intimate Relationships of Drug-Involved Women.” British Journal of Criminology 47(2):196–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, Niall. 2008. “Flex-Rated! Female Bodybuilding: Feminist Resistance or Erotic Spectacle?” Journal of Gender Studies 17(4):289–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roussel, Peggy and Jean Griffet. 2000. “The Path Chosen by Female Bodybuilders: A Tentative Interpretation.” Sociology of Sport Journal 17:130–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roussel, Peggy, Lee Monagan, Sophie Javerlhiac, and Fançois LeYondre. 2010. “The Metamorphosis of Female Bodybuilders: Judging a Paroxysmal Body?” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 45:103–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryckman, Richard, Deborah Dill, Nancy Dyer, Jennifer Sanborn, and Joel Gold. 1992. “Social Perceptions of Male and Female Extreme Mesomorphs.” The Journal of Social Psychology 132(5):615–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze, Laurie. 1997. “On the Muscle”. Pp. 9–30 in Building Bodies, edited by Pamela Moore. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, Amy. 2011. “Pumping up the Pomp: An Exploration of Femininity and Female Bodybuilding.” vis-à-vis: Explorations in Anthropology 11(1):70–88.
   Google Scholar
• Shea, B. Christine. 2001. “The Paradox of Pumping Iron: Female Bodybuilding as Resistance and Compliance.” Women and Language XXIV(2):42–46.
   Google Scholar
• Shilling, Chris and Tanya Bunsell. 2009. “The Female Bodybuilder as a Gender Outlaw.” Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise 1(2):141–159.
   Google Scholar
• Shover, Neal. 1996. Great Pretenders: Pursuits and Careers of Persistent Thieves. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Charles. 2005. “Financial edgework: Trading in Market Currents.” Pp. 187–200 in Edgework: The Sociology of Risk-Taking, edited by Stephen Lyng. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, D. and B. Hale. 2004. “Validity and Factor Structure of the Bodybuilding Dependence Scale.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 38:177–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St Martin, Leena and Nicola Gavey. 1996. “Women’s Bodybuilding: Feminist Resistance and/or Femininity’s Recuperation?” Body & Society 2:45–57.
   Google Scholar
• Stoddart, Mark. 2010. “Constructing Masculinized Sportscapes: Skiing, Gender and Nature in British Columbia, Canada.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 46(1):108–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theberge, Nancy. 1991. “Reflections on the Body in the Sociology of Sport.” Quest 4:123–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, William. 2008. “Pseudo-Deviance and the ‘New Biker’ Subculture: Hogs, Blogs, Leathers, and Lattes.” Deviant Behavior 30:89–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walberg-Rankin, Janet, C. Edmonds, and F. Gwazdauskas. 1993. “Diet and Weight Changes of Female Bodybuilders Before and After Competition.” International Journal of Sport Nutrition 3 (1):87–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, Gordon, Thomas Hinch, and A. J. Weighill. 2005. “Inter- and Intra-Gender Similarities and Differences in Motivations for Casino Gambling.” Leisure Sciences 27:111–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weider, Betty and Joe Weider. 1981. The Weider Book of Bodybuilding for Women. Chicago, IL: Contemporary Books.
   Google Scholar
• Wesely, Jennifer K. 2001. “Negotiating Gender: Bodybuilding and the Natural//Unnatural Continuum.” Sociology of Sport Journal 18:162–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wexler, Mark. 2010. “Financial Edgework and the Persistence of Rogue Traders.” Business and Society Review 115(1):1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Young, Kevin and Phillip White. 2005. “Sport, Physical Danger, and Injury: The Experiences of Elite Women Athletes.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 19:45–61.
   Google Scholar