Terrorism Outside the Proverbial Vacuum: Implications for the Moral Context

References

• Ackerman, Gary A. 2003. “Beyond Arson? A Threat Assessment of the Earth Liberation Front.” Terrorism and Political Violence 15(4): 143–170.
   Google Scholar
• Antonaccio, Olena and Charles R. Tittle. 2008. “Morality, Self‐Control, and Crime.” Criminology 46(2): 479–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atran, Scott. 2006. “The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism.” Washington Quarterly 29(2): 127–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachman, Ronet, Raymond Paternoster, and Sally Ward. 1992. “The Rationality of Sexual Offending: Testing a Deterrence/Rational Choice Conception of Sexual Assault.” Law and Society Review 26(2): 343–372.
   Google Scholar
• Bartholomew, Brad. 2012. “The Utility of Deterrence-Based Sanctions in the Prevention of Violence against Abortion Providers: Testing a Blended Model of Deterrence and Backlash.” ProQuest, UMI Dissertation Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Bouhana, Noemie and Per-Olof Wikstrom. 2011. “Al Qai’da-Influenced Radicalisation: A Rapid Evidence Assessment Guided by Situational Action Theory.” UK Home Office, Office for Security and Counter-terrorism.
   Google Scholar
• Bouhana, Noemie and Per-Olof Wikstrom. 2008. “Theorizing Terrorism: Terrorism as Moral Action. A Scoping Study. 2 Retrieved January 6, 2010 (http://www.jdi.ucl.ac.uk).
   Google Scholar
• Carson, Jennifer Varriale. 2014. “Counterterrorism and Radical Eco-Groups: A Context for Exploring the Series Hazard Model.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 30(3): 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, Jennifer Varriale, Gary LaFree, and Laura Dugan. 2012. “Terrorist and Non-Terrorist Criminal Attacks by Radical Environmental and Animal Rights Groups in the United States, 1970–2007.” Terrorism and Political Violence 24(2): 295–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dugan, Laura. 2011. “The Series Hazard Model: An Alternative to Time Series for Event Data.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 27(3):379–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dugan, Laura and Erica Chenoweth. 2012. “Moving Beyond Deterrence: The Effectiveness of Raising the Expected Utility of Abstaining from Terrorism in Israel.” American Sociological Review 77(4):597–624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dugan, Laura, Julie Y. Huang, Gary LaFree, and Clark McCauley. 2008. “Sudden Desistance from Terrorism: The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia and the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide.” Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 1(3):231–249.
   Google Scholar
• Dugan, Laura, Gary LaFree, and Alex R. Piquero. 2005. “Testing a Rational Choice Model of Airline Hijackings.” Pp. 340–361 in Intelligence and Security Informatics. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Eagan, Sean P. 1996. “From Spikes to Bombs: The Rise of Eco‐Terrorism.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 19(1):1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Eidelson, Roy J. and Clark McCauley. 2009. “U.S. Polls: Trends in Sympathy for Right-Wing and Muslim Extremism.” Unpublished manuscript. Bryn Mawr College.
   Google Scholar
• Enders, Walter and Todd Sandler. 1993. “The Effectiveness of Antiterrorism Policies: A Vector-Autoregression-Intervention Analysis.” The American Political Science Review 87:829–844.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enders, Walter and Todd Sandler. 2000. “Is Transnational Terrorism becoming More? A Time-Series Investigation.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 44(3):307–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enders, Walter, Todd Sandier, and Jon Cauley. 1990. “UN Conventions, Technology and Retaliation in the Fight against Terrorism: An Econometric Evaluation.” Terrorism and Political Violence 2(1): 83–105.
   Google Scholar
• Freilich, Joshua D., Steven M. Chermak, and Joseph Simone Jr. 2009. “Surveying American State Police Agencies about Terrorism Threats, Terrorism Sources, and Terrorism Definitions.” Terrorism and Political Violence 21(3): 450–475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallupe, Owen and Stephen W. Baron. 2010. “Morality, Self-Control, Deterrence, and Drug Use: Street Youths and Situational Action Theory.” Crime & Delinquency. doi:10.1177/0011128709359661.
   Google Scholar
• Grasmick, Harold G. and Donald E. Green. “Legal Punishment, Social Disapproval and Internationalization as Inhibitors of Illegal Behavior.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 71(3) (1980):325–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasmick, Harold G. and Robert J. Bursik Jr. 1990. “Conscience, Significant Others, and Rational Choice: Extending the Deterrence Model.” Law and Society Review: 837–861.
   Google Scholar
• Haar, Dirk-Hinrich, and Per-Olof H. Wikström. 2010. “Crime Propensity, Criminogenic Exposure and Violent Scenario Responses: Testing Situational Action Theory in Regression and Rasch Models.” European Journal of Applied Mathematics 21(4–5): 307–323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamm, Mark S. 2007. Terrorism as Crime: from Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and Beyond. NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, Seth G. and Martin C. Libicki. 2008. How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering Al Qa’ida. RAND Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Kenney, Dennis Jay, and Melissa Reuland. 2002. “Public Order Policing: A National Survey of Abortion-Related Conflict.” Journal of Criminal Justice 30(5):355–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaFree, Gary and Gary Ackerman. 2009. “The Empirical Study of Terrorism: Social and Legal Research.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 5:347–374.
   Google Scholar
• LaFree, Gary and Laura Dugan. 2007. “Introducing the Global Terrorism Database.” Terrorism and Political Violence 19(2):181–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaFree, Gary, Laura Dugan, and Raven Korte. 2009. “The Impact of British Counterterrorist Strategies on Political Violence in Northern Ireland: Comparing Deterrence and Backlash Models.” Criminology 47(1):17–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaFree, Gary, Sue-Ming Yang, and Martha Crenshaw. 2009. “Trajectories of Terrorism: AttackPatterns of Foreign Groups that have Targeted the United States, 1970 to 2004.”Criminology and Public Policy 8(3):445–473.
   Google Scholar
• Landes, William M. 1978. “An Economic Study of US Aircraft Hijacking, 1961–1976.” Journal of Law and Economics: 1–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, John E. 2005. Congressional Testimony before Senate Committee on Environmentand Public Works. Retrieved from (http://www2.fbi.gov/congress/congress05/lewis051805.htm).
   Google Scholar
• Liddick, Don. 2006. Eco-Terrorism: Radical Environmental and Animal Liberation Movements. Greenwood Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Liddick, Don. 2013. “Techniques of Neutralization and Animal Rights Activists.” Deviant Behavior 34(8): 618–634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lum, Cynthia, Leslie W. Kennedy, and Alison Sherley. 2006. “Are Counter-Terrorism Strategies Effective? The Results of the Campbell Systematic Review on Counter-Terrorism Evaluation Research.” Journal of Experimental Criminology 2(4): 489–516.
   Google Scholar
• National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START).2013. Global Terrorism Database [Codebook]. Retrieved June 15, 2013 (http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd).
   Google Scholar
• Paternoster, Raymond and Sally Simpson. 1996. “Sanction Threats and Appeals to Morality: Testing a Rational Choice Model of Corporate Crime.” Law and Society Review 30:549–583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauwels, Lieven. 2011. “Adolescent Offending and the Segregation of Poverty in Urban Neighbourhoods and Schools: An Assessment of Contextual Effects from the Standpoint of Situational Action Theory.” Urban Studies Research. doi:10.1155/2011/659768
   Google Scholar
• Piquero, Alex R., Raymond Paternoster, Greg Pogarsky, and Thomas Loughran. 2011. “Elaborating the Individual Difference Component in Deterrence Theory.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 7:335–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pridemore, William Alex, Mitchell B. Chamlin, and Adam Trahan. 2008. “A Test of Competing Hypotheses about Homicide Following Terrorist Atacks: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis of September 11 and Oklahoma City.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 24(4): 381–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pridemore, William Alex and Joshua D. Freilich. 2007. “The Impact of State Laws Protecting Abortion Clinics and Reproductive Rights on Crimes Against Abortion Providers: Deterrence, Backlash, or Neither?” Law and Human Behavior 31(6):611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Brent L., Jackson Cothren, Paxton Roberts, and Kelly R. Damphousse. 2009. Terrorism in Time and Space. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Wheatley, Joseph and Clark McCauley. 2008. “Losing Your Audience: Desistance from Terrorism in Egypt after Luxor.” Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 1(3):250–268.
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, Per-Olof H. 2006. “Individuals, Settings, and Acts of Crime: Situational Mechanisms and the Explanation of Crime.” The Explanation of Crime: Context, Mechanisms and Development: 61–107.
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, Per-Olof H. 2010. Handbook of the Sociology of Morality. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, Per-Olof H. 2011. “Does Everything Matter? Addressing the Problem of Causation and Explanation in the Study of Crime.” When Crime Appears: The Role of Emergence: 53–72.
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, Per-Olof H. 2012. “Individuals’ Situational Criminal Actions.” The Future of Criminology: 55.
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, Per-Olof H. 2014. “Why Crime Happens: A Situational Action Theory.” In G. Manzo (Ed.) Analytical Sociology: Actions and Networks (pp. 74–94). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, Per-Olof H., Andromachi Tseloni, and Dimitris Karlis. 2011. “Do People Comply with the Law because They Fear Getting Caught?” European Journal of Criminology 8(5): 401–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikström, Per-Olof H., Vania Ceccato, Beth Hardie, and Kyle Treiber. 2010. “Activity Fields and the Dynamics of Crime.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 26(1):55–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar