Cyberbullying Victimization among High School and University Students in Ghana

References

• Agyemang, Nana K. 2014. “Review Ban on Use of Mobile Phone.” Graphic Online. Retrieved December 27, 2016. (http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/review-ban-on-use-of-mobile-phones.html).
   Google Scholar
• Andersson, Lynne M and Christine M Pearson. 1999. “Tit for Tat? the Spiraling Effect of Incivility in the Workplace.” Academy of Management Review 24 (3):452–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antiri, Kwasi O. 2016. “Types of Bullying in the Senior High Schools in Ghana.” Journal of Education and Practice 7:131–38.
   Google Scholar
• Archer, John, Jane L Ireland, and Christina L Power. 2007. “Differences between Bullies and Victims, and Men and Women, on Aggression‐Related Variables among Prisoners.” British Journal of Social Psychology 46:299–322. doi: 10.1348/014466606X114083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardi, Anat and Shalom H Schwartz. 2003. “Values and Behavior: Strength and Structure of Relations.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (10):1207–20. doi: 10.1177/0146167203254602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, Edward D., Louise Arseneault, Mara Brendgen, Nathalie Fontaine, and Barbara Maughan. 2008. “Joint Development of Bullying and Victimization in Adolescence: Relations to Delinquency and Self-Harm.” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 47 (9):1030–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlett, Christopher and Sarah M Coyne. 2014. “A Meta‐Analysis of Sex Differences in Cyber‐Bullying Behavior: The Moderating Role of Age.” Aggressive Behavior 40 (5):474–88. doi: 10.1002/ab.21555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, John W., Jean S Phinney, David L Sam, and Paul Vedder. 2006. Immigrant Youth in Cultural Transition: Acculturation, Identity, and Adaptation across National Contexts. Mahwah: NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, John W., Ype H Poortinga, Seger M Breugelmans, Athanasio Chasiotis, and David L Sam. 2011. Cross-Cultural Psychology: Research and Applications. 3rd Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bollmer, Julie M., Monica J Harris, and Richard Milich. 2006. “Reactions to Bullying and Peer Victimization: Narratives, Physiological Arousal, and Personality.” Journal of Research in Personality 40 (5):803–28. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.09.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brighi, Antonella, Giannino Melotti, Annalisa Guarini, Maria Luisa Genta, Rasario Ortega, Joaquin Mora-Mercha, Peter K. Smith, and Fran Thompson L. 2012. “Self-Esteem and Loneliness in Relation to Cyberbullying in Three European Countries.” Pp. 32–56 in Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from International Perspectives, edited by Q. Li, D. Cross, and P. K. Smith. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons Ltd,
   Google Scholar
• Bye, Hege Høivik, Gro Mjeldheim Sandal, Fons JR, van de Vijver, David Lackland Sam, Nigar Demircan çakar, and Gabriele Helga Franke. “Personal values and intended self–presentation during job interviews: A cross–cultural comparison.” Applied Psychology 60, no. 1 (2011): 160–182.
   Google Scholar
• CDS. 2016. “Global School-Based Student Health Survey.” Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved December 13, 2016. (http://www.cdc.gov/GSHS/).
   Google Scholar
• Connolly, Irene and Mona O’Moore. 2003. “Personality and Family Relations of Children Who Bully.” Personality and Individual Differences 35 (3):559–67. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00218-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, Paul T., Jr and Robert R McCrae. 1992. Neo Personality Inventory–Revised (Neo-Pi-R) and Neo Five-Factor Inventory (Neo-Ffi) Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Diamond, Pamela M., Eugene W Wang, and Jacqueline Buffington-Vollum. 2005. “Factor Structure of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) with Mentally Ill Male Prisoners.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 32 (5):546–64. doi: 10.1177/0093854805278416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrant, Joan and Ron Ensom. 2012. “Physical Punishment of Children: Lessons from 20 Years of Research.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 184 (12):1373–77. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.101314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzokoto, Vivian A and Sumie Okazaki. 2006. “Happiness in the Eye and the Heart: Somatic Referencing in West African Emotion Lexica.” Journal of Black Psychology 32 (2):17–140. doi: 10.1177/0095798406286799.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erica., Dickson, Collins B Agyemang, and Joana Afful. 2014. “Parental Personality and Parenting Style: A Ghanaian Perspective.” Developing Country Studies 4 (5):1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Fahy, Amanda E., Stephen E Stansfeld, Neil R Melanie Smuk, Steven Cummins Smith, and Charlotte Clark. 2016. “Longitudinal Associations between Cyberbullying Involvement and Adolescent Mental Health.” Journal of Adolescent Health 59:502–09. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GALE. 2013. “Differences between Cyberbullying and Traditional Bullying.” Gale Student Resources in Context. Detroit: Gale, Student Resources in Context. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2016). (http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/DocumentToolsPortletWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&p=SUIC&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ2181500310&source=Bookmark&u=groves&jsid=5e74052923277a97aa40482b4c0d4da3).
   Google Scholar
• Glasø, Lars, Stig B Matthiesen, Morten B Nielsen, and Ståle Einarsen. 2007. “Do Targets of Workplace Bullying Portray a General Victim Personality Profile?” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 48:313–19. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00554.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyasi-Gyamerah, Angela A. 2014. Attitudes toward Homosexuals: Assessing the Structure of Prejudicial Attitudes and the Moderating Effects of Religious Commitment and Morality. PhD thesis in Psychology. Legon-Accra, Ghana: University of Ghana Graduate School
   Google Scholar
• Gyekye, Kwame. 1996. African Cultural Values: An Introduction. Accra, Ghana: Sankofa.
   Google Scholar
• Herring, Patti, Seter Siziya, Sricharan Pasupulati, Emmanuel Rudatsikira, and Adamson Muula. 2013. “Correlates of Bullying Victimization among In-School Adolescents in the 2005 Botswana Global School-Based Health Survey.” International Journal of Child and Adolescent Health 6 (3):261–66.
   Google Scholar
• Hinduja, Sameer and Justin W Patchin. 2007. “Offline Consequences of Online Victimization: School Violence and Delinquency.” Journal of School Violence 6 (3):89–112. doi: 10.1300/J202v06n03_06.
   Google Scholar
• Hinduja, Sameer and Justin W Patchin. 2008. “Cyberbullying: An Exploratory Analysis of Factors Related to Offending and Victimization.” Deviant Behavior 29 (2):129–56. doi: 10.1080/01639620701457816.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinduja, Sameer and Justin W Patchin. 2010. “Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Suicide.” Archives of Suicide Research 14 (3):206–21. doi: 10.1080/13811118.2010.494133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinduja, Sameer and Justin W Patchin. 2012. “Cyberbullying: Neither an Epidemic nor a Rarity.” European Journal of Developmental Psychology 9 (5):539–43. doi: 10.1080/17405629.2012.706448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinduja, Sameer and Justin W Patchin. 2015. Bullying beyond the Schoolyard: Preventing and Responding to Cyberbullying. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Holt, Thomas J and Adam M Bossler. 2014. “An Assessment of the Current State of Cybercrime Scholarship.” Deviant Behavior 35 (1):20–40. doi: 10.1080/01639625.2013.822209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hymel, Shelley and Susan M Swearer. 2015. “Four Decades of Research on School Bullying: An Introduction.” American Psychologist 70 (4):293. doi: 10.1037/a0038928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imoh, Afua Twum-Danso. 2013. “Children’s Perceptions of Physical Punishment in Ghana and the Implications for Children’s Rights.” Childhood 20:472–86. doi: 10.1177/0907568212471404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalski, Robin M and Susan P Limber. 2013. “Psychological, Physical, and Academic Correlates of Cyberbullying and Traditional Bullying.” Journal of Adolescent Health 53 (1):S13–S20. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Raymond T and Celeste M Brotheridge. 2006. “When Prey Turns Predatory: Workplace Bullying as a Predictor of Counter Aggression/ Bullying,Coping, and Well-Being.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 15 (3):352–77. doi: 10.1080/13594320600636531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenhart, Amanda. 2007. Cyberbullying. Retrieved June 27, 2016. (http://www.pewinternet.org/2007/06/27/cyberbullying/).
   Google Scholar
• Li, Carrie K. W, Thomas J. Holt, Adam M. Bossler, and David C. May. 2016. Deviant Behavior 37(2):126–38. doi:10.1080/01639625.2014.1004023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Qing. 2006. “Cyberbullying in Schools: A Research of Gender Differences.” School Psychology International 27:157–70. doi: 10.1177/0143034306064547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Qing. 2007. “New Bottle but Old Wine: A Research of Cyberbullying in Schools.” Computers in Human Behavior 23:1777–91. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2005.10.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthiesen, Stig B and Ståle Einarsen. 2007. “Perpetrators and Targets of Bullying at Work: Role Stress and Individual Differences.” Violence and Victims 22:735–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menesini, Ersilia, Annalaura Nocentini, and Pamela Calussi. 2011. “The Measurement of Cyberbullying: Dimensional Structure and Relative Item Severity and Discrimination.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 14 (5):267–74. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menesini, Ersilia, Annalaura Nocentini, and Marina Camodeca. 2013. “Morality, Values, Traditional Bullying, and Cyberbullying in Adolescence.” British Journal of Developmental Psychology 31 (1):1–14. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02066.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menesini, Ersilia and Christiane Spiel. 2012. “Introduction: Cyberbullying: Development, Consequences, Risk and Protective Factors.” European Journal of Developmental Psychology 9 (2):163–67. doi: 10.1080/17405629.2011.652833.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishna, Faye, Mona Khoury-Kassabri, Tahany Gadalla, and Joanne Daciuk. 2012. “Risk Factors for Involvement in Cyber Bullying: Victims, Bullies and Bully–Victims.” Children and Youth Services Review 34 (1):63–70. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.08.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mynard, Helen and Stephen Joseph. 1997. “Bully/Victim Problems and Their Association with Eysenck’s Personality Dimensions in 8 to 13 Year‐Olds.” British Journal of Educational Psychology 67:51–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Moore, Mona. 2012. “Cyber-Bullying: The Situation in Ireland.” Pastoral Care in Education 30:209–23. doi: 10.1080/02643944.2012.688065.
   Google Scholar
• Olweus, Dan. 1993. Bullying at School. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Olweus, Dan. 2001. “Peer Harassment: A Critical Analysis and Some Important Issues.” Pp. 3–20 in Peer Harassment in School: The Plight of the Vulnerable and Victimized, edited by J. Juvonen and S. Graham. New York, NY: Guilford Press,
   Google Scholar
• Olweus, Dan. 2013. “School Bullying: Development and Some Important Challenges.” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 9:751–80. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owusu, Andrew, Peter Hart, Britteny Oliver, and Minbsoo Kang. 2011. “The Association between Bullying and Psychological Health among Senior High School Students in Ghana, West Africa.” Journal of School Health 81 (5):231–38. doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00590.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkins, Irina S., Harold D Fishbein, and P. Neal Ritchey. 2006. “The Influence of Personality on Workplace Bullying and Discrimination.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 36 (10):2554–77. doi: 10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00117.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patchin, Justin and Sameer Hinduja. 2010. “Cyberbullying and Self-Esteem.” Journal of School Health 80:614–21. doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00548.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelfrey, William V., Jr and Nicole L Weber. 2013. “Keyboard Gangsters: Analysis of Incidence and Correlates of Cyberbullying in a Large Urban Student Population.” Deviant Behavior 34 (1):68–84. doi: 10.1080/01639625.2012.707541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafferty, Rebecca and Thomas Vander Ven. 2014. ““I Hate Everything about You”: A Qualitative Examination of Cyberbullying and On-Line Aggression in A College Sample.” Deviant Behavior 35 (5):364–77. doi: 10.1080/01639625.2013.849171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, Pamala, G. 1987. “Spirituality and Well-Being in Terminally Ill Hospitalized Adults.” Research in Nursing and Health 10:335–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodkin, Philip, C, and Ernest VE, Hodges. “Bullies and victims in the peer ecology: Four questions for psychologists and school professionals.” School Psychology Review 32, no. 3 (2003): 384–400.
