“Creative Non-compliance”: Complying with the “Spirit of the Law” Not the “Letter of the Law” under the Covid-19 Lockdown Restrictions

References

• Alegria, Katie, Sara Fleszar-Pavlović, Dalena Ngo, Aislinn Beam, Deanna Halliday, Bianca Hinojosa, Jacqueline Hua, Angela Johnson, Kaylyn McAnally, Lauren McKinley, et al. 2021. “The Role of Risk Perceptions and Affective Consequences in COVID-19 Protective Behaviors.” International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 28 (6):801–07. doi:10.1007/s12529-021-09970-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, Kellie and Tara Opsal. 2020. “That’s Just What You Do”: Applying the Techniques of Neutralization to College Hazing.” Deviant Behaviour. doi:10.1080/01639625.2020.1738649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, Ben and Jonathan Jackson. 2017. “Enabling and Constraining Police Power.” Pp. 219–37 in The Routledge Handbook of Criminal Justice Ethics, edited by J. Jacobs and J. Jackson. London: Routledge,
   Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, John. 2002. “Large Business and the Compliance Model.” Pp. 177–203 in Taxing Democracy, edited by V. Braithwaite. Aldershot: Ashgate,
   Google Scholar
• Burruss, George, Chae Jaynes, Richard Moule, and Fa Rachel. 2021. “Modeling Individual Defiance of COVID-19 Pandemic Mitigation Strategies: Insights from the Expanded Model of Deterrence and Protection Motivation Theory.” Criminal Justice and Behaviour 48 (9):1317–38. doi:10.1177/00938548211010315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardwell, Stephanie and Heith Copes. 2021. ““Neutralization.”.” in The Cambridge Handbook of Compliance, edited by B. van Rooij, and D. Sokol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Pp. 451-464 .
   Google Scholar
• Copelton, Denise. 2007. ““You are What You Eat”: Nutritional Norms, Maternal Deviance, and Neutralization of Women’s Prenatal Diets.” Deviant Behaviour 28 (5):467–94. doi:10.1080/01639620701252571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denford, Sarah, K S. Morton, Helen Lambert, Juan Zhang, L E. Smith, G J. Rubin, Shenghan Cai, Tingting Zhang, Charlotte Robin, Gemma Lasseter, et al. 2021. “Understanding Patterns of Adherence to COVID-19 Mitigation Measures: A Qualitative Interview Study.” Journal of Public Health 43 (3):508–16. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdab005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan, Anna. 2021. Reconceptualising Corporate Compliance: Responsibility, Freedom and the Law. London: Hart.
   Google Scholar
• Eliason, Stephen. 1999. “Techniques of Neutralization Used by Deer Poachers in the Western United States: A Research Note.” Deviant Behavior 20 (3):233–52. doi:10.1080/016396299266489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliason, Stephen, and Richard Dodder. 1999. ”Techniques of neutralization used by deer poachers in the western united states: A research note.” Deviant Behavior 20 (3): 233–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fancourt, Daisy, Andrew Steptoe, and Liam Wright. 2020. “The Cummings Effect: Politics, Trust, and Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” The Lancet 396 (10249):464–65. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31690-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gribnau, Hans. 2015. “Corporate Social Responsibility and Tax Planning: Not by Rules Alone.” Social & Legal Studies 24 (2):225–50. doi:10.1177/0964663915575053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulland, Jackie. 2020. “Households, Bubbles and Hugging Grandparents: Caring and Lockdown Rules during COVID-19.” Feminist Legal Studies 28 (3):329–39. doi:10.1007/s10691-020-09445-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, Kath and Vivien Holmes. 2015. “The Power of Rationalization to Influence Lawyers’ Decisions to Act Unethically.” Legal Ethics 11 (2):137–53. doi:10.1080/1460728X.2008.11423909.
   Google Scholar
• Halliday, Simon, Meers, Jed, and Tomlinson, Joe. 2021. “Interim Reports.” Law and Compliance
   Google Scholar
• Harris, L C. 2020. “Breaking Lockdown during Lockdown: A Neutralization Theory Evaluation of Misbehavior during the Covid 19 Pandemic.” Deviant Behavior 1–15. doi:10.1080/01639625.2020.1863756.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmond, Petra, Geertjan Overbeek, Daniel Brugman, and John Gibbs. 2015. “A Meta-Analysis On Cognitive Distortions And Externalizing Problem Behavior.” Criminal Justice and Behaviour 42 (3):245–62. doi:10.1177/0093854814552842.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heltsley, Martha and Thomas Calhoun. 2003. “The Good Mother: Neutralization Techniques Used by Pageant Mothers.” Deviant Behaviour 24 (2):81–100. doi:10.1080/01639620390117202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickman, Tom. 2020. “The Use and Misuse of Guidance during the UK’s Coronavirus Lockdown.” SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3686857.
   Google Scholar
• Hickman, Tom, Emma Dixon, and Rachel Jones. 2020. “Coronavirus and Civil Liberties in the UK.” Judicial Review 25 (2):151–70. doi:10.1080/10854681.2020.1773133.
   Google Scholar
• Hugh, Todd. 2017. “The Criminalization of Compliance.” Notre Dame Law Review 92:1215–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, Jonathan and Ben Bradford. 2021. “Us and Them: On the Motivational Force of Formal and Informal Lockdown Rules.” LSE Public Policy Review 1 (4):1–8. doi:10.31389/lseppr.24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson, Jonathan, Ben Bradford, Julia Yesberg, Zoe Hobson, Arabella Kyprianides, Krisztián Pósch, and Reka Solymosi. 2020. “Public Compliance and COVID-19: Did Cummings Damage the Fight against the Virus, or Become a Useful Anti-role Model?” LSE Politics and Policy. (https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/public-compliance-covid19-june).
   Google Scholar
• Kaptein, Muel and Martien van Helvoort. 2018. “A Model of Neutralization Techniques.” Deviant Behaviour 40 (10):1260–85. doi:10.1080/01639625.2018.1491696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruna, Shadd and Heith Copes. 2005. “What Have We Learned from Five Decades of Neutralization Research?” Crime and Justice 32:221–320. doi:10.1086/655355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruna, Shadd and Heith Copes. 2018. “Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Its Time and Ahead of Its Time.” in Delinquency and Drift Revisited, edited by F. Cullen, F. Adler, W. Laufer, T. Blomberg, F. Cullen, C. Carlson, and C. Jonson. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Matza, David. 1964. Delinquency and Drift. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Matza, David and Gresham Sykes. 1961. “Juvenile Delinquency and Subterranean Values.” American Sociological Review 26 (5):712–19. doi:10.2307/2090200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBarnet, Doreen. 2019. ”When Compliance is not the Solution but the Problem: From Changes in Law to Changes in Attitude” Centre for Tax System Integrity. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/154916/1/18.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• McBarnet, Doreen. 1985. “Law, Policy, and Legal Avoidance: Can Law Effectively Implement Egalitarian Policies.” Journal of Law and Society 15 (1):113–21. doi:10.2307/1410078.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBarnet, Doreen. 2006. “After Enron Will ‘Whiter than White Collar Crime’ Still Wash?” The British Journal of Criminology 46 (6):1091–109. doi: 10.1093/bjc/azl068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBarnet, Doreen. 2012. “Questioning the Legitimacy of Compliance.” in Legitimacy and Compliance in Criminal Justice, edited by A. Crawford, and A. Hucklesby. London: Routledge pp. 71-90 .
   Google Scholar
• McBarnet, Doreen and Christopher Whelan. 1991. “The Elusive Spirit of the Law: Formalism and the Struggle for Legal Control.” Modern Law Review 54 (6):848–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2230.1991.tb01854.x.
   Google Scholar
• McLean, Kyle and Scott Wolfe. 2015. “A Sense of Injustice Loosens the Moral Bind of Law: Specifying the Links between Procedural Injustice, Neutralizations, and Offending.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 43 (1):27–44. doi:10.1177/0093854815609655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, Robert and Heith Copes. 2012. “Exploring the Temporal Dynamics of the Neutralization/Delinquency Relationship.” Criminal Justice Review 37 (4):442–60. doi:10.1177/0734016812456548.
