634
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Re-Considering the Structural Covariates of Gun Crime: An Examination of Direct and Moderated Effects

, &
Pages 208-225 | Received 03 Dec 2015, Accepted 28 Jan 2016, Published online: 13 Jul 2016

References

  • Agnew, Robert. 1999. “A General Strain Theory of Community Differences in Crime Rates.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 36(2):123–155.
  • Akiyama, Yoshio and James Nolan. 1999. “Methods for Understanding and Analyzing NIBRS Data.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 15(2):225–238.
  • Allison, Paul D. 1999. Multiple Regression: A Primer. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge.
  • Barnett-Ryan, Cynthia and Gregory Swanson. 2008. “The Role of State Programs in NIBRS Data Quality: A Case Study of Two States.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 24(1):18–31.
  • Beckett, Katherine, Kris Nyrop, Lori Pfingst, and Melissa Bowen. 2005. “Drug Use, Drug Possession Arrests, and the Question of Race: Lessons from Seattle” Social Problems 52(3):419–441.
  • Berthelot, Emily R., Troy Blanchard, and Timothy C. Brown. 2008. “Scots-Irish Women and the Southern Culture of Violence: The Influence of Scots-Irish Females on High Rates of Southern Violence.” Southern Rural Sociology 23(2):157–170.
  • Blau, Judith R. and Peter M. Blau. 1982. “The Cost of Inequality: Metropolitan Structure and Violent Crime.” American Sociological Review 47:114–129.
  • Blumstein, Alfred. 1995. “Youth Violence, Guns, and the Illicit-Drug Industry.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:10–36.
  • Brown, Timothy C. and William B. Bankston. 2006. “Some People Deserve Killin’: An Individual-Level Test of the Southern Subculture of Violence Thesis.” International Journal of Crime, Criminal Law, and Law 1(2):243–252.
  • Burgason, Kyle A., Shaun A. Thomas, and Emily R. Berthelot. 2014. “The Nature of Violence: A Multilevel Analysis of Gun Use and Victim Injury in Violent Interpersonal Encounters.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 29(3):371–393.
  • Burgason, Kyle A., Shaun A. Thomas, Emily R. Berthelot, and L. Chris Burkey. 2014. “Gats and Gashes: Street Culture and Distinctions in the Nature of Violence between Youth and Adult Offenders.” Deviant Behavior 35:534–554.
  • Bursik, Robert J. 1988. “Social Disorganization and Theories of Crime and Delinquency: Problems and Prospects.” Criminology 26(4):519–552.
  • Bursik, Robert J. and Harold G. Grasmick. 1993. Neighborhoods and Crime: The Dimension of Effective Community Control. New York: Lexington.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2013. “Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System.” Retrieved June 28, 2015 (http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html).
  • Cerda, Magdalena, Steven F. Messner, Melissa Tracy, David Vlahov, Emily Goldmann, Kenneth J. Tardiff, and Sandro Galea. 2010. “Investigating the Effect of Social Changes on Age-Specific Gun Related Homicide Rates in New York City During the 1990s.” American Journal of Public Health 100(6):1107–1115.
  • Cloward, Richard A. and Lloyd E. Ohlin. 1960. Delinquency and Opportunity: A Study of Delinquent Gangs. New York: Free Press.
  • Cohen, Albert K. 1955. Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang. New York: Free Press.
  • Cohen, Lawrence and Kenneth C. Land. 1987. “Age Structure and Crime: Symmetry vs. Asymmetry, and the Projection of Crime Rates through the 1990s.” American Sociological Review 52(2):170–183.
  • Cook, Philip J. 1979. “The Effect of Gun Availability on Robbery and Robbery Murder: A Cross-Section Study of Fifty Cities.” Policy Studies Review Annual 3:743–781.
  • Egerton, John. 1974. The Americanization of Dixie: The Southernization of America. New York: Harper’s Magazine Press.
  • Faggiani, Donald and Colleen McLaughlin. 1999. “Using National Incident-Based Reporting System Data for Strategic Crime Analysis.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 15(2): 181–191.
  • Fox, James A. and Monica J. DeLateur. 2013. “Mass Shootings in America: Moving Beyond Newtown.” Homicide Studies 18(1):125–145.
  • Gastil, Raymond D. 1971. “Homicide and a Regional Culture of Violence.” American Sociological Review 36:412–427.
  • Gastil, Raymond D. 1978. “Comments.” Criminology 16:60–65.
  • Hackney, Sheldon. 1969. “Southern Violence.” The American Historical Review 74:906–925.
  • Hepburn, Lisa M. and David Hemenway. 2004. “Firearm Availability and Homicide: A Review of the Literature.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 9(4):417–440.
  • Huff-Corzine, Lin, Jay Corzine, and David Moore. 1986. “Southern Exposure: Deciphering the South’s Influence on Homicide Rates.” Social Forces 64:906–924.
  • Inciardi, James A. 1978. “The Uniform Crime Reports: Some Considerations on Their Shortcomings and Utility.” Public Data Use 6(6):3–16.
  • Jang, Hyunseok, Rick Dierenfeldt, and Chang-Hun Lee. 2014. “Who Wants to Allow Concealed Weapons on the College Campus?” Security Journal 27(3):304–319.
  • Kates, Don B. and Gary A. Mauser. 2007. “Would Banning Firearms Reduce Murder and Suicide? A Review of International and Some Domestic Evidence.” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 30(2):649–694.
  • Kleck, Gary. 1997. Targeting Guns. New York: Aldine.
  • Kleck, Gary. 2001a. “The Frequency of Defensive Gun Use.” Pp. 213–284 in Armed, edited by G. Kleck and D. B. Kates. New York: Prometheus.
  • Kleck, Gary. 2001b. “Impossible Policy Evaluations and Impossible Conclusions: A Comment on Koper and Roth.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 17(1):75–80.
  • Kleck, Gary. 2004. “Measures of Gun Ownership Levels for Macro-Level Crime and Violence Research.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 41(1):3–36.
  • Kleck, Gary. 2015. “The Impact of Gun Ownership Rates on Crime Rates: A Methodological Review of the Evidence.” Journal of Criminal Justice 43:40–48.
  • Kleck, Gary and Miriam A. DeLone. 1993. “Victim Resistance and Offender Weapon Effects in Robbery.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 9(1):55–81.
  • Kleck, Gary and Michael Hogan. 1999. “National Case-Control Study of Homicide Offending and Gun Ownership.” Social Problems 46(2):275–293.
  • Kleck, Gary and Britt Patterson. 1993. “The Impact of Gun Control and Gun Ownership Levels on Violence Rates.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 9:249–287.
  • Koper, Christopher S. and Jeffrey A. Roth. 2001a. “The Impact of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapon Ban on Gun Violence Outcomes: An Assessment of Multiple Outcome Measures and Some Lessons for Policy.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 17(1):33–74.
  • Koper, Christopher S. and Jeffrey A. Roth. 2001b. “A Priori Assertions Versus Empirical Inquiry: A Reply to Kleck.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 17(1):81–88.
  • Kovandzic, Tomislav V., Mark E. Schaffer, and Gary Kleck. 2013. “Estimating the Causal Effect of Gun Prevalence on Homicide Rates: A Local Average Treatment Effect Approach.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 29(4):477–541.
  • Krivo, Lauren J. and Ruth D. Peterson. 1996. “Extremely Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Urban Crime.” Social Forces 75:619–650.
  • Krivo, Lauren J. and Ruth D. Peterson. 2000. “The Structural Context of Homicide: Accounting for Racial Differences in Process.” American Sociological Review 65:547–559.
  • Krohn, Marvin D., Alan J. Lizottte, and Cynthia M. Perez. 1997. “The Interrelationship between Substance Use and Precocious Transitions to Adult Statuses.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 38(1):87–103.
  • Laub, John H. and Robert J Sampson. 1993. “Turning Points in the Life Course: Why Change Matters to the Study of Crime.” Criminology 31:301–325.
  • Lee, Matthew R. 2008. “Civic Community in the Hinterland: Toward a Theory of Rural Social Structure and Violence.” Criminology 46(2):447–478.
  • Lee, Matthew R., William B. Bankston, Timothy C. Hayes, and Shaun A. Thomas. 2007. “Revisiting the Southern Culture of Violence.” The Sociological Quarterly 48:253–275.
  • Lee, Matthew R., Timothy C. Hayes, and Shaun A. Thomas. 2008. “Regional Variation in the Effect of Structural Factors on Homicide in Rural Areas.” The Social Science Journal 45:76–94.
  • Lee, Matthew R., Shaun A. Thomas, and Graham C. Ousey. 2009. “Southern Culture and Homicide: Examining the Cracker Culture/Black Rednecks Thesis.” Deviant Behavior 31(1):60–96.
  • Loftin, Colin and Robert H. Hill. 1974. “Regional Subculture and Homicide: An Examination of the Gastil-Hackney Thesis.” American Sociological Review 39:714–724.
  • Long, J. Scott and Jeremy Freese. 2006. Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables using STATA. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
  • Lott, John R. 2013. More Guns, Less Crime: Understanding Crime and Gun Control Laws. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Maume, Michael O. and Matthew R. Lee. 2003. “Social Institutions and Violence: A Sub-National Test of Institutional Anomie Theory.” Criminology 41(4):1137–1172.
  • McCall, Patricia L., Kenneth C. Land, and Lawrence E. Cohen. 1992. “Violent Criminal Behavior: Is there a General and Continuing Influence of the South?” Social Science Research 21(3):286–310.
  • McCall, Patricia L., Kenneth C. Land, and Karen F. Parker. 2010. “An Empirical Assessment of What We Know About Structural Covariates of Homicide Rates: A Return to a Classic 20 Years Later.” Homicide Studies 14:219–243.
  • McCall, Patricia L., Kenneth C. Land, Cindy B. Dollar, and Karen F. Parker. 2013. “The Age Structure-Crime Rate Relationship: Solving a Long-Standing Puzzle.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 29(2):167–190.
  • McDowall, David. 1986. “Gun Availability and Robbery Rates: A Panel Study of Large U.S. Cities, 1974–1978.” Law and Policy 8:135–148.
  • McDowall, David. 1991. “Firearm Availability and Homicide Rates in Detroit, 1951–1986.” Social Forces 69:1085–1101.
  • McNulty, Thomas L. 2001. “Assessing the Race-Violence Relationship at the Macro Level: The Assumption of Racial Invariance and the Problem of Restricted Distributions.” Criminology 39(2):467–490.
  • McWhiney, Grady. 1989. Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
  • Merton, Robert K. 1938. “Social Structure and Anomie.” American Sociological Review 3:672–682.
  • Messner, Steven F. 1983a. “Regional Differences in the Economic Correlates of the Urban Homicide Rate.” Criminology 21(4):477–488.
  • Messner, Steven F. 1983b. “Regional and Racial Effects on the Urban Homicide Rate: The Subculture of Violence Revisited.” American Journal of Sociology 88(5):997–1007.
  • Messner, Steven F. and Richard Rosenfeld. 1997. Crime and the American Dream. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
  • Moffitt, Terri E. 1993. “Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior: A Developmental Taxonomy.” Psychological Review 100(4):674–701.
  • Newton, George D. and Franklin E. Zimring. 1969. Firearms and Violence in American Life: A Staff Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Nisbett, Richard E. and Dov Cohen. 1996. Culture of Honor: The Psychology of Violence in the South. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Osgood, D. Wayne. 2000. “Poisson-Based Regression Analysis of Aggregate Crime Rates.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 16(1):21–43.
