An Evolving Gang Model in Contemporary Scotland

References

• Agnew, Robert. 2013. “When Criminal Coping is Likely: An Extension of General Strain Theory.” Deviant Behavior 34:653–670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso, Alejandro A. 2004. “Racialized Identities and the Formation of Black Gangs in Los Angeles.” Urban Geography 25(7):658–674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, Elijah. 1999. Code of the Street. New York: W. W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Bartie, Angela. 2010. “Moral Panics and Glasgow Gangs: exploring the New Wave into Glasgow Hooliganism, 1965–1970.” Contemporary British History 24(3):385–408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, Howard. 1963. Outsiders. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, Trevor and Kate Holloway. 2004. “Gang Membership, Drugs and Crime in the UK.” British Journal of Criminology 44(3):305–323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhopal, Kalwant and Ross Deuchar. 2016. Researching Marginalized Groups. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bolden, Christian L. 2012. “Liquid Soldiers: Fluidity and Gang Membership.” Deviant Behavior 33:207–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullock, Karen and Nicolas Tilley. 2003. Crime Reduction and Problem-oriented Policing. Devon: Willian Publishing
   Google Scholar
• Boyle, James. 1977. A Sense of Freedom. London: Pan Books.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, Anne and Steven Muncer. 1989. “Them and Us: A Comparison of the CulturalContext of American Gangs and British Subcultures.” Deviant Behavior 10: 271–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobbina, Jennifer E., Toya Z. Like-Haislip, and Jody Miller 2010. “Gang Fights versus Cat Fights: Urban Young Men’s Gendered Narratives of Violence.” Deviant Behavior 31:596–624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coope, Samantha and Nick Bland. 2004. Reducing the Impact of Local Drug Markets: A Research Review. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, John W. 1994. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, Andrew. 1998. “Street Gangs, Crime and Policing in Glasgow during the 1930s: The Case of the Beehive Boys.” Social History 23(3):3–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, Andrew.. 2007. “The Scottish Chicago? From Hooligans to Glasgow in the Late 1920’s.” Cultural and Social History 4(4):511–527.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, Andrew. 2013. City of Gangs: Glasgow and the Rise of the British Gangster. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
   Google Scholar
• De Coster, Stacey and Karen Heimer. 2001. “The Relationship Between Law Violation and Depression.” Journal of Criminology 39(4):799–836.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Motte, Charles. 1984. “Conflicting Worlds of Meaning: Juvenile delinquency in 19th Century Manchester.” Deviant Behavior 5:193–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decker, Scott H. and Barrik Van Winkle. 1996. Life in the Gang. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press
   Google Scholar
• Densley, James A. 2012. “The Organisation of London’s Street Gangs.” Global Crime 13(1):42–64.
   Google Scholar
• Densley, James A.. 2013. How Gangs Work: An Ethnography of Youth Violence. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Deuchar, Ross. 2009. Gangs, Marginalised Youth and Social Capital. Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books.
   Google Scholar
• Deuchar, Ross.. 2013. Policing Youth Violence: Transatlantic Connections. London: Trentham Books/IOE Press.
   Google Scholar
• Deuchar, Ross, Johanne Miller, and Mark Barrow. 2015. “Breaking Down Barriers with the Usual Suspects: Findings from a Research-informed Intervention with Police, Young People and Residents in the West of Scotland.” Youth Justice 15(1):57–75.
   Google Scholar
• Downes, David. M. (1966). The Delinquent Solution. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
   Google Scholar
• El Sayed, Sarah A., Daniel F. Pacheco, and Robert G. Morris. 2016. “The Link between Onset Age and Adult Offending: The Role of Developmental Profiles.” Deviant Behavior 37(9):989–1002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fader, Jamie J. 2016. “Criminal Family Networks: Criminal Capital and Cost Avoidance among Urban Drug Sellers.” Deviant Behavior 37(11):1325–1340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrington David P., Jeremy W. Coid, and Joseph Murray. 2009. “Family Factors in the Intergenerational Transmission of Offending.” Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 19(2):109–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, Alistair. 2013. “Street Habitus: Gangs, Territorialism and Social Change in Glasgow.” Journal of Youth Studies 16(8):970–985.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallsworth, Simon and Tara Young. 2008. “Gang Talk and Gang Talkers: A Critique”. Crime, Media Culture 4(2):175–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallsworth, Simon. 2014. “Gang Talking Criminologists: A Rejoinder to John Pitts.” Youth and Policy 112:35–43.
   Google Scholar
• Hallsworth, Simon and David Brotherton. 2011. Urban Disorder and Gangs: A Critique and a Warning. London: Runnymede.
   Google Scholar
• Hallsworth, Simon and Tara Young. 2004. “Getting Real About Gangs”. Criminal Justice Matters 55:12–13.
   Google Scholar
• Hallsworth, Simon and Tara Young. 2006. Urban Collectives: Gangs and other Groups. Report for Operation Cruise. London: HM Government/Metropolitan Police.
   Google Scholar
• Hallsworth, Simon and Tara Young. 2008. “Gang Talk and Gang Talkers: A Critique.” Crime, Media Culture 4(2):175–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding, Simon. 2014. The Street Casino: Survival in Violent Street Gangs. Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hagedorn, John M. 1994. “Neighbourhoods, Markets and Gang Drug Organization.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 31:264–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagedorn, John M. 1998. People and Folks: Gangs, Crime and the Underclass in a Rustbelt City, Chicago: Washington, DC: Lakeview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hazani, Moshe. 1986. “A Path to Deviance: A Multi‐stage Process.” Deviant Behavior 7:159 –174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holligan, Chris and Ross Deuchar. 2009. “Territorialities in Scotland: Perceptions of Young People in Scotland.” Journal of Youth Studies 12 (6):727–742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HM Government. 2011. Ending Gang and Youth Violence: A Cross-Government Report including Further Evidence and Good Practice Case Studies. London: Home Office.
   Google Scholar
• Holligan, Chris, Robert McLean, and Ross Deuchar. 2016. “‘Don’t You Know Glasgow’s the Sab Capital of the World?’ Understanding the Narratives about Weapon Carrying Among Working-Class Teenage Boys in Glasgow.” Critical Criminology: An International Journal. DOI 10.1007/s10612-016-9336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintrea, Keith, Jonathan Bannister, Jonathan Pickering, and Margret Reid. 2008. Young People and Territoriality in British Cities. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation
   Google Scholar
• Klein, Malcolm W. 1971. Street Gangs and Street Workers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, Malcolm W., Hans-Jürgen Kerner, Cheryl L. Maxson, and Elmar G. M. Weitekamp. 2001. The Eurogang Paradox: Street Gangs and Youth Groups in the U.S. and Europe. California: Springer Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Lawson, Robert. 2013. “The Construction of ‘Tough’ Masculinity: Negotiation, Alignment and Rejection.” Gender and Language 7(3):369–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindegaard, Marie R and Scott Jacques. 2014. “Agency as a Cause of Crime”. Deviant Behavior 35:85–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mares, Dennis. 1999. “Globalization and Gangs: The Manchester Case.” Focaal 35:135–155.
   Google Scholar
• McHoul, Alec and Wendy Grace. 2015. A Foucault Primer: Discourse, Power and the Subject. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Matza, David. 1964. Delinquency and Drift. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• McAra, Lesley and Susan McVie. 2010. Youth Crime and Justice: Key Messages from the Edinburgh Study of Youth Transitions and Crime. Criminology and Criminal Justice. 1–32
   Google Scholar
• McLean, Robert. (Forthcoming). Discovering Young Crime Gangs in Glasgow: Street gang Organisation as a Means for Gang Business. Unpublished Thesis. University West of Scotland
   Google Scholar
• McPhee, Iain. 2013. The Intentionally Unseen: Illicit & Illegal Drug use in Scotland. Saarbrucken, Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing
   Google Scholar
• Miller, Johanne. 2015. In Every Scheme there is a Team: A Grounded Theory of how Young People Grow in and out of Gangs in Glasgow. Unpublished Thesis. University West of Scotland.
   Google Scholar
• National Crime Agency. 2013. Serious and Organised Crime Strategy. London: Home Office/HM Government.
   Google Scholar
• Patrick, James. 1973. A Glasgow Gang Observed. Wiltshire: Redwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pitts, John. 2008. Reluctant Gangsters: The Changing Face of Youth Crime. Devon: Willan Publishing
   Google Scholar
• Pitts, John. 2012. “Reluctant Criminologists: Criminology, Ideology and the Violent Youth Gang.” Youth Policy, 109:27–45.
   Google Scholar
• Quinn, James F. 2001. “Angels, Bandidos, Outlaws, and Pagans: The Evolution of Organized Crime among the Big Four 1% Motorcycle Clubs.” Deviant Behavior 22:379–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roger, John J. 2008. Criminalising Social Policy: Anti-social Behaviour and Welfare in a De-civilized Society. Devon: Willian Publishing
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Government. 2012. Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation. Edinburgh: Scottish Government.
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Government. 2015. Scotland Serious Organised Crime Strategy Report. Edinburgh: Scottish Government
   Google Scholar
• Sillitoe, Percy Sir. 1956. Cloak without Dagger. London: Pan.
   Google Scholar
• Thornberry, Terence P., Marvin D. Krohn, Alan J. Lizotte, Carolyn A. Smith, and Kimberly Tobin. 2003. Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vigil, James D. 1988. Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California. Austin TX: University Texas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Violence Reduction Unit. 2011. The Violence Must Stop: Glasgow’s Community Initiative to Reduce Violence. Second year report. Glasgow: VRU.
   Google Scholar