   Google Scholar
• Nagin, Daniel and Cody Telep. 2020. “Procedural Justice and Legal Compliance: A Revisionist Perspective.” Criminology & Public Policy 19 (3):761–86. doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piquero, N L., S G. Tibbetts, and M B. Blankenship. 2005. “Examining the Role of Differential Association and Techniques of Neutralization in Explaining Corporate Crime.” Deviant Behavior 26 (2):159–88. doi:10.1080/01639620590881930.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandberg, Sveinung and Gustavo Fondevila. 2020. “Corona Crimes: How Pandemic Narratives Change Criminal Landscapes.” Theoretical Criminology 136248062098163. doi:10.1177/1362480620981637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, D M. 2021. “The Cost of Coronavirus Obligations: Respecting the Letter and Spirit of Lockdown Regulations.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 30 (2):255–61. doi:10.1017/S096318012000081X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinmetz, Kevin and Kenneth Tunnell. 2013. “Under the Pixelated Jolly Roger: A Study of On-Line Pirates.” Deviant Behaviour 34 (1):53–67. doi:10.1080/01639625.2012.707536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susanna Trnka, Nicholas J., Long, Pounamu Jade Aikman, Nayantara Sheoran Appleton, Sharyn Graham Davies, Antje Deckert, Edmond Fehoko, Eleanor Holroyd, Naseem Jivraj, Megan Laws, Nelly Martin-Anatias, et al. 2021. “Negotiating Risks and Responsibilities during Lockdown: Ethical Reasoning and Affective Experience in Aotearoa New Zealand.” Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. doi:10.1080/03036758.2020.1865417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sykes, Gresham and David Matza. 1957. “Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency.” American Sociological Review 22 (6):664–70. doi: 10.2307/2089195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornberg, R and K. Charmaz. 2014. “Grounded Theory and Theoretical Coding.” in The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis, edited by U. Flick. London: SAGE pp. 153-169 .
   Google Scholar
• Topalli, Volkan, George Higgins, and Heith Copes. 2013. “A Causal Model of Neutralization Acceptance and Delinquency: Making the Case for an Individual Difference Model.” Criminal Justice and Behaviour 41 (5):553–73. doi:10.1177/0093854813509076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinkner, Rick and Ellen Cohn. 2014. “Putting the “Social” Back in Legal Socialization: Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and Cynicism in Legal and Nonlegal Authorities.” Law and Human Behavior 38 (6):602–17. doi:10.1037/lhb0000107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, Tom. 2017. “Procedural Justice and Policing: A Rush to Judgment?” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 13 (1):29–53. doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110316-113318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, Tom and Jonathan Jackson. 2014. “Popular Legitimacy and the Exercise of Legal Authority: Motivating Compliance, Cooperation, and Engagement.” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 20 (1):78–95. doi:10.1037/a0034514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, Tom and Yuen Huo. 2002. Trust in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation with the Police and Courts. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• University of Oxford. 2021. “COVID-19 Government Response Tracker.” (https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/research-projects/covid-19-government-response-tracker).
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Donna, Suzanne Marmo-Roman, Kathryn Krase, and Lusta Wurzweiler. 2021. “Compliance with Preventative Measures during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the USA and Canada: Results from an Online Survey.” Social Work in Healthcare. doi:10.1080/00981389.2020.1871157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, George, Ragnar Lofsted, and Jamie Wardman. 2021. “COVID-19: The Winter Lockdown Strategy in Five European Nations.” Journal of Risk Research 24 (3–4):267–93. doi:10.1080/13669877.2021.1891802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, S, C Armitage, T Tampe, and K. Dienes. 2020. “Public Perceptions and Experiences of Social Distancing and Social Isolation during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A UK Based Focus Group Study.” BMJ Open 20. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojciechowsk, Thomas. 2020. “Clustering of Endorsements of Techniques of Neutralization as Predictors of Offending among College Students: A Latent Profile Analysis Approach.” Criminal Justice Review. doi:10.1177/0734016820962166.
   Google Scholar