  • Osgood, D. Wayne and Jeff M. Chambers. 2000. “Social Disorganization Outside the Metropolis: An Analysis of Rural Youth Violence.” Criminology 38(1):81–116.
  • Ousey, Graham C. and Matthew R. Lee. 2002. “Examining the Conditional Nature of the Illicit Drug-Market Homicide Relationship: A Partial Test of the Theory of Contingent Causation.” Criminology 40(1):73–102.
  • Parker, Karen F. 2001. “A Move Toward Specificity: Examining Urban Disadvantage and Race-and Relationship-Specific Homicide Rates.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 17(1):89–110.
  • Peterson, Ruth D. and Lauren J. Krivo. 1993. “Racial Segregation and Black Urban Homicide.” Social Forces 71:1001–1026.
  • Peterson, Ruth D. and Lauren J. Krivo. 2005. “Macrostructural Analysis of Race, Ethnicity, and Violent Crime: Recent Lessons and New Directions for Research.” Annual Review of Sociology 31:331–356.
  • Reed, John S. 1982. One South: An Ethnic Approach to Regional Culture. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
  • Sampson, Robert J. and W. Byron Groves. 1989. “Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 94(4):774–802.
  • Sampson, Robert J. and John H. Laub. 1992. “Crime and Deviance in the Life Course.” Annual Review of Sociology 18:63–84.
  • Shaw, Clifford R. and Henry D. McKay. 1942. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas: A Study of Rates of Delinquency in Relation to Differential Characteristics of Local Communities in American Cities. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Smith, M. Dwayne and Robert N. Parker. 1980. “Type of Homicide and Variation in Regional Rates.” Social Forces 59:136–147.
  • Southwick, Lawrence. 2000. “Self-Defense with Guns: The Consequences.” Journal of Criminal Justice 28(5):351–370.
  • Sowell, Thomas. 2005. Black Rednecks and White Liberals. San Francisco, CA: Encounter Books.
  • Spano, Richard. 2012. “First Time Gun Carrying and the Primary Prevention of Youth Gun Violence for African American Youth Living in Extreme Poverty.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 17:83–88.
  • Spano, Richard and John M. Bolland. 2011. “Is the Nexus of Gang Membership, Exposure to Violence, and Violent Behavior a Key Determinant of First Time Gun Carrying for Urban Minority Youth?” Justice Quarterly 28:838–862.
  • Spano, Richard, William A. Pridemore, and John M. Bolland. 2012. “Specifying the Role of Exposure to Violence and Violent Behavior on Initiation of Gun Carrying: A Longitudinal Test of Three Models of Youth Gun Carrying.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 27:158–176.
  • Steffensmeier, Darrell and Dana Haynie. 2000. “Gender, Structural Disadvantage, and Urban Crime: Do Macrosocial Variables Also Explain Female Offending Rates?” Criminology 38(2):403–438.
  • Steffensmeier, Darrell and Cathy Streifel. 1991. “Age, Gender, and Crime across Three Historical Periods: 1935, 1960, and 1985.” Social Forces 69(3):869–894.
  • Stolzenberg, Lisa and Steward J. D’Alessio. 2000. “Gun Availability and Violent Crime: New Evidence from the National Incident-Based Reporting System.” Social Forces 78 (4): 1461–1482.
  • Thomas, Shaun A. and Edward S. Shihadeh. 2013. “Institutional Isolation and Crime: The Mediating Effect of Disengaged Youth on Levels of Crime.” Social Science Research 42(5):1167–1179.
  • Wooldredge, John and Amy Thistlewaite. 2003. “Neighborhood Structure and Race-Specific Rates of Intimate Assault.” Criminology 41(2):393–422.
  • Wright, James D. and Peter H. Rossi. 1986. Armed and Considered Dangerous: A Survey of Felons and Their Weapons. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
  • Zimring, Franklin E. 1989. “The Problem of Assault Firearms.” Crime & Delinquency 35(4):538–545.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.