   Google Scholar
• Rohner, Ronald P., Shana L Bourque, and Carlos A Elordi. 1996. “Children’s Perceptions of Corporal Punishment, Caretaker Acceptance, and Psychological Adjustment in a Poor, Biracial Southern Community.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 58:842–52. doi: 10.2307/353974.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, Morris. 1965. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ryoo, Ji Hoon, Cixin Wang, and Susan M Swearer. 2015. “Examination of the change in latent statuses in bullying behaviors across time.” School psychology quarterly 30, 105
   Google Scholar
• Sam, David L., Helen Arkorful, Delphine Bruce, and Collins B Agyemang. Forthcoming. “Internet, Social Media and the Dilemma of Social Justice in Ghana.” in Social Media in Africa, edited by M. H. Prosser and D. Balosa. Lake Oswego, OR: Dignity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sarfo, Elizabeth. 2015. African Cultural Values and Personality Factors among Rural and Urban Dwellers in Ghana. M.Phil. thesis in Psychology. Legon-Accra, Ghana: University of Ghana Graduate School.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, Shari K., Lydia O’Donnell, Ropbert W Ann Stueve, and S. Coulter. 2012. “Cyberbullying, School Bullying, and Psychological Distress: A Regional Census of High School Students.” American Journal of Public Health 102:171–177. 0308. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, Shalom H. 2006. “A Theory of Cultural Value Orientations: Explication and Applications.” Comparative Sociology 5 (2):137–82. doi: 10.1163/156913306778667357.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, Shalom H. 2009. Draft Users’ Manual: Proper Use of the Schwarz Value Survey, Version 14 January 2009. Compiled by Romie F. Littrell. Auckland, New Zealand: Centre for Cross Cultural Comparisons. (http://www.crossculturalcentre.homestead.com).
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, Shalom H and Wolfgang Bilsky. 1987. “Toward a Universal Psychological Structure of Human Values.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53 (3):550. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, Shalom H and Klaus Boehnke. 2004. “Evaluating the Structure of Human Values with Confirmatory Factor Analysis.” Journal of Research in Personality 38 (3):230–55. doi: 10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00069-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, Sharlom H. 1992. “Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries.” Pp. 1–65 in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, edited by M. P. Zanna. New York, NY: Academic Press,
   Google Scholar
• Sekol, Ivana and David P Farrington. 2016. “The Overlap between Bullying and Victimization in Adolescent Residential Care: Are Bully/Victims a Special Category?.” Children and Youth Services Review 32 (12):1758–69. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.07.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekol, Ivana and David P Farrington. 2010b. “Psychological and Background Correlates of Bullying in Adolescent Residential Care.” Journal of Social Work 16 (4):429–52. doi: 10.1177/1468017315581530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• -- Sekol, Ivana and David P Farrington. 2016. “Psychological and background correlates of bullying in adolescent residential care.” Journal of Social Work 16, 429–452.
   Google Scholar
• Slee, Phillip T and Ken Rigby. 1993. “The Relationship of Eysenck’s Personality Factors and Self-Esteem to Bully-Victim Behavior in Australian Schoolboys.” Personality and Individual Differences 14 (2):371–73. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90136-Q.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Peter K. 2013. “Definitions of Bullying and Cyberbullying: How Useful are the Terms?” Pp. 26–65 in Principles of Cyberbullying Research: Definitions, Measures and Methodology, edited by S. Bauman, D Cross, and J. Walker. New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis,
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Peter. K., Jess Mahdavi, Manuel Carvalho, Sonja Fisher, Shanette Russell, and Niel Tippett. 2008. “Cyberbullying: Its Nature and Impact in Secondary School Pupils.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 49 (4):376–85. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sossou, Marie-Antoinette, and Joseph A Yogtiba. 2008. “Abuse of children in West Africa: Implications for social work education and practice.” British Journal of Social Work 39, no. 7 (2008): 1218–1234.
   Google Scholar
• Tani, Franca, Paul S Greenman, P. Barry, H. Schneider, and Manuela Fregoso. 2003. “Bullying and the Big Five: A Study of Childhood Personality and Participant Roles in Bullying Incidents.” School Psychology International 24 (2):131–46. doi: 10.1177/0143034303024002001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wage Indicator. 2016. “How Do Sexual Harassment Perpetrators Operate?” MyWage.org/gHnaa. Retrieved December 13, 2016. (http://www.mywage.org/ghana/home/labour-law/fair-treatment-at-work/sexual-harassment/sexual-harassment-perpetrators-ghana).
   Google Scholar
• Win_Gallup International. 2012. “Global Index of Religion and Atheism”. Retrieved December 13, 2016. (https://sidmennt.is/wp-content/uploads/Gallup-International-um-trú-og-trúleysi-2012.pdf).
   Google Scholar
• Ybarra, Michele L and Kimberly J Mitchell. 2004. “Youth Engaging in Online Harassment: Associations with Caregiver–Child Relationships, Internet Use, and Personal Characteristics.” Journal of Adolescence 27 (3):319–36. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.03.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar