Prioritise Propensity: A multimethod analysis of peer influence and school-based aggression

References

• Agresti, A. 2002. Categorical Data Analysis. 2nd. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience. doi:10.1002/0471249688
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S., L. Foulkes, J. T. Leung, C. Griffin, A. Sakhardande, M. Bennett, and S. J. Blakemore, K. Griffiths, J. Parker, W. Kuyken. 2020. “Susceptibility to Prosocial and Antisocial Influence in Adolescence.” Journal of Adolescence 84(1):56–68. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.07.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiken, L. S. and S. G. West. 1991. Multiple Regressions: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Akers, R. L., M. D. Krohn, L. Lanza-Kaduce, and M. Radosevich. 1979. “Social Learning and Deviant Behavior: A Specific Test of a General Theory.” American Sociological Review 44(4):636–55. doi:10.2307/2094592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert, D., J. Chein, and L. Steinberg. 2013. “The Teenage Brain: Peer Influences on Adolescent Decision Making.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 22(2):114–20. doi:10.1177/0963721412471347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, R. 2008. Modern Methods for Robust Regression. London, England: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi:10.4135/9781412985109.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, J. L., L. E. Foulkes, J. K. Bone, and S.-J. Blakemore. 2020. Amplified Concern for Social Risk in Adolescence. Brain Sciences 10(6):397–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atlas, R. S. and D. J. Pepler. 1998. “Observations of Bullying in the Classroom.” The Journal of Educational Research 92(2):86–99. doi:10.1080/00220679809597580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, J. C., A. Raine, and D. P. Farrington. 2020. “The Interaction of Biopsychological and Socio- Environmental Influences on Criminological Outcomes.” Justice Quarterly 39(1):26–50. doi:10.1080/07418825.2020.1730425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnum, T. C. and G. Pogarsky. 2022. “Situational Peer Dynamics and Crime Decisions.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 59(5):535–73. doi:10.1177/00224278211070498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton-Crosby, J. 2017. Situational Action Theory and Intimate Partner Violence: An exploration of morality as the underlying mechanism in the explanation of violent crime. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Barton-Crosby, J. 2022. “The Nature and Role of Morality in Situational Action Theory.” European Journal of Criminology 19(6):1421–1437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton-Crosby, J. and H. Hirtenlehner. 2020. “The Role of Morality and Self-Control in Conditioning the Criminogenic Effect of Provocation. A Partial Test of Situational Action Theory.” Deviant Behavior 42(10):1273–94. doi:10.1080/01639625.2020.1738645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, T. E. 2005. “Potential Problems in the Statistical Control of Variables in Organizational Research: A Qualitative Analysis with Recommendations.” Organizational Research Methods 8(3):274–89. doi:10.1177/1094428105278021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beier, H. 2018. “Situational Peer Effects on Adolescents’ Alcohol Consumption: The Moderating Role of Supervision, Activity Structure, and Personal Moral Rules.” Deviant Behavior 39(3):363–79. doi:10.1080/01639625.2017.1286173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, C. and S. C. S. Caravita. 2016. “Why Do Early Adolescents Bully? Exploring the Influence of Prestige Norms on Social and Psychological Motives to Bully.” Journal of Adolescence 46(1):45–56. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.10.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkbeck, C. and G. LaFree. 1993. “The Situational Analysis of Crime and Deviance.” Annual Review of Sociology 19(1):113–37. doi:10.1146/annurev.so.19.080193.000553.
   Google Scholar
• Björkqvist, K., K. M. J. Lagerspetz, and A. Kaukiainen. 1992. “Do Girls Manipulate and Boys Fight? Developmental Trends in Regard to Direct and Indirect Aggression.” Aggressive Behavior 18(2):117–27. doi:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:2<117:AID-AB2480180205>3.0.CO;2-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakemore, S. J. 2018. “Avoiding Social Risk in Adolescence.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 27(2):116–22. doi:10.1177/0963721417738144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulton, M. J., E. Bucci, and D. D. S. Hawker. 1999. “Swedish and English Secondary School pupils’ Attitudes Towards, and Conceptions Of, Bullying: Concurrent Links with Bully/Victim Involvement.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 40(4):277–84. doi:10.1111/1467-9450.404127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulton, M. J., M. Trueman, and I. Flemington. 2002. “Associations Between Secondary School pupils’ Definitions of Bullying, Attitudes Towards Bullying, and Tendencies to Engage in Bullying: Age and Sex Differences.” Educational Studies 28(4):353–70. doi:10.1080/0305569022000042390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braumoeller, B. F. 2004. “Hypothesis Testing and Multiplicative Interaction Terms.” International Organization 58(4):807–20. doi:10.1017/S0020818304040251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brechwald, W. A. and M. J. Prinstein. 2011. “Beyond Homophily: A Decade of Advances in Understanding Peer Influence Processes.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 21(1):166–79. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00721.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briar, S. and I. Piliavin. 1965. “Delinquency, Situational Inducements, and Commitment to Conformity.” Social Problems 13(1):35–45. doi:10.2307/799304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. 1977. “Toward an Experimental Ecology of Human Development.” American Psychologist 32(7):513–31. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.32.7.513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. 1979. Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bruinsma, G., L. J. R. Pauwels, F. M. Weerman, and W. Bernasco. 2015. “Situational Action Theory: Cross-Sectional and Cross-Lagged Tests of Its Core Propositions.” Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 57(3):363–98. doi:10.3138/cjccj.2013.E24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunge, M. 2004. “How Does It Work? The Search for Explanatory Mechanisms.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 34(2):182–210. doi:10.1177/0048393103262550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess, R. L. and R. L. Akers. 1966. “A Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory of Criminal Behavior.” Social Problems 14(2):128–47. doi:10.2307/798612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns, R. B. and B. D. Cairns. 1994. Lifelines and Risks: Pathways of Youth in Our Time. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cairns, R. B., B. D. Cairns, H. J. Neckerman, S. D. Gest, and J.-L. Gariépy. 1988. “Social Networks and Aggressive Behavior: Peer Support or Peer Rejection?” Developmental Psychology 24(6):815–23. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.24.6.815.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo-Eito, L., C. J. Armitage, P. Norman, M. R. Day, O. C. Dogru, and R. Rowe. 2020. “How Can Adolescent Aggression Be Reduced? A Multi-Level Meta-Analysis.” Clinical Psychology Review 78(August 2019):101853. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chierchia, G., B. P. Pi-Sunyer, and S. J. Blakemore. 2020. Prosocial Influence and Opportunistic Conformity in Adolescents and Young Adults. Psychological Science 31(12):1585–1601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, R. V. 1980. ““Situational” Crime Prevention: Theory and Practice.” British Journal of Criminology 20(2):136–47. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. 1990. “Things I Have Learned (So Far).” American Psychologist 45(12):1304–12. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.45.12.1304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., P. Cohen, S. G. West, and L. S. Aiken. 2013. Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Mason, OH: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203774441.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, L. E. and M. Felson. 1979. “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach.” American Sociological Review 44(4):588–608. doi:10.2307/2094589.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornish, D. B. and R. V. Clarke. 2008. “The Rational Choice Perspective.” in Pp. 21–47 in Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, edited by R. Wortley and L. Mazerolle. Oxford: Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Cornish, D. B. and R. V. Clarke. 2014. The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Cornish, D. B. and R. V. Clarke. 2017. “The Rational Choice Perspective.” in Pp. 29–61. in Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, 2nd, edited by R. Wortley and M. Townsley. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Craig, W. M. and D. J. Pepler. 1997. “Observations of Bullying and Victimization in the School Yard.” Canadian Journal of Social Psychology 13(2):41–60. doi:10.1177/082957359801300205.
   Google Scholar
• Crick, N. R., D. Murray-Close, P. E. L. Marks, and N. Mohajeri-Nelson. 2009. “Aggression and Peer Relationships in School-Age Children: Relational and Physical Aggression in Group and Dyadic Contexts.” Pp. 287–302 in Handbook of Peer Interactions, Relations, and Groups, edited by K. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, and B. Laursen. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• De Buck, A. and L. J. R. Pauwels. 2019. “Are Impulsive Adolescents Differentially Vulnerable to Normative or Situational Peer Influences? A Partial Replication Study.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 35(4):461–83. doi:10.1177/1043986219873185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra, J. K., S. Lindenberg, and R. Veenstra. 2008. “Beyond the Class Norm: Bullying Behavior of Popular Adolescents and Its Relation to Peer Acceptance and Rejection.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 36(8):1289–99. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9251-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishion, T. J. and D. W. Andrews. 1995. “Preventing Escalation in Problem Behaviors with High-Risk Young Adolescents: Immediate and 1-Year Outcomes.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63(4):538–48. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.63.4.538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishion, T. J. and A. Connell. 2006. “Adolescents’ Resilience as a Self-Regulatory Process: Promising Themes for Linking Intervention with Developmental Science.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1094(1):125–38. doi:10.1196/annals.1376.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishion, T. J., J. McCord, and F. Poulin. 1999. “When Interventions Harm: Peer Groups and Problem Behavior.” American Psychologist 54(9):755–64. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.9.755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishion, T. J. and J. M. Tipsord. 2011. “Peer Contagion in Child and Adolescent Social and Emotional Development.” Annual Review of Psychology 62(1):189–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge, K. A., J. E. Lansford, and T. J. Dishion. 2006. “The Problem of Deviant Peer Influences in Intervention Programs.” in Pp. 3–13 in Deviant Peer Influences in Programs for Youth: Problems and Solutions, edited by K. A. Dodge, T. J. Dishion, and J. E. Lansford. New York City: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eisner, M. P. and T. Malti. 2015. “Aggressive and Violent Behavior”. Pp. 794–841 in Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science, in edited by, M. E. Lamb and R. M. Lerner. John Wiley & Sons Inc. doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy319
   Google Scholar
• Engel, C. 2023. “How Little Does It Take to Trigger a Peer Effect? An Experiment on Crime as Conditional Rule Violation.” The Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 60(4):455–92. ( 00224278231152625). doi:10.1177/00224278231152625.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst, A. and S. Lenkewitz. 2020. “Violence, Street Code Internalisation and the Moderating Effect of the Status-Violence Norm in German Schools.” Kriminologie-Das Online-Journal 2 (1):39–62.
   Google Scholar
• Espelage, D. L., M. K. Holt, and R. R. Henkel. 2003. “Examination of Peer-Group Contextual Effects on Aggression During Early Adolescence.” Child Development 74(1):205–20. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrington, D. P. 2006. “Childhood Risk Factors and Risk-Focused Prevention.” Pp. 602–640 in The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 4th ed., edited by M. Maguire, R. Morgan, and R. Reiner. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Farrington, D. P. and A. C. Baldry. 2010. “Individual Risk Factors for School Bullying.” Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 2(1):4–17. doi:10.5042/jacpr.2010.0001.
   Google Scholar
• Farrington, D. P., F. Lösel, M. M. Ttofi, and N. Theodorakis. 2012. School Bullying, Depression and Offending Behavior Later in Life: An Updated Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Stockholm: National Council for Crime Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Fleiss, J. L., B. Levin, and M. C. Paik. 2003. Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience. doi: 10.1002/0471445428.
   Google Scholar
• Fontaine, R. G. and K. A. Dodge. 2006. “Real-Time Decision Making and Aggressive Behaviour in Youth: A Heuristic Model of Response Evaluation and Decision (RED).” Aggressive Behaviour 32(3):187–94. doi:10.1002/ab.20150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foulkes, L. and S. J. Blakemore. 2016. “Is There Heightened Sensitivity to Social Reward in Adolescence?” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 40:81–85. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2016.06.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foulkes, L., J. T. Leung, D. Fuhrmann, L. J. Knoll, and S. J. Blakemore. 2018. “Age Differences in the Prosocial Influence Effect.” Developmental Science 21(6):1–9. doi:10.1111/desc.12666.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedrich, R. J. 1982. “In Defence of Multiplicative Terms in Multiple Regression Equations.” American Journal of Political Science 26(4):797–833. doi:10.2307/2110973.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaffney, H., D. P. Farrington, and M. M. Ttofi. 2019. “Examining the Effectiveness of School-Bullying Intervention Programs Globally: A Meta-Analysis.” International Journal of Bullying Prevention 1(1):14–31. doi:10.1007/s42380-019-0007-4.
   Google Scholar
• Gaffney, H., M. M. Ttofi, and D. P. Farrington. 2019. “Evaluating the Effectiveness of School-Bullying Prevention Programs: An Updated Meta-Analytical Review.” Aggression & Violent Behavior 45(June 2018):111–33. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.07.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaffney, H., M. M. Ttofi, and D. P. Farrington. 2021. “What Works in Anti-Bullying Programs? Analysis of Effective Intervention Components.” Journal of School Psychology 85(January):37–56. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2020.12.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallupe, O., J. McLevey, and S. Brown. 2019. “Selection and Influence: A Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Peer and Personal Offending.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 35(2):1–23. doi:10.1007/s10940-018-9384-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, T. W., T. J. Dishion, and A. M. Connell. 2008. “Adolescent Self-Regulation as Resilience: Resistance to Antisocial Behavior within the Deviant Peer Context.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 36(2):273–84. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9176-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendron, B. P., K. R. Williams, and N. G. Guerra. 2011. “An Analysis of Bullying Among Students within Schools: Estimating the Effects of Individual Normative Beliefs, Self-Esteem, and School Climate.” Journal of School Violence 10(2):150–64. doi:10.1080/15388220.2010.539166.
   Google Scholar
• Gerstner, D. and D. Oberwittler. 2018. “Who’s Hanging Out and What’s Happening? A Look at the Interplay Between Unstructured Socializing, Crime Propensity and Delinquent Peers Using Social Network Data.” European Journal of Criminology 15(1):111–29. doi:10.1177/1477370817732194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gifford-Smith, M., K. A. Dodge, T. J. Dishion, and J. McCord. 2005. “Peer Influence in Children and Adolescents: Crossing the Bridge from Developmental to Intervention Science.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 33(3):255–65. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-3563-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glueck, S. and E. Glueck. 1950. Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency. New York: Commonwealth Fund.
   Google Scholar
• Goodnight, J. A., J. E. Bates, J. P. Newman, K. A. Dodge, and G. S. Pettitt. 2006. “The Interactive Influences of Friend Deviance and Reward Dominance on the Development of Externalizing Behavior During Middle Adolescence.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 34(5):573–83. doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9036-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfredson, M. and T. Hirschi. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gottfredson, M. and T. Hirschi. 2020. Modern Control Theory and the Limits of Criminal Justice. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guerra, N. G., K. R. Williams, and S. Sadek. 2011. “Understanding Bullying and Victimization During Childhood and Adolescence: A Mixed Methods Study.” Child Development 82(1):295–310. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01556.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannon, L. and P. Knapp. 2003. “Reassessing Nonlinearity in the Urban Disadvantage/Violent Crime Relationship: An Example of Methodological Bias from Log Transformation.” Criminology 41(4):1427–48. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb01026.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardie, B. 2017. Why Monitoring Doesn’t Always Matter: The Situational Role of Parental Monitoring in Adolescent Crime. Cambridge: University of Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Hardie, B. 2020. Studying Situational Interaction: Explaining Behavior by Analysing Person-Environment Convergence. Springer Briefs. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-46194-2.
   Google Scholar
• Hardie, B. 2021. “Why Monitoring Doesn’t Always Matter: The Interaction of Personal Propensity with Physical and Psychological Parental Presence in a Situational Explanation of Adolescent Offending.” Deviant Behavior 42(3):329–52. doi:10.1080/01639625.2019.1673924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardie, B., & Wikström, P.-O. H. (2021). Space-Time Budget methodology: Facilitating social ecology of crime. In J. C. Barnes & Forde D (Eds.), Encyclopedia of research methods and statistical techniques in Criminology and Criminal Justice (pp. 126–143). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781119111931.ch25
   Google Scholar
• Hartup, W. W. 1993. “Adolescents and Their Friends.” New Directions for Child Development 60(60):3–21. doi:10.1002/cd.23219936003.
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins, D. L., D. J. Pepler, and W. M. Craig. 2001. “Naturalistic Observations of Peer Interventions in Bullying.” Social Development 10(4):512–27. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynie, D. L. and D. W. Osgood. 2005. “Reconsidering Peers and Delinquency: How Do Peers Matter?” Social Forces 84(2):1109–30. doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, D. B., A. D. Farrell, M. E. Schoeny, P. H. Tolan, and A. B. Dymnicki. 2011. “Influence of School-Level Variables on Aggression and Associated Attitudes of Middle School Students.” Journal of School Psychology 49(5):481–503. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2011.04.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, D., N. Guerra, R. Huesmann, P. Tolan, R. VanAcker, and L. Eron. 2000. “Normative Influences on Aggression in Urban Elementary School Classrooms.” American Journal of Community Psychology 28(1):59–81. doi:10.1023/A:1005142429725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilbe, J. 2011. Negative Binomial Regression. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hilbe, J. 2014. Modeling Count Data. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschi, T. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hirtenlehner, H. 2018. “Does Perceived Peer Delinquency Amplify or Mitigate the Deterrent Effect of Perceived Sanction Risk?” Deviant Behavior 40(3):361–84. doi:10.1080/01639625.2018.1426264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirtenlehner, H. 2020. “The Interaction Between Self-Control and Perceived Sanction Risk: An Analysis from the Viewpoint of Different Theories.” Criminal Justice Review 45(1):104–28. doi:10.1177/0734016819876347.
