A Preliminary Test of the Association between Agnew’s Social Concern and Criminal Behavior: Results from a Nationally Representative Sample of Adults

References

• Agnew, Robert. 1992. “Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency.” Criminology 30:47–87. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew, Robert. 2001. “Building on the Foundation of General Strain Theory: Specifying the Types of Strain Most Likely to Lead to Crime and Delinquency.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 38:319–61. doi:10.1177/0022427801038004001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew, Robert. 2007. Pressured into Crime: An Overview of General Strain Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Agnew, Robert. 2011. Toward a Unified Criminology: Integrating Assumptions about Crime, People, and Society. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Agnew, Robert. 2014. “2013 Presidential Address to the American Society of Criminology: Social Concern and Crime: Moving beyond the Assumption of Simple Self-Interest.” Criminology 52:1–32. doi:10.1111/crim.2014.52.issue-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew, Robert and Helene R. White. 1992. “An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory.” Criminology 30:475–99. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01113.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akers, Ronald L. 1977. Deviant Behavior: A Social Learning Approach. Belmont: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Akers, Ronald. L. 1998. Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baldasaro, Ruth E., Michael J. Shanahan, and Danial J. Bauer. 2013. “Psychometric Properties of the Mini-IPIP in a Large, Nationally Representative Sample of Young Adults.” Journal of Personality Assessment 95:74–84. doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.700466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, J. C., Kevin M. Beaver, Jacob T. N Young, and TenEyck. Michael. 2014. “A Behavior Genetic Analysis of the Tendency for Youth to Associate according to GPA.” Social Networks 38:41–49. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2014.01.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson, Danial. 2010. ““Empathy-Induced Altruistic Motivation.” Pp. 15–34 in Prosocial Motives, Emotions, and Behavior, edited by Mario Mikulincer and Phillip R. Shaver. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister, Roy F. and Mark R. Leary. 1995. “The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation.” Psychological Bulletin 117:497–529. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beccaria, Cesare. 2009. On Crimes and Punishments. Lexington, KY: Seven Treasures Publications. (Original work published 1764).
   Google Scholar
• Bentham, Jeremy. 1789. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. London, U.K.: Hafer.
   Google Scholar
• Boehm, Christopher. 2012. Moral Origins: The Evolution of Virtue, Altruism, and Shame. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Boutwell, Brian. B., Kevin M. Beaver, and J. C. Barnes. 2012. “More Alike than Different: Assortative Mating and Antisocial Propensity in Adulthood.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 39:1240–54. doi:10.1177/0093854812445715.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini, Robert B., Stephanie L. Brown, Brian P. Lewis, Carol Luce, and Steven L. Neuberg. 1997. “Reinterpreting the Empathy—Altruism Relationship: When One into One Equals Openess.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73:481–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chouhy, Cecillia, Spencer T. Hochstetler, and Francis T. Cullen. 2017. “Social Concern and Delinquency: An Empirical Assessment of a Novel Theory.” Deviant Behavior 38:94–117. doi:10.1080/01639625.2016.1196949.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, Sheldon and Gail Williamson. 1988. “Perceived Stress in a Probability Sample of the United States.” Pp. 31–67 in The Social Psychology of Health: The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology, edited by Shirlynn Spacapan and Stuart Oskamp. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Craig, Jessica. M. 2017. “The Effect of Social Concern on White-Collar Offending.” Deviant Behavior 38:837–54. doi:10.1080/01639625.2016.1197703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen, Francis. T. 1994. “Social Support as an Organizing Concept for Criminology.” Justice Quarterly 11:527–59. doi:10.1080/07418829400092421.
   Google Scholar
• Cullen, Francis. T. 2011. “Beyond Adolescence-Limited Criminology: Choosing Our Future–The American Society of Criminology 2010 Sutherland Address.” Criminology 49:287–330. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00224.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Castro, Bram Orobio, Jan W. Veermen, Willem Koops, Joop D. Bosch, and Heidi J. Monshouwer. 2002. “Hostile Attribution of Intent and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analysis.” Child Development 73:916–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Waal, Frans. B. M. 2006. Primates and Philosophers: How Morality Evolved. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Donnellan, M. Brent, Frederick L. Oswald, Brendan M. Baird, and Rischard E. Lucas. 2006. “The Mini-IPIP Scales: Tiny-Yet-Effective Measures of the Big Five Factors of Personality.” Psychological Assessment 18:192–203. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.2.192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson, David. M. and L. John Horwood. 2002. “Male and Female Offending Trajectories.” Developmental and Psychopathology 14:159–77. doi:10.1017/S0954579402001098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfredson, Michael and Travis Hirschi. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, Judith Rich. 1995. “Where Is the Child’s Environment? A Group Socialization Theory of Development.” Psychological Review 102:458–89. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.102.3.458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, Judith Rich. 1998. The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, Kathleen Mullen. 2009. The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health” (Add Health), Waves I and II, 1994–1996; Wave III, 2001–2002; Wave IV, 2007-2009 [Machine-Readable Data File and Documentation]. Chapel Hill, NC: Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, Kathleen Mullen, Carolyn T. Halpern, Eric Whitsel, Jon Hussey, J. Tabor, Pamela Entzel, and Udry Richard. 2009. “The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health: Research Design” [WWW Document]. Retrieved September 14, 2015 (http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth/design).
   Google Scholar
• Haynie, Dana L., Peggy C. Giordano, Wendy D. Manning, and Monica A. Longmore. 2005. “Adolescent Romantic Relationships and Delinquency Involvement.” Criminology 43:177–210. doi:10.1111/j.0011-1348.2005.00006.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschi, Travis. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laub, John. H. and Robert J. Sampson. 2006. Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lemert, Edwin. 1967. Human Deviance, Social Problems and Social Control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Lilly, J. Robert, Francis T. Cullen, and Rischard A. Ball. 2002. Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Long, J. Scott. 1997. Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Advanced Quantitative Techniques in the Social Sciences Number 7. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Long, J. Scott and Jeremy Freese. 2006. Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables Using Stata. College Station, Texas: A Stata Press Publication.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, William L., Liam E. Marshall, and Geris A. Serran. 2009. “Empathy and Offending Behavior.” Pp. 229–44 in Personality, Personality Disorder and Violence, edited by Mary McMurran and Rischard Howard. Wiley: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Mears, Daniel P., Justin T. Pickett, and Christina Manchini. 2015. “Support for Balanced Juvenile Justice: Assessing Views about Youth, Rehabilitation, and Punishment.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 31:459–79. doi:10.1007/s10940-014-9234-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merton, Robert K. 1938. “Social Structure and Anomie.” American Sociological Review 3:672–82. doi:10.2307/2084686.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messner, Steven F. and Rischard Rosenfeld. 1994. Crime and the American Dream. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, Paul A. and Nancy Eisenberg. 1988. “The Relation of Empathy to Aggressive and Externalizing/Antisocial Behavior.” Psychological Bulletin 103:324–44. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt, Terrie E. 1993. “Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior: A Developmental Taxonomy.” Psychological Review 100:674–701. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.4.674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt, Terrie. E., Avshalom Caspi, Michael Rutter, and Phil A. Silva. 2001. Sex Differences in Antisocial Behaviour: Conduct Disorder, Delinquency, and Violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Newsome, Jamie and Francis T. Cullen. 2017. “The Risk-Need-Responsivity Model Revisited: Using Biosocial Criminology to Enhance Offender Rehabilitation.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 44:1030–1049.
   Google Scholar
• Odgers, Candice L., Terrie E. Moffitt, Jonathan M. Broadbent, Nigel Dickson, Robert J. Hancox, Honalee Harrington, Richie Poulton, Malcolm R. Sears, and W. Murray Thomson. 2008. “Female and Male Antisocial Trajectories: From Childhood Origins to Adult Outcomes.” Development and Psychopathology 20:673–716. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paternoster, Ray, Chae Jaynes, and Theodore Wilson. 2017. “Rational Choice Theory and Interest in the ‘Fortune of Others’.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 54:847–868.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, Jessica and Marc Bekoff. 2012. “Wild Justice Redux: What We Know about Social Justice in Animals and Why It Matters.” Social Justice Research 25:122–39. doi:10.1007/s11211-012-0154-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinker, Steven. 2002. The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. New York: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Pinker, Steven. 2011. The Better Angels of Our Nature. New York: Viking.
   Google Scholar
• Posick, Chad, Michael Rocque, and Nicole Rafter. 2014. “More than a Feeling: Integrating Empathy into the Study of Lawmaking, Lawbreaking, and Reactions to Lawbreaking.” International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 58:5–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, Paul H., Robert Kurzban, and Owen D. Jones. 2007. “The Origins of Shared Institutions of Justice.” Vanderbilt Law Review 60:1633–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roccas, Sonia, Lilach Sagiv, H. Schwartz Shalom, and Ariel Knafo-Noam. 2002. “The Big Five Personality Factors and Personal Values.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28:789–801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rushton, J. Philippe, Robin J. H. Russell, and Pamela A. Wells. 1984. “Genetic Similarity Theory: Beyond Kin Selection.” Behavior Genetics 14:179–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner, B. F. 1953. Science and Human Behavior. New York: Macmillian.
   Google Scholar
• Sutherland, Edwin. 1947. Principles of Criminology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.
   Google Scholar
• TenEyck, Michael and J. C. Barnes. 2015. “Examining the Impact of Peer Group Selection on Self-Reported Delinquency: A Consideration of Active Gene-Environment Correlation.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 42:741–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanderWeele, Tyler J. 2015. Explanation in Causal Inference: Methods for Mediation and Interaction. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Warneken, Felix and Michael Tomasello. 2009. “The Roots of Human Altruism.” British Journal of Psychology 100:455–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, Jacob. T. N. 2011. “How Do They ‘End up Together’? A Social Network Analysis of Self-Control, Homophily, and Adolescent Relationships.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 27:251–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar