References
- Altemeyer, Bob. 1988. Enemies of Freedom: Understanding Right-Wing Authoritarianism. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Anson, Ian G. 2018. “Taking the Time? Explaining Effortful Participation among Low-Cost Online Survey Participants.” Research & Politics 5 (3):1–18.
- Associated Press. 2021. “Poll Finds 65% of Republicans Say They Don’t Believe Biden’s Election Was Legitimate.” MarketWatch, February 5. Retrieved April 1, 2021 (https://www.marketwatch.com/story/poll-finds-65-of-republicans-say-they-dont-believe-bidens-election-was-legitimate-01612570478).
- Baker, Peter and Maggie Haberman. 2020. “Trump Hospitalized with Coronavirus.” The New York Times, October 6. Retrieved December 8, 2020 (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/02/us/politics/trump-hospitalized-with-coronavirus.html).
- Barber, Michael and Jeremy C. Pope. 2019. “Does Party Trump Ideology? Disentangling Party and Ideology in America.” American Political Science Review 113 (1):38–54.
- Barry, John M. 2004. The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History. New York: Penguin.
- Barry, John M. 2020. “The Single Most Important Lesson from the 1918 Influenza.” The New York Times, March 17. Retrieved November 23 (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/opinion/coronavirus-1918-spanish-flu.html).
- Belsley, David A., Edwin Kuh, and Roy E. Welsch. 1980. Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity. New York: John Wiley.
- Bernheim, B. Douglas, Nina Buchmann, Zach Freitas-Groff, and Sebástian Otero. 2020. “The Effects of Large Group Meetings on the Spread of COVID-19: The Case of Trump Rallies.” October 30, Working Paper 20-043. Stanford Institute of Economic Policy Research. Retrieved November 15, 2020 (https://siepr.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publications/20-043.pdf).
- Braithwaite, John. 1989. Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Brennan, David. 2019. “Donald Trump Campaign Manager Says Nearly 1 Million MAGA Hats Sold, and $45 Million Made.” Newsweek, April 29. Retrieved November 23, 2020 (https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-campaign-maga-hats-donations-brad-parscale-2020-1408087).
- Breuninger, Kevin. 2020. “Trump Wants ‘Packed Churches’ and the Economy Open Again on Easter despite the Deadly Threat of Coronavirus.” CNBC Politics, March 24. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/24/coronavirusresponse-trump-wants-to-reopen-us-economy-by-easter.html).
- Buchanan, Larry, Lazaro Gamio, Lauren Leatherby, John Keefe, Christoph Koetti, and Amy Schoenfeld Walker. 2020. “Tracking the White House Coronavirus Outbreak.” The New York Times, October 14. Retrieved December 8, 2020 (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/10/02/us/politics/trump-contact-tracing-covid.html).
- Bump, Philip. 2020. “Trump Claims Nothing More Could Have Done to Defeat the Coronavirus: He’s Wrong.” The Washington Post, September 18. Retrieved December 8, 2020 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/09/18/trump-claims-nothing-more-could-have-been-done-defeat-coronavirus-hes-wrong/).
- Burton, Alexander L., Justin T. Pickett, Cheryl Lero Jonson, Francis T. Cullen, and Velmer S. Burton,Jr. 2020. “Public Support for Policies to Reduce School Shootings: A Moral-Altruistic Model.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency . Advance online publication, doi:10.1177/0022427820953202.
- Cabral, Sam. 2021. “Capitol Riots: Did Trump’s Words at Rally Incite Violence?” BBC, February 14. Retrieved April 1, 2021 (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55640437).
- Cha, Ariana Eunjung and Laurie McGinley. 2020. “Antimalaria Drug Touted by President Trump Is Linked to Increased Risk of Death in Coronavirus Patients, Study Says.” The Washington Post, May 22. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/05/22/hydroxychloroquine-coronavirus-study/).
- Chang, Linchiat and Jon A. Krosnick. 2009. “National Surveys via RDD Telephone Interviewing versus the Internet: Comparing Sample Representativeness and Response Quality.” Public Opinion Quarterly 73 (4):641–78.
- Cillizza, Chris. 2020. “11 Times Donald Trump Has ‘Belittled’ Coronavirus.” CNN, April 1. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/01/politics/donald-trumpcoronavirus-mike-pence/index.html).
- Cillizza, Chris. 2021. “Three-Quarters of Republicans Believe a Lie about the 2020 Election.” CNN, February 4. Retrieved April 1, 2021 (https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/04/politics/2020-election-donald-trump-voter-fraud/index.html).
- Clinton, Joshua D., Jon Cohen, John S. Lapinski, and Marc Trussler, 2020a. “Partisan Pandemic: How Partisanship and Public Health Concerns Affect Individuals’ Social Distancing during COVID-19.” SSRN, July 9. Retrieved December 11, 2020. (https://ssrn.com/abstract=3633934 or 10.2139/ssrn.3633934).
- Clinton, Joshua D., John S. Lapinski, Sarah Lentz, and Stephen Pettigrew. 2020b. “Trumped by Trump? Public Support for Vote by Mail Voting in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.” SSRN, June 16. Retrieved December 11, 2020 (https://ssrn.com/abstract=3630334 or 10.2139/ssrn.3630334).
- Cohen, Jeffrey E. 1995. “Presidential Rhetoric and the Public Agenda.” American Journal of Political Science 39 (1):87–107.
- Cohen, Jeffrey E. 1997. Presidential Responsiveness and Public Policy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Cohen, Jeffrey E. and John A. Hamman. 2003. “The Polls: Can Presidential Rhetoric Affect the Public’s Economic Perceptions?” Presidential Studies Quarterly 33 (2):408–22.
- Collinson, Stephen. 2020. “Trump’s Pandemic Blindness and Election Denial Darken America’s Desperate Winter.” CNN, December 7. Retrieved December 7, 2020 (https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/07/politics/donald-trump-pandemic-election-results-joe-biden/index.html).
- The Conversation. 2019. “Trump’s Climate Arguments Mimic Patterns of Criminal Behavior Known as ‘Techniques of Neutralization.’” Raw Story, July 30. Retrieved August 15 (https://www.rawstory.com/2019/07/trumps-climate-arguments-mimic-patterns-of-criminal-behavior-known-as-techniques-of-neutralization/).
- Cramer, Katherine. 2020. “Understanding the Role of Racism in Contemporary US Public Opinion.” Annual Review of Political Science 23 (1):153–69.
- Crane, Diana. 2012. Fashion and Its Social Agendas: Class, Gender, and Identity in Clothing. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Crist, Carolyn. 2021. “U.S. Surpasses 400,000 COVID-19 Deaths.” WebMD, January 20. Retrieved April 2, 2021. (https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20210119/u-s-surpasses-400-thousand-covid-19-deaths).
- Date, S. V. 2020. “The Coronavirus-Denier-In-Chief Proves His Strategy Doesn’t Work.” HuffPost, October 3. Retrieved March 31, 2021 (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-coronavirus-denier_n_5f7778a4c5b649e564b27569).
- Davidson, Justin. 2020. “The Leader of the Free World Gives a Speech, and She Nails It.” New York Magazine, March 18. Retrieved December 26, 2020 (https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/angela-merkel-nails-coronavirus-speech-unlike-trump.html).
- Davies, Emily, Rachel Weiner, Clarence Williams, Marisssa J. Lang, and Jessica Contrera. 2020. “Multiple People Stabbed after Thousands Gather for Pro-Trump Demonstrations in Washington.” The Washington Post, December 12. Retrieved December 13 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trump-dc-rally-maga/2020/12/11/8b5af818-3bdb-11eb-bc68-96af0daae728_story.html).
- De Pryck, Kari and François Gemenne. 2017. “The Denier-in-Chief: Climate Change, Science and the Election of Donald J. Trump.” Law and Critique 28 (2):119–29.
- Deshotels, Tina Herbert, Craig J. Forsyth, Stephanie Earwood, BreeAnna New, and Jennifer Fulmer. 2019. “For HE Tells Me So: Techniques of Neutralization Applied to Christian Domestic Discipline.” Deviant Behavior 40 (6):732–51.
- Drakulich, Kevin M. 2015. “Concerns for Self or Family? Sources of and Responses to Altruistic Fear.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 30 (7):1168–207.
- Druckman, James N. and Lawrence R. Jacobs. 2009. “Presidential Responsiveness to Public Opinion.” Pp. 160–81 in The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency, edited by George C. Edwards III and William G. Howell. New York: Oxford University Press,
- Easley, Jonathan. 2021. “Majority of Republicans Say 2020 Election Was Invalid: Poll.” The Hill, February 25. Retrieved April 1, 2021 (https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/540508-majority-of-republicans-say-2020-election-was-invalid-poll).
- Edwards, Griffin Sims and Stephen Rushin. 2018. “The Effect of President Trump’s Election on Hate Crimes.” SSRN. Retrieved December 14, 2020 (https://ssrn.com/abstract=3102652).
- Evanega, Sarah, Mark Lynas, Jordan Adams, and Karinne Smolenyak. 2020. “Coronavirus Misinformation: Quantifying Sources and Themes in the COVID-19 ‘Infodemic.’” Unpublished paper, Department of Global Development, Cornell University. Retrieved October 1, 2020 (https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Evanega-et-al-Coronavirus-misinformation-submitted_07_23_20-1.pdf).
- Factbase. 2020. “Donald Trump/Joe Biden Twitter Followers (Realtime).” October 21. Retrieved December 10, 2020 (https://factba.se/topic/twitter-stats).
- Falconer, Rebecca. 2021. “Trump Calls Birx ‘A Proven Liar’ and Says Fauci “Flip Flop-Flops’ after CNN Interview.” Axios, March 30. Retrieved April 1, 2021 (https://www.axios.com/trump-accuses-birx-and-fauci-of-trying-to-reinvent-history-de17670c-2b01-47b6-9c23-c676252a5f73.html).
- Filindra, Alexandra and Noah J. Kaplan. 2016. “Racial Resentment and Whites’ Gun Policy Preferences in Contemporary America.” Political Behavior 38 (2):255–75.
- Flemming-Wood, Bennett, Yonatan Margalit, and Brian Schaffner. 2020. “The Emergent Partisan Gap in Social Distancing.” Data for Progress, June 21. Retrieved December 11, 2020 (https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2020/6/21/the-emergent-partisan-gap-in-social-distancing).
- Fullman, Nancy, Bree Bang-Jensen, Kenya Amano, Christopher Adolph, and John Wilkerson. 2020. “State-Level Social Distancing Policies in Response to COVID-19 in the US.” Version 1.16. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (https://github.com/COVID19StatePolicy/SocialDistancing).
- Funke, Daniel and Katie Sanders. 2020. “Lie of the Year: Coronavirus Downplay and Denial.” PolitiFact, December 16. Retrieved December 16, 2020 (https://www.politifact.com/article/2020/dec/16/lie-year-coronavirus-downplay-and-denial/).
- Glasser, Susan B. 2020. “‘It Was All about the Election’: The Ex-White House Aide Olivia Troye on Trump’s Narcissistic Mishandling of COVID-19.” The New Yorker, September 18. Retrieved September 18, 2020 (https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-trumps-washington/it-was-all-about-the-election-the-ex-white-house-aide-olivia-troye-on-trumps-narcissistic-mishandling-of-covid-19).
- Gollom, Mark. 2020. “Why Trump’s Operation Warp Speed Is Credited with Helping Race for COVID-19 Vaccine.” CBC, November 19. Retrieved December 10, 2020 (https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/operation-warp-speed-trump-pfizer-moderna-vaccine-1.5806820).
- Gollwitzer, Anton, Cameron Martel, W J. Brady, Philip Pärnamets, Isaac G. Freedman, Eric D. Knowles, and Jay J. Van Bavel. 2020. “Partisan Differences in Physical Distancing are Linked to Health Outcomes during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Nature Human Behaviour 4 (11):1186–97.
- Gómez,Angel, Matthew L. Brooks, Michael D. Buhrmester, Alexandra Vázquez, Jolanda Jetten, and William B. Swann Jr. 2011. “On the Nature of Identity Fusion: Insights into the Construct and a New Measure.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 100 (5):918–33.
- Gottfredson, Michael R. and Travis Hirschi. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Graham, Amanda, Francis T. Cullen, Leah C. Butler, Alexander L. Burton, and Velmer S. Burton, Jr. 2021. “Who Wears the MAGA Hat? Racial Beliefs and Faith in Trump.” Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 7:1–16.
- Graham, Amanda, Francis T. Cullen, Justin T. Pickett, Cheryl Lero Jonson, Murat Haner, and Melissa M. Sloan. 2020. “Faith in Trump, Moral Foundations, and Social Distancing Defiance during the Coronavirus Pandemic.” Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 6:1–23.
- Graham, Jesse, Jonathan Haidt, and Brian A. Nosek. 2009. “Liberals and Conservatives Rely on Different Sets of Moral Foundations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96 (5):1029–46.
- Grasmick, Harold G., Charles R. Tittle, Robert J. Bursik, Jr., and Bruce J. Arneklev. 1993. “Testing the Core Empirical Implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30 (1):5–29.
- Green, Jon, Jared Edgerton, Daniel Naftel, Kelsey Shoub, and Skyler J. Cranmer. 2020. “Elusive Consensus: Polarization in Elite Communication on the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Science Advances 6(28):eabc2717. Retrieved June 24, 2020 (https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/28/eabc2717).
- Greenberg, Jon and Amy Sherman. 2020. “Timeline: How Donald Trump Responded to the Coronavirus Pandemic.” PolitiFact, December 14. Retrieved December 15, 2020 (https://www.politifact.com/article/2020/mar/20/how-donald-trump-responded-coronavirus-pandemic/?fbclid=IwAR1ZSIZj9Fo00Qfrea1XDCtkn_tw62Ux-ngQkOiI8UA1PJLdgfpFpv3-Dts).
- Gringlas, Sam. 2020. “Trump Announces Amy Coney Barrett as His Supreme Court Nominee.” NPR, September 7. Retrieved December 8, 2020 (https://www.npr.org/sections/supreme-court-nomination/2020/09/26/916921211/trump-set-to-formally-announce-his-supreme-court-nominee).
- Haberman, Maggie and David E. Sanger. 2020. “Trump Says Coronavirus Cure Cannot ‘Be Worse than the Problem Itself.’” The New York Times, March 23. Retrieved December 15, 2020 (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-restrictions.html).
- Haidt, Jonathan. 2012. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion. New York: Vintage.
- Hamblin, James. 2020. “How Trump Sold Failure to 70 Million People.” The Atlantic, November 20. Retrieved November 11, 2020. (https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/11/trump-voters-pandemic-failures/617051/).
- Haroun, Azmi. 2020. “Daily COVID-19 Death Toll in the US Passes 3,000—More than the Death Toll from the 9/11 Tragedy.” Yahoo/News, December 9. Retrieved December 10, 2020 (https://news.yahoo.com/daily-covid-19-death-toll-032907817.html).
- Harris, Lloyd C. 2020. “Breaking Lockdown during Lockdown: A Neutralization Theory Evaluation of Misbehavior during the Covid 19 Pandemic.” Deviant Behavior. Advance online publication, doi: 10.1080/01639625.2020.1863756.
- Hawdon, James E. 2001. “The Role of Presidential Rhetoric in the Creation of a Moral Panic: Reagan, Bush, and the War on Drugs.” Deviant Behavior 22 (5):419–45.
- Hay, Carter and Ryan Meldrum. 2016. Self-Control and Crime over the Life Course. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
- Herman, Shaina and Greg Pogarsky. 2020. “Morality, Deterrability, and Offender Decision Making.” Justice Quarterly. Advance online publication, doi: 10.1080/07418825.2019.1709884.
- Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 2016. Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right. New York: New Press.
- Holshue, Michelle L., Chas DeBolt, Scott Lindquist, Kathy H. Lofy, John Wiesman, Hollianne Bruce, Christopher Spitters, Keith Ericson, Sara Wilkerson, Ahmet Tural, et al. 2020. “First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States.” New England Journal of Medicine 382 (10):929–36.
- Itkowitz, Colby. 2021. “Trump Falsely Claims Jan. 6 Rioters Were ‘Hugging and Kissing’ Police.” The Washington Post, March 26. Retrieved April 1, 2021 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-riot-capitol-police/2021/03/26/0ba7e844-8e40-11eb-9423-04079921c915_story.html).
- Jackman, Tom. 2021. “Police Union Says 140 Officers Injured in Capitol Riot.” The Washington Post, January 27. Retrieved April 1, 2021 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/police-union-says-140-officers-injured-in-capitol-riot/2021/01/27/60743642-60e2-11eb-9430-e7c77b5b0297_story.html).
- Jerit, Jennifer and Jason Barabas. 2011. “Exposure Measures and Content Analysis in Media Effects Studies.” Pp. 139–55 in The Oxford Handbook of American Public Opinion and the Media, edited by Robert Y. Shapiro and Lawrence R. Jacobs. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Just, Marion R. 2011. “What’s News: A View from the Twenty-First Century.” Pp. 105–20 in The Oxford Handbook of American Public Opinion and the Media, edited by Robert Y. Shapiro and Lawrence R. Jacobs. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Kaiser Health Network. 2020. “Trump Says He Saved 2 Million Lives from COVIC. Really?” KHN & Politifact Healthcheck, October 21,2020. Retrieved December 7, 2020 (https://khn.org/news/fact-check-president-trump-says-he-saved-2-million-lives-from-covid/).
- Kaptein, Muel and Martien van Helvoort. 2019. “A Model of Neutralization Techniques.” Deviant Behavior 40 (10):1260–85.
- Katz, A. J. 2020. “November 2020 Ratings: Fox News Remains the Most-Watched Cable Network.” Adweek, December 2. Retrieved December 10, 2020 (https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/fox-news-nov-2020-ratings-fox-news-remains-the-most-watched-network-on-cable/464294/).
- Keenan, Edward. 2020. “In the Face of Destruction and Death, Donald Trump Hunkers Down as Denier-In-Chief.” Toronto Star, September 20. Retrieved March 31, 2021 (https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2020/09/17/in-the-face-of-destruction-and-death-donald-trump-hunkers-down-as-denier-in-chief.html).
- Kinder, Donald R. and Nathan P. Kalmoe. 2017. Neither Liberal nor Conservative: Ideological Innocence in the American Public. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Knight, Sam. 2020. “Boris Johnson May Be a Victims of His Slow Response to the Coronavirus.” The New Yorker, March 27. Retrieved December 26, 2020 (https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-uk/boris-johnson-may-be-a-victim-of-his-slow-response-to-the-coronavirus).
- Kunst, Jonas R., John F. Dovidio, and Lotte Thomsen. 2019. “Fusion with Political Leaders Predicts Willingness to Persecute Immigrants and Political Opponents.” Nature Human Behavior 3 (11):1180–89.
- The Lancet Commission. 2021. Public Policy and Health in the Trump Era, February 11. Retrieved March 31, 2021 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32545-9.
- Lawrence, Adam B. 2004. “Does It Matter What the Presidents Say? The Influence of Presidential Rhetoric on the Public Agenda, 1946–2003.” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
- Leonhardt, David. 2020. “A Complete List of Trump’s Attempts to Play down Coronavirus.” The New York Times, March 15. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/15/opinion/trump-coronavirus.html).
- Liptak, Kevin and Maeve Reston. 2020. “Trump Returns to White House and Removes Mask despite Having Covid.” CNN, October 5. Retrieved December 8, 2020 (https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/05/politics/donald-trump-covid-condition-walter-reed/index.html).
- Malka, Ariel, Danny Osborne, Christopher J. Soto, Lara M. Greaves, Chris G. Sibley, and Yphtach Lelkes. 2016. “Binding Moral Foundations and the Narrowing of Ideological Conflict to the Traditional Morality Domain.” Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 42 (9):1243–57.
- Malloy, Tim and Doug Schwartz. 2020. Quinnipiac Poll, December 10. Retrieved December 11, 2020 (https://poll.qu.edu/images/polling/us/us12102020_usrn76.pdf).
- Mandavilli, Apoorva and Tracey Tully. 2020. “White House Is Not Tracing Contacts for ‘Super-spreader Rose Garden Event.” The New York Times, October 5. Retrieved December 8, 2020 (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/05/health/contact-tracing-white-house.html).
- Mangan, Dan. 2020. “Trump Defends Calling Coronavirus ‘Chinese Virus’—It’s Not Racist at All.’” CNBC, March 18. Retrieved December 15, 2020 (https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/18/coronavirus-criticism-trump-defends-saying-chinese-virus.html).
- Maruna, Shadd and Heith Copes. 2005. “What Have We Learned in Five Decades of Neutralization Research?” Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 32:221–320.
- Maruna, Shadd and Heith Copes. 2018. “Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory Ahead of Its Time.” Pp. 43–58 in Delinquency and Drift Revisited: The Criminology of David Matza and Beyond, edited by Thomas G. Blomberg, Francis T. Cullen, Christoffer Carlsson, and Cheryl Lero Jonson. New York: Routledge.
- Matzko, Paul. 2020. “Talk Radio Is Turning Millions of Americans into Conservatives.” The New York Times, October 9. Retrieved December 10, 2020 (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/09/opinion/talk-radio-conservatives-trumpism.html).
- McManus, Hannah D., Francis T. Cullen, Cheryl Lero Jonson, Alexander L. Burton, and Velmer S. Burton, Jr. 2019. “Will Black Lives Matter to the Police? African Americans’ Concerns about Trump’s Presidency.” Victims & Offenders 14 (8):1040–62.
- Morris, David Z. 2021. “‘We Will Never Concede’: How Donald Trump Incited an Attack on America.” Yahoo.com, January 7. Retrieved April 1, 2021 (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/never-concede-donald-trump-incited-184554099.html).
- The New York Times. 2020. “Coronavirus in the U.S.: Latest Map and Case Count.” March 28. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/coronavirus-us-cases.html).
- Ortiz, Jorge L. 2021. “‘Blood on His Hands’: As US Surpasses 400,000 COVID-19 Deaths, Experts Blame Trump Administration for a ‘Preventable’ Loss of Life.” USA Today, January 17. Retrieved March 31, 2021 (https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/17/covid-19-us-400-000-deaths-experts-blame-trump-administration/6642685002/).
- Papenfuss, Mary. 2020. “Trump’s Touted ‘Coronavirus Drug’ Linked to Psychiatric Disorders.” HuffPost, November 29. Retrieved December 8, 2020 (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-hydoxychloroquine-psychiatric-dis-orders_n_5fc2fccec5b66bb88c677602).
- Paz, Christian. 2020. “All the President’s Lies about the Coronavirus.” The Atlantic, March 24. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/03/trumps-lies-about-coronavirus/608647/).
- Peer, Eyal, Joachim Vosgerau, and Alessandro Acquisti. 2014. “Reputation as a Sufficient Condition for Data Quality on Amazon Mechanical Turk.” Behavior Research Methods 46:1023–31.
- Perrett, Connor. 2020. “Trump Broke His All-Time Tweeting Record amid Nationwide Protests, Sending More Tweets in a Single Day than He Did during His Trial.” Insider, June 6. Retrieved December 11, 2020 (https://www.insider.com/trump-breaks-record-most-tweets-in-a-single-day-2020-6).
- Pickett, Justin T., Sean Patrick Roche, and Greg Pogarsky. 2018. “Toward a Bifurcated Theory of Emotional Deterrence.” Criminology 56 (1):27–58.
- Pious, Richard M. 2021. Commander in Chief, President As. Encyclopedia.com., Oxford University Press. Retrieved April 2, 2021 (https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/commander-chief-president).
- Pratt, Travis C. and Francis T. Cullen. 2000. “The Empirical Status of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime: A Meta-Analysis.” Criminology 39 (3):931–64.
- Qiu, Linda. 2020. “Analyzing the Patterns in Trump’s Falsehoods about Coronavirus.” The New York Times, March 27. Retrieved August 27, 2020. (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-factcheck.html).
- Qureshi, Hanif, Teresa C. Kulig, Francis T. Cullen, and Bonnie S. Fisher. 2020. “Rape Myth Acceptance among College Students in India: Prevalence and Predictors in a Changing Context.” Deviant Behavior. Advance online publication, doi:10.1080/01639625.2020.1720935.
- Ramirez, Mark D. 2013. “Punitive Sentiment.” Criminology 51 (2):329–64.
- Reston, Maeve. 2020. “Donald Trump His Sealing His Fate as the Coronavirus Denier-in-Chief.” CNN, July 19. Retrieved April 1, 2021 (https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/19/politics/donald-trump-chris-wallace-interview-coronavirus/).
- Rieder, Rem. 2020. “Trump and the ‘New Hoax.’” FactCheck.org, March 3. Retrieved December 7, 2020 (https://www.factcheck.org/2020/03/trump-and-the-new-hoax/).
- Rummler, Orion. 2020. “CDC: Some People Are Drinking and Inhaling Cleaning Products in Attempt to Fight Coronavirus.” Axios, June 6. Retrieved December 8, 2020 (https://www.axios.com/coronavirus-cdc-bleach-09fd3abd-f8ae-4f2c-a67a-5b2d3cc0ab2b.html).
- Rupar, Aaron. 2020. “Trump Spent Weeks Downplaying the Coronavirus. He’s Now Pretending that Never Happened.” Vox, March 18. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (https://www.vox.com/2020/3/18/21184945/trump-coronavirus-comments-thenversus-now).
- Seddiq, Oma. 2020. “‘He Has Blood on His Hands’: Columbia University Study Shows that Trump Could Have Avoided over 130,000 COVID-19 Deaths with a More Robust Pandemic Response.” Business Insider, October 22. Retrieved December 6, 2020 (https://www.businessinsider.com/columbia-study-white-house-could-have-avoided-130000-coronavirus-deaths-2020-10).
- Shallenberger, Ashley. 2019. “Trump, “Collusion Delusion” & Techniques of Neutralization. Medium, May 14. Retrieved December 1, 2020 (https://medium.com/@shallen_a/trump-collusion-delusion-the-techniques-of-neutralization-ad6b85d5a82d).
- Sharkey, Patrick. 2020. “The US Has a Collective Action Problem That’s Larger than the Coronavirus Crisis.” Vox, April 10. Retrieved March 31, 2021 (https://www.vox.com/2020/4/10/21216216/coronavirus-social-distancing-texas-unacast-climate-change).
- Shear, Michael D. and Sarah Mervosh. 2020. “Trump Encourages Protest Against Governors Who Have Imposed Virus Restrictions.” The New York Times, April 17. Retrieved December 8, 2020. (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/17/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-governors.html).
- Sherman, Lawrence W. 1993. “Defiance, Deterrence, and Irrelevance: A Theory of the Criminal Sanction.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30 (4):445–73.
- Shi, Luzi, Yunmei Lu, and Justin T. Pickett. 2020. “The Public Salience of Crime, 1960–2014: Age-Period-Cohortand Time Series Analyses.” Criminology 58 (3):568–93.
- Silver, Eric and Jasmine R. Silver. 2019. “Morality and Self-Control: The Role of Binding and Individualizing Moral Motives.” Deviant Behavior . Advance online publication, doi:10.1080/01639625.2019.1678580.
- Silver, Jasmine R. 2017. “Moral Foundations, Intuitions of Justice, and the Intricacies of Punitive Sentiment.” Law & Society Review 51 (2):413–50.
- Smith, Isaac H., Karl Aquino, Spassena Koleva, and Jesse Graham. 2014. “The Moral Ties that Bind … Even to Out-Groups: The Interactive Effect of Moral Identity and the Binding Moral Foundations.” Psychological Science 25 (8):1554–62.
- Solender, Andrew. 2020. “Trump Said U.S. Was ‘Rounding the Final Turn” on Aug. 31—And on 39 of the 57 Days Since.” Forbes, October 27. Retrieved December 8, 2020 (https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/10/27/trump-said-us-was-rounding-the-final-turn-on-aug-31-and-on-39-of-the-57-days-since/?sh=3a2f516e3729).
- Strauss, Valerie. 2020. “Trump Tweets Schools Should Open ‘ASAP’ (After a Fox News Host Said the Same Thing Sunday Night). Here are Some Responses.” The Washington Post, May 25. Retrieved December 8, 2020 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/05/25/trump-tweets-schools-should-open-asap-after-fox-news-host-said-same-thing-sunday-night-here-are-some-responses/).
- Sun, Lena H. and Josh Dawsey. 2020. “White House and CDC Remove Coronavirus Warnings about Choirs in Faith Guidance.” The Washington Post, May 28. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/white-house-and-cdc-remove-coronavirus-warnings-aboutchoirs-in-faith-guidance/2020/05/28/5d9c526e-a117-11ea9590-1858a893bd59_story.html).
- Süssenbach, Philipp, Jonas Rees, and Mario Gollwitzer. 2019. “When the Going Gets Tough, Individualizers Get Going: On the Relationship between Moral Foundations and Prosociality.” Personality and Individual Differences 136 (1):122–31.
- Sykes, Gresham M. and David Matza. 1957. “Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency.” American Sociological Review 22 (6):664–70.
- Thomas, Elizabeth. 2020. “Trump Keeps Holding White House Holiday Parties despite CDC Warnings against Indoor Gatherings.” ABC News, December 9. Retrieved December 10, 2020 (https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-holding-white-house-holiday-parties-ignoring-cdc/story?id=74625136).
- Topalli, Volkan, George E. Higgins, and Heith Copes. 2014. “A Causal Model of Neutralization Acceptance and Delinquency: Making the Case for an Individual Differences Model.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 41 (5):553–73.
- Trumka, Richard. 2020. “Trump’s Dangerous Decision on Meatpacking Plants.” The New York Times, May 7. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/07/opinion/trump-meat-plants-coronavirus.html).
- Trump, Donald. 2020. “Remarks by President Trump at the Operation Warp Speed Vaccine Summit.” The White House, December 8. Retrieved December 10, 2020 (https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-operation-warp-speed-vaccine-summit/).
- Trump Twitter Archive. 2020. December 10. Retrieved December 10, 2020 (http://www.thetrumparchive.com).
- Tulis, Jeffrey K. 1987. The Rhetorical Presidency. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- USA Today. 2021. “The Denier-In-Chief Has Left the White House.” Business Day, February 4. Retrieved March 31, 2021 (https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2021-02-04-usa-today-the-denier-in-chief-has-left-the-white-house/).
- van Leeuwen, Florian and Justin H. Park. 2009. “Perceptions of Social Dangers, Moral Foundations, and Political Orientation.” Personality and Individual Differences 47 (3):169–73.
- Vaughan, Tyler J., Lisa Bell Holleran, and Jasmine R. Silver. 2019. “Applying Moral Foundations Theory to the Explanation of Capital Jurors’ Sentencing Decisions.” Justice Quarterly 37 (7):1176–205.
- Vazsonyi, Alexander T., Jakub Mikuška, and Erin L. Kelley. 2017. “It’s Time: A Meta-Analysis on the Self-Control–Deviance Link.” Journal of Criminal Justice 48:48–63.
- Wang, Amy B. 2021. “Birx Tells CNN Most U.S. Covid Deaths ‘Could Have Been Mitigated’ after the First 100,000.” The Washington Post, March 27. Retrieved April 1, 2021 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/03/27/birx-tells-cnn-most-us-covid-deaths-could-have-been-mitigated-after-first-100000/).
- Warr, Mark and Christopher G. Ellison. 2000. “Rethinking Social Reactions to Crime: Personal and Altruistic Fear in Family Households.” American Journal of Sociology 106 (3):551–78.
- Weinberg, Jill D., Jeremy Freese, and David McElhattan. 2014. “Comparing Data Characteristics and Results of an Online Factorial Survey between a Population-Based and a Crowdsource-Recruited Sample.” Sociological Science 1 (19):292–310.
- Wolf, Cam. 2020. “Joe Biden Makes Merch Great Again.” GQ, November 9. Retrieved November 11, 2020 (https://www.gq.com/story/joe-biden-we-just-did-hat).
- Woodward, Bob. 2020. Rage. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Yan, Holly. 2020. “Covid-19 Now Kills More than 1 American Every Minute. And the Rate Keeps Accelerating as the Death Toll Tops 300,000.” CNN, December 14. Retrieved December 15, 2020 (https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/14/health/us-covid-deaths-300k/index.html).
- Zhao, Christina. 2020. “After Trump’s Disinfectant Comments, Calls to Poison Control Centers Spike in New York, Michigan, Illinois and Maryland.” Newsweek, April 26. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (https://www.newsweek.com/after-trumps-disinfectant-comments-calls-poison-control-centers-spike-new-yorkmichigan-1500294).