   Google Scholar
• Hirtenlehner, H., J. Bacher, H. Leitgöb, and D. Schartmueller. 2021. “Do Morality and Self-Control Protect from Criminogenic Peer Influence? Testing Multidimensional Person–Environment Interactions.” Justice Quarterly 39(1):78–112. doi:10.1080/07418825.2021.1903069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirtenlehner, H. and D. Baier. 2019. “Self-Control and Offending in Late Adulthood. Investigating Self-Control’s Interaction with Opportunities and Criminal Associations in Advanced Age.” Journal of Criminal Justice 60 (July 2018):117–29. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirtenlehner, H. and B. Hardie. 2016. “On the Conditional Relevance of Controls: An Application of Situational Action Theory to Shoplifting.” Deviant Behavior 37(3):315–31. doi:10.1080/01639625.2015.1026764.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirtenlehner, H., L. Pauwels, and G. Mesko. 2015. “Is the Criminogenic Effect of Exposure to Peer Delinquency Dependent on the Ability to Exercise Self-Control? Results from Three Countries.” Journal of Criminal Justice 43(6):532–43. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.05.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirtenlehner, H. and J. Reinecke. 2018. “Introduction to the Special Issue with Some Reflections on the Role of Self-Control in Situational Action Theory.” European Journal of Criminology 15(1):3–9. doi:10.1177/1477370817732182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirtenlehner, H. and S. Schulz. 2020. “Deterrence and the Moral Context: Is the Impact of Perceived Sanction Risk Dependent on Best Friends’ Moral Beliefs?” Criminal Justice Review 46(1):53–79. doi:10.1177/0734016820949641.
   Google Scholar
• Hirtenlehner, H. and K. Treiber. 2017. “Can Situational Action Theory Explain the Gender Gap in Adolescent Shoplifting? Results from Austria.” International Criminal Justice Review 27(3):165–87. doi:10.1177/1057567717690199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeben, E. M., R. C. Meldrum, D. Walker, and J. T. N. Young. 2016. “The Role of Peer Delinquency and Unstructured Socializing in Explaining Delinquency and Substance Use: A State-Of-The-Art Review.” Journal of Criminal Justice 47:108–22. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.08.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeben, E. M. and K. J. Thomas. 2019. “Peers and Offender Decision-Making.” Criminology and Public Policy 18(4):759–84. doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, M. K., A. M. Vivolo-Kantor, J. R. Polanin, K. M. Holland, S. DeGue, J. L. Matjasko, and M. Wolfe, G. Reid. 2015. “Bullying and Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis.” Pediatrics 135(2):e496–e509. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, J. S. and D. L. Espelage. 2012. “A Review of Research on Bullying and Peer Victimization in School: An Ecological System Analysis.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 17(4):311–22. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.03.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, P. J. 2004. Robust Statistics: Theory and Methods. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Huesmann, L. R. and N. G. Guerra. 1997. “Children’s Normative Beliefs About Aggression and Aggressive Behaviour.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72(2):408–19. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huesmann, L. R., N. G. Guerra, A. Zelli, and L. Miller. 1992. “Differing Normative Beliefs About Aggression for Boys and Girls.” in Pp. 77–87 in Of Mice and Women: Aspects of Female Aggression, K. Bjorkqvist and P. Niemela edited by.
   Google Scholar
• Hymel, S., R. McClure, M. Miller, E. Shumka, and J. Trach. 2015. “Addressing School Bullying: Insights from Theories of Group Processes.” Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 37:16–24. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2014.11.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaccard, J., C. K. Wan, and R. Turrisi. 1990. “The Detection and Interpretation of Interaction Effects Between Continuous Variables in Multiple Regression.” Multivariate Behavioral Research 25(4):467–78. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2504_4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez-Barbero, J., J. Ruiz-Hernandez, L. Zaragoza, M. Perez-Garcia, and B. Llor-Esteban. 2016. “Effectiveness of Anti-Bullying School Programs: A Meta-Analysis.” Children and Youth Services Review 61:165–75. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.12.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karaca-Mandic, P., E. C. Norton, and B. Dowd. 2012. “Interaction Terms in Nonlinear Models.” Health Services Research 47(1 PART 1):255–74. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2011.01314.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kärnä, A., M. Voeten, T. D. Little, E. Poskiparta, A. Kaljonen, and C. Salmivalli. 2011. “A Large-Scale Evaluation of the KiVa Antibullying Program: Grades 4-6.” Child Development 82(1):311–30. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01557.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, L. H. 2022. Explaining School-Based Aggression: A Situational Analysis of Peer Influence. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, L. H. forthcoming. “Explaining Aggression: A Situational Model of Peer Influence.”
   Google Scholar
• Kleinewiese, J. 2020. “Situational Action Theory and the Particular Case of Settings Including a Group.” European Journal of Criminology 19(5):1188–204. doi:10.1177/1477370820953088.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoll, L. J., L. Magis-Weinberg, M. Speekenbrink, and S.-J. Blakemore. 2015. “Social Influence on Risk Perception During Adolescence.” Psychological Science 26(5):583–92. doi:10.1177/0956797615569578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroneberg, C. 2014. “Frames, Scripts, and Variable Rationality: An Integrative Theory of Action”Pp. 97–123. Analytical Sociology: Actions and Networks, in 1st ed., edited by G. Manzo. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. doi: 10.1002/9781118762707.ch04
   Google Scholar
• Kroneberg, C. and S. Schulz. 2018. “Revisiting the Role of Self-Control in Situational Action Theory.” European Journal of Criminology 15(1):56–76. doi:10.1177/1477370817732189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J. Bin, Y. G. Nie, I. D. Boardley, K. Dou, and Q. M. Situ. 2015. “When Do Normative Beliefs About Aggression Predict Aggressive Behavior? An Application of I3 Theory.” Aggressive Behavior 41(6):544–55. doi:10.1002/ab.21594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, T. D., N. A. Card, K. J. Preacher, and E. McConnell. 2009. “Modeling Longitudinal Data from Research on Adolescence”. Pp. 15–54 in Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, in edited by, R. Lerner and L. Steinberg. John Wiley & Sons Inc. doi:10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy001003
   Google Scholar
• Lubinski, D. and L. G. Humphreys. 1990. “Assessing Spurious “Moderator Effects”: Illustrated Substantively with the Hypothesized (“Synergistic”) Relation Between Spatial and Mathematical Ability.” Psychological Bulletin 107(3):385–93. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.3.385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsueda, R. L. 2017. “Toward an Analytical Criminology: The Micro–Macro Problem, Causal Mechanisms, and Public Policy.” Criminology 55(3):493–519. doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, K. A. 2002. “Friends: The Role of Peer Influence Across Adolescent Risk Behaviors.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 31(4):267–77. doi:10.1023/A:1015493316865.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConville, D. W. and D. G. Cornell. 2003. “Aggressive Attitudes Predict Aggressive Behavior in Middle School Students.” Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 11(3):179–87. doi:10.1177/10634266030110030501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGloin, J. M. and L. O. N. Shermer. 2009. “Peer Network Structure.” The Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 46(1):35–72. doi:10.1177/0022427808326585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGloin, J. M. and K. J. Thomas. 2019. “Peer Influence and Delinquency.” Annual Review of Criminology 2(1):241–64. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mears, D. P., M. Ploeger, and M. Warr. 1998. “Explaining the Gender Gap in Delinquency: Peer Influence and Moral Evaluations of Behavior.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35(3):251–66. doi:10.1177/0022427898035003001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meldrum, R. C., J. Young, and F. M. Weerman. 2009. “Reconsidering the Effect of Self-Control and Delinquent Peers: Implications of Measurement for Theoretical Significance.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 46(3):353–76. doi:10.1177/0022427809335171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menesini, E., A. Nocentini, and M. Camodeca. 2013. “Morality, Values, Traditional Bullying, and Cyberbullying in Adolescence.” British Journal of Developmental Psychology 31(1):1–14. doi:10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02066.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer, S. H., J. S. McMullen, and M. E. DeRosier. 2009. “Predicting Change in Children’s Aggression and Victimization Using Classroom-Level Descriptive Norms of Aggression and Pro-Social Behavior.” Journal of School Psychology 47(4):267–89. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2009.04.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mobarake, R. K., R. Juhari, S. N. Yaacob, and N. S. Esmaeili. 2014. “The Moderating Role of Self-Control in the Relationship Between Peer Affiliation and Adolescents Antisocial Behavior in Tehran, Iran.” Asian Social Science 10(9):71–81. doi:10.5539/ass.v10n9p71.
   Google Scholar
• Molano, A., S. M. Jones, J. L. Brown, and J. L. Aber. 2013. “Selection and Socialization of Aggressive and Prosocial Behavior: The Moderating Role of Social-Cognitive Processes.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 23(3):424–36. doi:10.1111/jorA.12034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monahan, K. C., L. Steinberg, and E. Cauffman. 2009. “Affiliation with Antisocial Peers, Susceptibility to Peer Influence, and Antisocial Behavior During the Transition to Adulthood.” Developmental Psychology 45(6):1520–30. 417. doi:10.1037/a0017417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mood, C. 2010. “Logistic Regression: Why We Cannot Do What We Think We Can Do, and What We Can Do About It.” European Sociological Review 26(1):67–82. doi:10.1093/esr/jcp006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morselli, C. and P. Tremblay. 2004. “Criminal Achievement, Offender Networks and the Benefits of Low Self-Control.” Criminology 42(3):773–804. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00536.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, A. L., M. Eisner, D. Ribeaud, and T. Booth. 2022. “Validation of a Brief Measure of Aggression for Ecological Momentary Assessment Research: The Aggression-ES-A.” Assessment 29(2):296–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, J., D. P. Farrington, and M. P. Eisner. 2009. “Drawing Conclusions About Causes from Systematic Reviews of Risk Factors: The Cambridge Quality Checklists.” Journal of Experimental Criminology 5(1):1–23. doi:10.1007/s11292-008-9066-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connell, P., D. Pepler, and W. Craig. 1999. “Peer Involvement in Bullying: Insights and Challenges for Intervention.” Journal of Adolescence 22(4):437–52. doi:10.1006/jado.1999.0238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opp, K. 2020. Analytical Criminology: Integrating Explanations of Crime and Deviant Behavior. New York.
   Google Scholar
• Osgood, D. W. and A. L. Anderson. 2004. “Unstructured Socializing and Rates of Delinquency.” Criminology 42(3):519–50. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00528.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osgood, D. W., J. K. Wilson, P. M. O. Malley, J. G. Bachman, and L. D. Johnston. 1996. “Routine Activities and Individual Deviant Behavior.” American Sociological Review 61(4):635–55. doi:10.2307/2096397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Österman, K., K. Björkqvist, K. M. J. Lagerspetz, A. Kaukiainen, L. R. Huesmann, and A. Frączek. 1994. “Peer and Self‐Estimated Aggression and Victimization in 8‐Year‐Old Children from Five Ethnic Groups.” Aggressive Behavior 20(6):411–28. doi:10.1002/1098-2337(1994)20:6<411:AID-AB2480200602>3.0.CO;2-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Österman, K., K. Björkqvist, K. M. J. Lagerspetz, A. Kaukiainen, S. F. Landau, A. Fra, and G. V. Caprara. 1998. “Cross-Cultural Evidence of Female Indirect Aggression.” Aggressive Behavior 24(1):1–8. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1998)24:1<1:AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-R.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ousey, G. C. and P. Wilcox. 2007. “The Interaction of Antisocial Propensity and Life-Course Varying Predictors of Delinquent Behavior: Differences by Method of Estimation and Implications for Theory.” Criminology 45(2):313–54. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00080.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paluck, E. L. and H. S. Shepherd. 2012. “The Salience of Social Referents: A Field Experiment on Collective Norms and Harassment Behavior in a School Social Network.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103 (6):899–915. doi:10.1037/a0030015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paluck, E. L., H. Shepherd, and P. M. Aronow. 2016. “Changing Climates of Conflict: A Social Network Experiment in 56 Schools.” PNAS 113(3):566–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.1514483113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paternoster, R., R. Brame, P. Mazerolle, and A. Piquero. 1998. “Using the Correct Statistical Test for the Equality of Regression Coefficients.” Criminology 36(4):859–66. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01268.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauwels, L. J. R. 2018. “Analysing the Perception–Choice Process in Situational Action Theory. A Randomized Scenario Study.” European Journal of Criminology 15(1):130–47. doi:10.1177/1477370817732195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauwels, L. J. R., P. Ponsaers, and R. Svensson. 2009. “Analytical Criminology: A Style of Theorising and Analysing the Micro-Macro Context of Acts of Crime.” in Pp. 129–40 in Contemporary Issues in the Empirical Study of Crime, edited by M. Cools. Antwerpen, Belgium: Maklu Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Pauwels, L. J. R., R. Svensson, and H. Hirtenlehner. 2018. “Testing Situational Action Theory: A Narrative Review of Studies Published Between 2006 and 2015.” European Journal of Criminology 15(1):32–55. doi:10.1177/1477370817732185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepler, D., W. Craig, and P. O’Connell. 2010. “Peer Processes in Bullying: Informing Prevention and Intervention Strategies”. Pp. 469–79 in Handbook of Bullying in Schools: An International Perspective, in edited by, S. R. Jimerson, S. M. Swearer, and D. L. Espelage. Routledge/Taylor Francis Group. doi:10.4324/9780203864968-39
   Google Scholar
• Phipps, P. A. and M. K. Vernon. 2009. Twenty-Four Hours: An Overview of the Recall Diary Method and Data Quality in the American Time Use Survey.” Pp. 109–28 in Calendar and Time Diary Methods in Life Course Research. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Polanin, J. R., D. L. Espelage, T. D. Pigott, and J. Betts. 2012. “A Meta-Analysis of School-Based Bullying Prevention Programs’ Effects on Bystander Intervention Behavior.” School Psychology Review 41(1):47–65. doi:10.1080/02796015.2012.12087375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, T. C., F. T. Cullen, C. S. Sellers, L. T. Winfree, T. D. Madensen, L. E. Daigle, and J. M. Gau, J. M. Gau. 2010. “The Empirical Status of Social Learning Theory: A Meta-Analysis.” Justice Quarterly 27(6):765–802. doi:10.1080/07418820903379610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proctor, K. R. and R. E. Niemeyer. 2019. Mechanistic Criminology. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ragan, D. T. 2020. “Similarity Between Deviant Peers: Developmental Trends in Influence and Selection.” Criminology 58(2):336–69. doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigby, K. and P. T. Slee. 1991. “Bullying Among Australian School Children: Reported Behaviour and Attitudes Toward Victims.” The Journal of Social Psychology 131(5):615–27. doi:10.1080/00224545.1991.9924646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmivalli, C. 2010. “Bullying and the Peer Group: A Review.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 15(2):112–20. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmivalli, C., A. Kärnä, and E. Poskiparta. 2010. “From Peer Putdowns to Peer Support: A Theoretical Model and How It Translated into a National Anti-Bullying Program.” in Pp. 441–54 in Handbook of Bullying in Schools: An International Perspective, edited by S. R. Jimerson, S. M. Swearer, and D. L. Espelage. New York: Routledge/Taylor Francis Group
   Google Scholar
• Salmivalli, C., K. Lagerspetz, K. Björkqvist, K. Österman, and A. Kaukiainen. 1996. “Bullying as a Group Process: Participant Roles and Their Relations to Social Status within the Group.” Aggressive Behavior 22(1):1–15. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1996)22:1<1:AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-T.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmivalli, C. and M. Voeten. 2004. “Connections Between Attitudes, Group Norms, and Behavior in Bullying Situations.” International Journal of Behavioral Development 28(3):246–58. doi:10.1080/01650250344000488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmivalli, C., M. Voeten, and E. Poskiparta. 2011. “Bystanders Matter: Associations Between Reinforcing, Defending, and the Frequency of Bullying Behavior in Classrooms.” Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 40(5):668–76. doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.597090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholte, R., M. Sentse, and I. Granic. 2010. “Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words? Classroom Attitudes and Behavior in Relation to Bullying in Early Adolescence.” Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 39(6):789–99. doi:10.1080/15374416.2010.517161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebastian, C., E. Viding, K. D. Williams, and S. J. Blakemore. 2010. “Social Brain Development and the Affective Consequences of Ostracism in Adolescence.” Brain and Cognition 72(1):134–45. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.06.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sentse, M., R. Scholte, C. Salmivalli, and M. Voeten. 2007. “Person-Group Dissimilarity in Involvement in Bullying and Its Relation with Social Status.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 35(6):1009–19. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9150-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sentse, M., R. Veenstra, N. Kiuru, and C. Salmivalli. 2015. “A Longitudinal Multilevel Study of Individual Characteristics and Classroom Norms in Explaining Bullying Behaviors.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 43(5):943–55. doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9949-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaby, R. G. and N. G. Guerra. 1988. “Cognitive Mediators of Aggression in Adolescent Offenders: 1.” Assessment Developmental Psychology 24(4):580–88. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.24.4.580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somerville, L. H. 2013. “The Teenage Brain: Sensitivity to Social Evaluation.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 22(2):121–27. doi:10.1177/0963721413476512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector, P. E. and M. T. Brannick. 2011. “Methodological Urban Legends: The Misuse of Statistical Control Variables.” Organizational Research Methods 14(2):287–305. doi:10.1177/1094428110369842.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straus, M. A. 1979. “Measuring Intrafamily Conflict and Violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 41(1):75–88. doi:10.2307/351733.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland, E. H. 1947. Principles of Criminology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton, J. and P. K. Smith. 1999. “Bullying as a Group Process: An Adaptation of the Participant Role Approach.” Aggressive Behavior 25(2):97–111. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1999)25:2<97:AID-AB3>3.0.CO;2-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson, R. 2015. “An Examination of the Interaction Between Morality and Deterrence in Offending: A Research Note.” Crime & Delinquency 61(1):3–18. doi:10.1177/0011128713486068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson, R. and L. Pauwels. 2010. “Is a Risky Lifestyle Always “Risky”? The Interaction Between Individual Propensity and Lifestyle Risk in Adolescent Offending: A Test in Two Urban Samples.” Crime & Delinquency 56(4):608–26. doi:10.1177/0011128708324290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swearer, S. M. and B. Doll. 2001. “Bullying in Schools: An Ecological Framework.” Journal of Emotional Abuse 2(2–3):7–23. doi:10.1300/J135v02n02_02.
   Google Scholar
• Swearer, S. M., D. L. Espelage, T. Vaillancourt, and S. Hymel. 2010. “What Can Be Done About School Bullying? Linking Research to Educational Practice.” Educational Researcher 39(1):38–47. doi:10.3102/0013189X09357622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swearer, S. M. and D. L. Espelege. 2004. “Introduction: A Social-Ecological Framework of Bullying Among Youth.” in Pp. 1–12 in Bullying in American Schools: A Social-Ecological Perspective on Prevention and Intervention, edited by D. L. Espelage and S. M. Swearer. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
   Google Scholar
• Swearer, S. M. and S. Hymel. 2015. “Understanding the Psychology of Bullying: Moving Toward a Social-Ecological Diathesis-Stress Model.” American Psychologist 70(4):344–53. doi:10.1037/a0038929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomova, L., J. L. Andrews, and S. Blakemore. 2021. “The Importance of Belonging and the Avoidance of Social Risk Taking in Adolescence.” Developmental Review 61(July):100981. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100981.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treiber, K. (2017). “Situational Action Theory and PADS+: Theoretical and Methodological Advances in the Study of Life Course Criminology”. Pp. 50–73. in The Routledge International Handbook of Life-Course Criminology. edited by A. Blokland & C. Van der Geest. Abingdon, UK:Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781315747996-5
   Google Scholar
• Ttofi, M. M. and D. P. Farrington. 2011. “Effectiveness of School-Based Programs to Reduce Bullying: A Systematic and Meta-Analytic Review.” Journal of Experimental Criminology 7(1):27–56. doi:10.1007/s11292-010-9109-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ttofi, M. M., D. P. Farrington, F. Lösel, R. Loeber, and M. M. Ttofi. 2011. “Do the Victims of School Bullies Tend to Become Depressed Later in Life? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Longitudinal Studies.” Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 3(2):63–73. doi:10.1108/17596591111132873.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2017). School Violence and Bullying: Global Status Report. Retrieved from: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000246970
   Google Scholar
• van Geel, M., P. Vedder, and J. Tanilon. 2014. “Relationship Between Peer Victimization, Cyberbullying, and Suicide in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis.” JAMA Pediatrics 168(5):435–42. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gelder, J. L. and D. S. Nagin. 2023. “Crime, Choice, and Context.” The Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 60(4):407–15. ( 00224278231153943). doi:10.1177/00224278231153943.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hoorn, J., E. van Dijk, R. Meuwese, C. Rieffe, and E. A. Crone. 2016. “Peer Influence on Prosocial Behavior in Adolescence.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 26(1):90–100. doi:10.1111/jorA.12173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitaro, F., M. Boivin, and R. E. Tremblay. 2012. “Peers and Violence: A Two-Sided Developmental Perspective”. Pp. 361–87 in The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression, in edited by, D. J. Flannery, A. T. Vazsonyi, and I. D. Waldman. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511816840.018
   Google Scholar
• Vitaro, F., M. Brendgen, and M. Boivin. 2018. “Peers and Aggression: From Description to Prevention.” Pp. 324–44. The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression, in 2nd ed., edited by A. T. Vazsonyi, D. J. Flannery, and M. DeLisi. Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/9781316847992.019
   Google Scholar
• Vitaro, F., M. Brendgen, and R. E. Tremblay. 2000. “Influence of Deviant Friends on Delinquency: Searching for Moderator Variables.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 28(4):313–25. doi:10.1023/A:1005188108461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warr, M. 2002. Companions in Crime: The Social Aspects of Criminal Conduct. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Werner, N. E. and L. G. Hill. 2010. “Individual and Peer Group Normative Beliefs About Relational Aggression.” Child Development 81(3):826–36. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01436.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. 2004. “Crime as Alternative: Towards a Cross-Level Situational Action Theory of Crime Causation”. Pp. 1–37 in Beyond Empiricism: Institutions and Intentions in the Study of Crime, in J. McCord, edited by Vol. 13, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publications. doi: 10.4324/9781351322560-1.
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. 2005. “The Social Origins of Pathways in Crime: Towards a Developmental Ecological Action Theory of Crime Involvement and Its Changes”. Pp. 211–46 in Integrated Developmental and Life-Course Theories of Offending. Advances in Criminological Theory, in D. P. Farrington, edited by Vol. 14, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. doi: 10.4324/9780203788431-9.
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. 2006. “Individuals, Settings, and Acts of Crime: Situational Mechanisms and the Explanation of Crime”. Pp. 61–107. in The Explanation of Crime: Context, Mechanisms, and Development. in edited by P-O. H. Wikström and R. J. Sampson, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511489341.004
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. 2008. “In Search of Causes and Explanations of Crime.” in Pp. 117–40 in Doing Research on Crime and Justice, edited by R. King and E. Wincup. Oxford: Oxford University Press
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. 2010. “Explaining Crime as Moral Actions”. Pp. 211–39. in Handbook of the Sociology of Morality. in edited by S. Hitlin and S. Vaisey, New York:Springer Verlag. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6896-8_12
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. 2011. “Does Everything Matter? Addressing the Problem of Causation and Explanation in the Study of Crime.” in Pp. 53–72 in When Crime Appears: The Role of Emergence, edited by J. M. McGloin, C. J. Sullivan, and L. W. Kennedy. New York, NY: Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. (2014). “Why Crime Happens: A Situational Action Theory”. Pp. 74–94. in Analytical Sociology: Actions and Networks, Edited by G. Manzo. West Sussex:John Wiley & Sons Inc. doi:10.1002/9781118762707.ch03.
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. 2017. “Character, Circumstances and the Causes of Crime. Towards an Analytical Criminology.” in Pp. 501–21 in Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 6th, edited by A. Liebling, L. McAra, and S. Maruna. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/he/9780198719441.003.0023.
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. 2019a. “Explaining Crime and Criminal Careers: The DEA Model of Situational Action Theory.” Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology 6(2):188–203. doi:10.1007/s40865-019-00116-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. 2019b. “Situational Action Theory: A General, Dynamic, and Mechanism-Based Theory of Crime and Its Causes”Pp. 259–81. Handbook of Crime and Deviance, in 2nd ed., edited by M. D. Krohn, N. Hendriz, and G. P. H. J. Lizotte. Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-20779-3_14
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. 2021. “Towards a True Social Ecology of Crime: On the Limitations of a Criminology without People”. Pp. 179–208. in Crime, Justice and Social Order: Essays in Honour of A. E. Bottoms. in edited by A. Liebling, J. Shapland, R. Sparks, and J. Tankebe, Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oso/9780192859600.003.0009
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H., V. Ceccato, B. Hardie, and K. Treiber. 2010. “Activity Fields and the Dynamics of Crime: Advancing Knowledge About the Role of the Environment in Crime Causation.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 26(1):55–87. doi:10.1007/s10940-009-9083-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. and C. Kroneberg. 2022. “Analytic Criminology: Mechanisms and Methods in the Explanation of Crime and Its Causes.” Annual Review of Criminology 5(1):179–203. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-030920-091320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H., R. P. Mann, and B. Hardie. 2018. “Young People’s Differential Vulnerability to Criminogenic Exposure: Bridging the Gap Between People- and Place-Oriented Approaches in the Study of Crime Causation.” European Journal of Criminology 15(1):10–31. doi:10.1177/1477370817732477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H., D. Oberwittler, K. Treiber, and B. Hardie. 2012. Breaking Rules: The Social and Situational Dynamics of Young People’s Urban Crime. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. and R. Svensson. 2008. “Why are English Youths More Violent Than Swedish Youths?: A Comparative Study of the Role of Crime Propensity, Lifestyles and Their Interactions in Two Cities.” European Journal of Criminology 5(3):309–30. doi:10.1177/1477370808090835.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. and R. Svensson. 2010. “When Does Self-Control Matter? The Interaction Between Morality and Self-Control in Crime Causation.” European Journal of Criminology 7(5):395–410. doi:10.1177/1477370810372132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. and K. Treiber. 2007. “The Role of Self-Control in Crime Causation: Beyond Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime.” European Journal of Criminology 4(2):237–64. doi:10.1177/1477370807074858.
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. and K. Treiber. 2008. Offending Behavior Programmes. London: Youth Justice Board.
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. and K. Treiber. 2016. “Situational Theories: The Importance of Interactions and Action Mechanisms in the Explanation of Crime”. Pp. 415–44. in The Handbook of Criminological Theories. in edited by A. R. Piquero, Chichester, United Kingdom:Wiley & Sons. doi: 10.1002/9781118512449.ch22
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. and K. Treiber. 2017. “Beyond Risk Factors: An Analytical Approach to Crime Prevention”. Pp. 73–87. in Preventing Crime and Violence. in edited by B. Teasdale and M. S. Bradley, New York, NY:Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-44124-5_8
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H. and K. Treiber. 2019. “The Dynamics of Change: Criminogenic Interactions and Life-Course Patterns in Crime”. Pp. 726–46 in The Oxford Handbook of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, in edited by, D. P. Farrington, L. Kazemian, and A. R. Piquero. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190201371.013.34
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H., K. Treiber, and B. Hardie. 2012. “Examining the Role of the Environment in Crime Causation: Small-Area Community Surveys and Space–Time Budgets”. Pp. 111–27 in The SAGE Handbook of Criminological Research Methods, in edited by, D. Gadd, S. Karstedt, & S. F. Messner. Sage Publications, Inc. doi:10.4135/9781446268285.n8
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H., A. Tseloni, and D. Karlis. 2011. “Do People Comply with the Law Because They Fear Getting Caught?” European Journal of Criminology 8(5):401–20. doi:10.1177/1477370811416415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox, P. and F. T. Cullen. 2018. “Situational Opportunity Theories of Crime.” Annual Review of Criminology 1(1):123–48. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, R. 2012. “Using the Margins Command to Estimate and Interpret Adjusted Predictions and Marginal Effects.” Stata Journal 12(2):308–31. doi:10.1177/1536867X1201200209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, B. R. E., A. Caspi, T. E. Moffitt, and P. A. Silva. 2001. “The Effects of Social Ties on Crime Vary by Criminal Propensity: A Life-Course Model of Interdependence.” Criminology 39(2):321–48. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00925.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, H., R. B. Cairns, and B. D. Cairns. 1999. “Social Networks and Configurations in Inner-City Schools: Aggression, Popularity, and Implications for Students with EBD.” Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 7(3):147–55. doi:10.1177/106342669900700303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeager, D. S., C. J. Fong, H. Y. Lee, and D. L. Espelage. 2015. “Declines in Efficacy of Anti-Bullying Programs Among Older Adolescents: Theory and a Three-Level Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 37(1):36–51. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2014.11.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar