References
- Agarwal, Sonal and Theophilus Adjirackor. 2016. “Impact of Teamwork on Organizational Productivity in Some Selected Basic Schools in the Accra Metropolitan Assembly.” European Journal of Business, Economics and Accountancy 4 (6):40–52.
- Aguinis, Herman and Kyle J. Bradley. 2014. “Best Practice Recommendations for Designing and Implementing Experimental Vignette Methodology Studies.” Organizational Research Methods 17 (4):351–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114547952.
- Ashforth, Blake E. and Vikas Anand. 2003. “The Normalization of Corruption in Organizations.” Research in Organizational Behavior 25:1–52. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(03)25001-2.
- Atzmüller, Christiane and Peter M. Steiner. 2010. “Experimental Vignette Studies in Survey Research.” Methodology 6 (3):128–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000014.
- Auspurg, Katrin and Thomas Hinz. 2015. Factorial Survey Experiments. Vol. 175. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Beck, Lisa and Icek Ajzen. 1991. “Predicting Dishonest Actions Using the Theory of Planned Behavior.” Journal of Research in Personality 25 (3):285–301. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(91)90021-H.
- Boxx, W. R., Randall Y. Odom, and Mark G. Dunn. 1991. “Organizational Values and Value Congruency and Their Impact on Satisfaction, Commitment, and Cohesion: An Empirical Examination within the Public Sector.” Public Personnel Management 20 (1):195–205. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/009102609102000207.
- Boyt, Thomas, Robert Lusch, and Michael Mejza. 2005. “Theoretical Models of the Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational, Workgroup, and Professional Esprit De Corps.” European Management Journal 23 (6):682–701. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2005.10.013.
- Campbell, Jamie-Lee and Anja S. Göritz. 2014. “Culture Corrupts!: A Qualitative Study of Organizational Culture in Corrupt Organizations.” Journal of Business Ethics 120 (3):291–311. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1665-7.
- Collins, Toycia and Charles F. Klahm IV. 2019. “Police Accountability and Ethics.” Pp. 263–75 in The Handbook of Social Control, edited by M. Deflem. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons,
- Connor, James M. 2010. “Military Loyalty: A Functional Vice?” Criminal Justice Ethics 29 (3):278–90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0731129X.2010.524040.
- Cottler, Linda B., Catina C. O’Leary, Katelin B. Nickel, Jennifer M. Reingle, and Daniel Isom. 2014. “Breaking the Blue Wall of Silence: Risk Factors for Experiencing Police Sexual Misconduct among Female Offenders.” American Journal of Public Health 104 (2):338–44. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301513.
- Donner, Christopher M., Jon Maskaly, and Kanani N. Thompson. 2018. “Self-Control and the Police Code of Silence: Examining the Unwillingness to Report Fellow Officers’ Misbehavior among a Multi-Agency Sample of Police Recruits.” Journal of Criminal Justice 56:11–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.10.002.
- Dungan, James A., Liane Young, and Adam Waytz. 2019. “The Power of Moral Concerns in Predicting Whistleblowing Decisions.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 85:1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103848.
- Dungan, James, Adam Waytz, and Liane Young. 2014. “Corruption in the Context of Moral Trade-offs.” Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 26 (1–2):97–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0260107914540832.
- Dungan, James, Adam Waytz, and Liane Young. 2015. “The Psychology of Whistleblowing.” Current Opinion in Psychology 6:129–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.07.005.
- Dunlop, Patrick D. and Kibeom Lee. 2004. “Workplace Deviance, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and Business Unit Performance: The Bad Apples Do Spoil the Whole Barrel.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 25 (1):67–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/job.243.
- Ewin, Robert E. 1990. “Loyalty: The Police.” Criminal Justice Ethics 9 (2):3–15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0731129X.1990.9991877.
- Feltes, T. and Marvin Weigert. 2018. Gewalt gegen Einsatzkräfte der Feuerwehren und Rettungsdienste in Nordrhein-Westfalen: (Report).
- Gensicke, Thomas and Sabine Geiss. 2010. Hauptbericht des Freiwilligensurveys 2009: Ergebnisse der repräsentativen Trenderhebung zu Ehrenamt, Freiwilligenarbeit und Bürgerschaftlichem Engagement. Munich: TNS Infratest Sozialforschung.
- Giles, Micheal W. and Arthur S. Evans. 1985. “External Threat, Perceived Threat, and Group Identity.” Social Science Quarterly 66 (1):50–66.
- Gottschalk, Petter and Stefan Holgersson. 2011. “Whistle-Blowing in the Police.” Police Practice and Research 12 (5):397–409. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2010.536723.
- Graeff, P., S. Sattler, G. Mehlkop, and C. Sauer. 2014. “Incentives and Inhibitors of Abusing Academic Positions: Analysing University Students’ Decisions about Bribing Academic Staff.” European Sociological Review 30 (2):230–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jct036.
- Graeff, Peter and Julia Kleinewiese. 2020. “Esprit De Corps as a Source of Deviant Behavior in Organizations: Applying an Old Concept with a New Livery.” Pp. 219–45 in Bribery, Fraud, Cheating: How to Explain and to Avoid Organizational Wrongdoing? edited by M. Pohlmann, G. Dannecker, and E. Valarini. Wiesbaden: Springer,
- Grant, Adam M. 2007. “Relational Job Design and the Motivation to Make a Prosocial Difference.” Academy of Management Review 32 (2):393–417. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24351328.
- Hagedorn, John M., Bart Kmiecik, Thomas J. Dick Simpson, Melissa M. Zmuda Gradel, and David Sterrett. 2013. Crime, Corruption and Cover-Ups in the Chicago Police Department. ( Anti-Corruption Report No. 7). Chicago, IL: University of Illinoi-Chicago – Department of Political Science.
- Harlow, Caroline W. 1985. Reporting Crimes to the Police (Report): US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
- Haski-Leventhal, Debbie and Jill D. McLeigh. 2010. “Firefighters Volunteering beyond Their Duty: An Essential Asset in Rural Communities.” Journal of Rural and Community Development 4 (2):80–92.
- Hildreth, John A. D., Francesca Gino, and Max Bazerman. 2016. “Blind Loyalty? When Group Loyalty Makes Us See Evil or Engage in It.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 132:16–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.10.001.
- Ivković, Sanja K. and Adri Sauerman. 2013. “Curtailing the Code of Silence among the South African Police.” Policing: an International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 36 (1):175–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511311302533.
- Ivković, Sanja K., Maki Haberfeld, and Robert Peacock. 2016. “Decoding the Code of Silence.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 29 (2):172–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403416680853.
- Jennings, Charles R. 2017. “Volunteers in American Firefighting.” Pp. 277–88 in Police Reserves and Volunteers: Enhancing Organizational Effectiveness and Public Trust, edited by J. F. Albrecht. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press,
- Johnson, David W. and Frank P. Johnson. 1991. Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills. 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Kleinig, John. 1996. The Ethics of Policing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139172851.
- Kohlberg, Lawrence, Charles Levine, and Alexandra Hewer. 1983. Moral Stages: A Current Formulation and A Response to Critics. Basel: Karger.
- Lanzetta, John T., Don Haefner, Peter Langham, and Howard Axelrod. 1954. “Some Effects of Situational Threat on Group Behavior.” The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 49 (3):445–53. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0059555.
- Lee, Seok-Hwan and Dorothy Olshfski. 2002. “An Examination of Variations in the Nature of Employee Commitment: The Case of Paid and Volunteer Firefighters.” International Review of Public Administration 7 (1):29–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/12294659.2002.10804990.
- Loeber, Rolf and David P. Farrington. 2014. “Age-Crime Curve.” Pp. 12–18 in Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, edited by G. Bruinsma and D. Weisburd. New York, NY: Springer,
- Lucas, Colleen and Theresa Kline. 2008. “Understanding the Influence of Organizational Culture and Group Dynamics on Organizational Change and Learning.” The Learning Organization 15 (3):277–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/09696470810868882.
- Martins, Juliana G., Haroldo N. de Paiva, C. P. Paula, Raquel C. Paiva, Isabela A. Ferreira, Patricia M. Zarzar Pordeus, and Ichiro Kawachi. 2017. “New Evidence about the “Dark Side” of Social Cohesion in Promoting Binge Drinking among Adolescents.” PloS One 12:6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178652.
- Nagin, Daniel S. and Raymond Paternoster. 1993. “Enduring Individual Differences and Rational Choice Theories of Crime.” Crime, Law and Society Review 27:467–96. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3054102.
- Pahi, Munwar H., M. M. Syed, Umair Ahmed Shah, and Waheed A. Umrani. 2016. “Investigating the Issue of Nurse Job Satisfaction: Role of Esprit De Corps, Task Significance, Self-Efficacy and Resilience: A Case Study.” International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 6 (4):339–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v6-i4/2112.
- Perkins, Jessica M., H. W. Perkins, and David W. Craig. 2017. “Misperceiving a Code of Silence: Peer Support for Telling Authorities about Weapons at School among Middle School and High School Students in the United States.” Youth & Society 51 (6):814–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X17714808.
- Perkins, Kenneth B. 1989. “Volunteer Firefighters in the United States: A Descriptive Study.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 18 (3):269–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/089976408901800308.
- Perkins, Kenneth B. and Carole W. Metz. 1988. “Note on Commitment and Community among Volunteer Firefighters.” Sociological Inquiry 58 (1):117–21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1988.tb00258.x.
- Pinto, Jonathan, Carrie R. Leana, and Frits K. Pil. 2008. “Corrupt Organizations or Organizations of Corrupt Individuals?: Two Types of Organization-Level Corruption.” Academy of Management Review 33 (3):685–709. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2008.32465726.
- Porter, Louise E. and Tim Prenzler. 2016. “The Code of Silence and Ethical Perceptions: Exploring Police Officer Unwillingness to Report Misconduct.” Policing: an International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 39 (2):370–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0108.
- Rau, Matthias and Fredericke Leuschner. 2018. “Gewalterfahrungen von Rettungskräften im Einsatz: Eine Bestandsaufnahme der empirischen Erkenntnisse in Deutschland.” NK Neue Kriminalpolitik 30 (3):316–35.
- Rempel, Martin W. and Ronald J. Fisher. 1997. “Perceived Threat, Cohesion, and Group Problem Solving in Intergroup Conflict.” International Journal of Conflict Management 8 (3):216–34.
- Rettinger, David A. and Yair Kramer. 2009. “Situational and Personal Causes of Student Cheating.” Research in Higher Education 50 (3):293–313. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-008-9116-5.
- Riek, Blake M., Eric W. Mania, and Samuel L. Gaertner. 2006. “Intergroup Threat and Outgroup Attitudes: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 10 (4):336–53.
- Rothwell, Gary R. and J. N. Baldwin. 2006. “Ethical Climates and Contextual Predictors of Whistle-Blowing.” Review of Public Personnel Administration 26 (3):216–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X05278114.
- Rothwell, Gary R. and J. N. Baldwin. 2007. “Whistle-Blowing and the Code of Silence in Police Agencies: Policy and Structural Predictors.” Crime & Delinquency 53 (4):605–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128706295048.
- Sattler, Sebastian, Peter Graeff, Carsten Sauer, and Guido Mehlkop. 2018. “Der Illegale Verkauf Verschreibungspflichtiger Medikamente zur Kognitiven Leistungssteigerung: Eine Vignetten-Basierte Studie Rationaler und Normativer Erklärungsgründe.” Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform 101 (3–4):352–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/mks-2018-1013-408.
- Savage, Ashley C. 2016. “Whistleblowing in the Police Service: Developments and Challenges.” European Journal of Current Legal Issues 22 (1).
- Schmidthuber, Lisa and Dennis Hilgers. 2019. “From Fellowship to Stewardship? Explaining Extra-Role Behavior of Volunteer Firefighters.” VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 30 (1):175–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-018-0035-6.
- Seaton, L. J. 2017. “The Effect of Law Enforcement’s Socialization Process on the Whistle-Blowing Behavior of Police Officers.” Global Journal of Management and Marketing 1 (2):77–85.
- Shamon, Hawal, Hermann Dülmer, and Adam Giza. 2019. “The Factorial Survey: The Impact of the Presentation Format of Vignettes on Answer Behavior and Processing Time.” Sociological Methods & Research 1–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124119852382.
- Silva, Tânia, P. E. Miguel, Stewart R. Cunha, Pedro Neves Clegg, Arménio Rego, and Ricardo A. Rodrigues. 2014. “Smells like Team Spirit: Opening a Paradoxical Black Box.” Human Relations 67 (3):287–310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713492349.
- Skolnick, Jerome H. 2002. “Corruption and the Blue Code of Silence.” Police Practice and Research 3 (1):7–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15614260290011309.
- Stark, Carsten. 2019. Organizational Integrity. Berlin: Springer.
- Sykes, Gresham M. and David Matza. 1957. “Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency.” American Sociological Review 22 (6):664–70.
- Taylor, B. J. 2006. “Factorial Surveys: Using Vignettes to Study Professional Judgement.” British Journal of Social Work 36 (7):1187–207. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bch345.
- Tourangeau, Roger and Ting Yan. 2007. “Sensitive Questions in Surveys.” Psychological Bulletin 133 (5):859–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.859.
- Triandis, Harry C. 1989. “The Self and Social Behavior in Differing Cultural Contexts.” Psychological Review 96 (3):506–20.
- Urien, Begoña, Amparo Osca, and García-Salmones. Lourdes. 2017. “Role Ambiguity, Group Cohesion and Job Satisfaction: A Demands-Resources Model (JD-R) Study from Mexico and Spain.” Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología 49 (2):137–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rlp.2015.09.014.
- Valdesolo, Piercarlo and DeSteno. David. 2007. “Moral Hypocrisy: Social Groups and the Flexibility of Virtue.” Psychological Science 18 (8):689–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01961.x.
- Waytz, Adam, James Dungan, and Liane Young. 2013. “The Whistleblower’s Dilemma and the Fairness–Loyalty Tradeoff.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49 (6):1027–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.07.002.
- Weinberg, Jill D., Jeremy Freese, and McElhattan. David. 2014. “Comparing Data Characteristics and Results of an Online Factorial Survey between a Population-Based and a Crowdsource-Recruited Sample.” Sociological Science 1:292–310. doi:https://doi.org/10.15195/v1.a19.
- Weisel, Ori and Ro’i Zultan. 2016. “Social Motives in Intergroup Conflict: Group Identity and Perceived Target of Threat.” European Economic Review 90:122–33.
- Wenzel, David, Irmtraud Beerlage, and Silke Springer. 2012. Motivation und Haltekraft im Ehrenamt: Die Bedeutung von Organisationsmerkmalen für Engagement, Wohlbefinden und Verbleib in Freiwilliger Feuerwehr und THW. Freiburg: Centaurus.
- Westmarland, Louise. 2005. “Police Ethics and Integrity: Breaking the Blue Code of Silence.” Policing and Society 15 (2):145–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10439460500071721.
- Wetterer, Angelika, Margot Poppenhusen, and Anja Voss, German Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth. 2007. Mädchen & Frauen bei der Feuerwehr: Empirische Ergebnisse – Praktische Maßnahmen. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
- Wikström, Per-Olof H. and Robert J. Sampson. 2003. “Social Mechanisms of Community Influences on Crime and Pathways in Criminality.” Pp. 118–48 in Causes of Conduct Disorder and Juvenile Delinquency, edited by B. B. Lahey, T. E. Moffitt, and A. Caspi. New York: The Guildford Press,