Commercial Sex or Romance? Men’s Sexual Scripts in Compensated Dating

References

• Acadimia, K. 2018. “Human Trafficking in Japan Through the Use of Schoolgirls.” International ResearchScape Journal 5 (1):5. doi: 10.25035/irj.05.01.05.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, D. and I. F. Thing. 2021. “Let’s Talk About Sex: Discourse on Sexual Relations, Sugar Dating and ‘Prostitution-Like’ Behaviour in Drug Treatment for Young People.” Nordic Studies on Drugs and Alcohol 38 (5):399–413. doi: 10.1177/14550725211018051.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendell, T. 1997. “Reflections on the Researcher-Researched Relationship: A Woman Interviewing Men.” Qualitative Sociology 20 (3):341. doi: 10.1023/A:1024727316052.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, U. and E. Beck-Gernsheim. 1995. The Normal Chaos of Love. trans. Ritter, M. and J. Wiebel. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, E. 2007. “Buying and Selling the ‘Girlfriend Experience’: The Social and Subjective Contours of Market Intimacy”. Pp. 186–202. in Love and Globalization: Transformers of Intimacy in the Contemporary World. M. Padilla, J. Hirsch, M. Munoz-Labboy, R. Sember, and R. Parker edited by, Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv17vf5w8.13.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, E. 2010. Temporarily Yours: Intimacy, Authenticity, and the Commerce of Sex. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Birkás, B., N. Mesko, A. N. Zsido, D. Ipolyi, and A. Láng. 2020. “Providing Sexual Companionship for Resources: Development, Validation, and Personality Correlates of the Acceptance of Sugar Relationships in Young Women and Men Scale (ASR-YWMS).” Frontiers in Psychology 11:1135. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broma-Smenda, K. 2014. “Enjo-Kôsai (Compensated Dating) in Contemporary Japanese Society as Seen Through the Lens of the Play Call Me Komachi.” Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia 27:19–41.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, R. 1998. “Invisible Men: Making Visible Male Clients of Female Prostitutes in Merseyside.” in Pp. 155–71 in Prostitution: On Whores, Hustlers, and Johns, edited by J. E. Elias, V.L. Bullough, V. Elias, and G. Brewer. New York: Prometheus Books
   Google Scholar
• Carbonero, M. A. and M. G. Garrido. 2018. “Being Like Your Girlfriend: Authenticity and the Shifting Borders of Intimacy in Sex Work.” Sociology 52 (2):384–99. doi: 10.1177/0038038516688609.
   Google Scholar
• Cheung, C. K., X. Jia, J. C. M. Li, and T. Y. Lee. 2016. “Engaging Adolescent Girls in Transactional Sex Through Compensated Dating.” Journal of Adolescence 52 (1):124–34. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.07.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, C. S. K. 2018. Compensated Dating: Buying and Selling Sex in Cyberspace. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6974-1.
   Google Scholar
• Chu, C. S. K. and K. J. Laidler. 2016. “Becoming a Male Client of Compensated Dating.” Deviant Behavior 37 (1):47–65. doi: 10.1080/01639625.2014.983007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordero, B. D. 2015. “Sugar Culture and SeekingArrangement.com Participants: What it Means to Negotiate Power and Agency in Sugar Dating.” Master’s Thesis, California, CA: California State University.
   Google Scholar
• Daly, S. E. 2017. “Sugar Babies and Sugar Daddies: An Exploration of Sugar Dating on Canadian Campuses.” Doctoral Dissertation, Ottawa, ON: Carleton University.
   Google Scholar
• Department of State. 2014. “Trafficking in Persons Report.” United States. Retrieved April, 5, 2020 (http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/226844.pdf).
   Google Scholar
• DeSoto, M. 2018. “A Content Analysis of Sugar Dating Websites.” Master’s Thesis, California, CA: California State University.
   Google Scholar
• Frith, H. and C. Kitzinger. 2001. “Reformulating Sexual Script Theory: Developing a Discursive Psychology of Sexual Negotiation.” Theory & Psychology 11 (2):209–32. doi: 10.1177/0959354301112004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giddens, A. 1992. The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies. Stanford and California: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gobind, J. and G. Du Plessis. 2015. “Sugar Daddy: The Student Attraction.” Gender and Behaviour 13(2):6720–29.
   Google Scholar
• Gunnarsson, L. and S. Strid. 2021. “Varieties of Sugar Dating in Sweden: Content, Compensation, Motivations.” Social Problems :1–19. doi:10.1093/socpro/spab063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnarsson, L. and S. Strid. 2022. “Chemistry or Service? Sugar Daddies’ (Re)quest for Mutuality within the Confines of Commercial Exchange.” The Journal of Sex Research 59 (3):309–20. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2021.1952155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, J. 2003. “From Spice Girls to Enjo Kōsai: Formations of Teenage Girls’ Sexualities in Taiwan.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 4 (2):325–36. doi: 10.1080/1464937032000113033.
   Google Scholar
• Jamieson, L. 1998. Intimacy: Personal Relationships in Modern Societies. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jonsson, L. S., C. G. Svedin, and M. Hydén. 2015. “Young Women Selling Sex Online - Narratives on Regulating Feelings.” Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics 6:17–27. doi:10.2147/AHMT.S77324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsella, S. 2012. “Narratives and Statistics: How Compensated Dating (Enjo Kōsai) Was Sold.” in Pp. 54–80 in A Sociology of Japanese Youth, from Returnees to NEETs, edited by R. Goodman, Y. Imoto, and T. Tiovonen. New York: Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Kong, M. H. 2003. “Material Girls: Sexual Perceptions of Korean Teenage Girls Who Have Experienced ‘Compensated Dates’.” Asian Journal of Women’s Studies 9 (2):67–94. doi: 10.1080/12259276.2003.11665948.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristiansen, I. M. 2019. “‘A Practical Way to Have a Sex Life’. Between the Rationality of Sex Work and the Authenticity of Romance: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Affective Practice of Sugar Dating in Norway.” Master’s Thesis, Oslo, Norway: University of Oslo.
   Google Scholar
• Lai, S. Y. and R. E. Ralph. 1995. Female Sexual Autonomy and Human Rights: 201.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, T. Y. and D. T. L. Shek. 2013. “Compensated Dating in Hong Kong: Prevalence, Psychosocial Correlates, and Relationships with Other Risky Behaviors.” Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 26 (3):S42–S48. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2013.03.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. Y., D. T. L. Shek, and D. Busiol. 2016. “A Longitudinal Study of Compensated Dating and Juvenile Prostitution Behaviors Among Adolescents in Hong Kong.” Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 29 (1):S31–S37. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2015.10.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leheny, D. 2006. Think Global, Fear Local: Sex, Violence, and Anxiety in Contemporary Japan. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lever, J. and D. Dolnick. 2000. “Clients and Call Girls: Seeking Sex and Intimacy.” Pp. 85–100 in Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry, edited by R. J. Weitzer. New York and London: Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Li, J. C. M., C. K. Cheung, C. X. S. Jia, Y. M. Y. Yu, and P. Nguyen. 2018. “Narratives of Compensated Dating of Girls in Hong Kong Using Routine Activity Theory: Results of a Focus Group Study of Guardians.” International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62 (2):360–82. doi: 10.1177/0306624X16648960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M. H. T., P. W. C. Wong, M. Chan, Y. W. Law, K. W. Fu, M. C. L. Chau, and P. S. F. Yip. 2015. “Sexual and Mental Health in Compensated Dating in Youth in Hong Kong: An Exploratory Quantitative Study.” Jacobs Journal of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine 1(1):006.
   Google Scholar
• Lo, T. W., J. W. L. Tse, C. H. K. Chen, and G. H. Y. Chan. 2019. “The Association Between Substance Abuse and Sexual Misconduct Among Macau Youths.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16 (9):1643. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16091643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke, N. 2005. “Confronting the “Sugar Daddy” Stereotype: Age and Economic Asymmetries and Risky Sexual Behavior in Urban Kenya.” International Family Planning Perspectives 31 (1):6–14. doi: 10.1363/3100605.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masvawure, T. 2010. “‘I Just Need to Be Flashy on Campus’: Female Students and Transactional Sex at a University in Zimbabwe.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 12 (8):857–70. doi: 10.1080/13691050903471441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, J. A. 2012. Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. Los Angeles, CA, United States: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• McKeganey, N. 1994. “Why Do Men Buy Sex and What are Their Assessments of the HIV-Related Risks When They Do?” Aids Care-Psychological & Socio-Medical Aspects of Aids/hiv 6 (3):289–301. doi: 10.1080/09540129408258641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mclellan, G. 2013. “An Examination of the Cause and Consequences of Compensated Dating (Enjo-Kosai) in Contemporary Japanese Society.” Journal of Human Environmental Studies Electronic Edition:25–37.
   Google Scholar
• Mo, P. K., J. T. Lau, M. Xin, and V. W. Fong. 2019. “Understanding the Barriers and Factors to HIV Testing Intention of Women Engaging in Compensated Dating in Hong Kong: The Application of the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior.” PloS One 14 (6):e0213920. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motyl, J. 2013. “Trading Sex for College Tuition: How Sugar Daddy Dating Sites May Be Sugar Coating Prostitution.” Penn St DICK L REV 117:927.
   Google Scholar
• Nayar, K. I. 2017. “Sweetening the Deal: Dating for Compensation in the Digital Age.” Journal of Gender Studies 26 (3):335–46. doi: 10.1080/09589236.2016.1273101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogaki, M. 2018. “Theoretical Explanations of Joshi Kousei (‘JK business’) in Japan.” Dignity: A Journal of Sexual Exploitation and Violence 3 (1):11. doi: 10.23860/dignity.2018.03.01.11.
   Google Scholar
• Palomeque Recio, R. 2022. “‘I Have Bills to Pay!’ Sugar Dating in British Higher Education Institutions.” Gender and Education 34 (5):545–60. doi: 10.1080/09540253.2021.1971161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, Y. W. 2007. “Buying Sex: Domination and Difference in the Discourses of Taiwanese Piao-Ke.” Men and Masculinities 9 (3):315–36. doi: 10.1177/1097184X05284227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, T. 2008. Paying for Pleasure: Men Who Buy Sex. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Scull, M. T. 2020. “‘It’s Its Own thing’: A Typology of Interpersonal Sugar Relationship Scripts.” Sociological Perspectives 63 (1):135–58. doi: 10.1177/0731121419875115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scull, M. T. 2022. “From Seeking Financialships to Satisfying Curiosity: Women’s Motivations for Entering Sugar Relationships.” Sexuality & Culture 26 (1):222–48. doi: 10.1007/s12119-021-09888-9.
   Google Scholar
• Seal, D. W. and A. A. Ehrhardt. 2003. “Masculinity and Urban Men: Perceived Scripts for Courtship, Romantic, and Sexual Interactions with Women.” Culture Health and Sexuality 5 (4):295–319. doi: 10.1080/136910501171698.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selikow, T. A. and T. Mbulaheni. 2013. “‘I Do Love Him but at the Same Time I Can’t Eat Love’: Sugar Daddy Relationships for Conspicuous Consumption Amongst Urban University Students in South Africa.” Agenda 27 (2):86–98. doi: 10.1080/10130950.2013.809930.
   Google Scholar
• Shefer, T. and A. Strebel. 2012. ““Deconstructing the ‘Sugar Daddy’: A Critical Review of the Constructions of Men in Intergenerational Sexual Relationships in South Africa.” Agenda 26 (4):57–63. doi: 10.1080/10130950.2012.760837.
   Google Scholar
• Shek, D. T., H. K. Ma, and R. C. F. Sun. 2011. “A Brief Overview of Adolescent Developmental Problems in Hong Kong.” Scientific World Journal 11:2243–56. doi:10.1100/2011/896835.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sijuwade, P. 1995. “Counterfeit Intimacy: A Dramaturgical Analysis of an Erotic Performance.” Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal 23 (4):369–76. doi: 10.2224/sbp.1995.23.4.369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, W. and J. H. Gagnon. 1973. Sexual Conduct. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Song, J. and M. Morash. 2016. “Materialistic Desires or Childhood Adversities as Explanations for Girls’ Trading Sex for Benefits.” International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 60 (1):62–81. doi: 10.1177/0306624X14543769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swader, C. S., O. Strelkova, A. Sutormina, V. Syomina, V. Vysotskaya, and I. Fedorova. 2013. “Love as a Fictitious Commodity: Gift-For-Sex Barters as Contractual Carriers of Intimacy.” Sexuality & Culture 17:598–616. doi:10.1007/s12119-012-9162-1.
   Google Scholar
• Swader, C. S. and I. D. Vorobeva. 2015. “Receiving Gifts for Sex in Moscow, Kyiv, and Minsk: A Compensated Dating Survey.” Sexuality & Culture 19 (2):321–48. doi: 10.1007/s12119-014-9269-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toska, E., L. D. Cluver, M. Boyes, M. Pantelic, and C. Kuo. 2015. “From ‘Sugar Daddies’ to ‘Sugar Babies’: Exploring a Pathway Among Age-Disparate Sexual Relationships, Condom Use and Adolescent Pregnancy in South Africa.” Sexual Health 12 (1):59–66. doi: 10.1071/SH14089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueno, C. 2003. “Self-Determination on Sexuality? Commercialization of Sex Among Teenage Girls in Japan 1.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 4 (2):317. doi: 10.1080/1464937032000113060.
   Google Scholar
• Upadhyay, S. 2021. “Sugaring: Understanding the World of Sugar Daddies and Sugar Babies.” The Journal of Sex Research 58 (6):775–84. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2020.1867700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, B. 2009. Seeking Arrangement: The Definitive Guide to Sugar Daddy and Mutually Beneficial Arrangements. San Fransciso, CA, United States: Bush Street Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wiederman, M. W. 2015. Sexual Script Theory: Past, Present, and Future. Handbook of the Sociology of Sexualities 7–22. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17341-2_2.
   Google Scholar
• Wolak, J., D. Finkelhor, K. J. Mitchell, and M. L. Ybarra. 2008. “Online ‘Predators’ and Their Victims: Myths, Realities, and Implications for Prevention Treatment.” American Psychologist 63 (2):111–28. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.63.2.111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, E. A. 2000. “Working in the Fantasy Factory: The Attention Hypothesis and the Enacting of Masculine Power in Strip Clubs.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 29 (1):5–31. doi: 10.1177/089124100129023800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung, S., Z. Wu, and C. Chen. 2002. An Empirical Study on the Social, Psychological and Physical Impact of Compensated Dating on School Students. Jiayi, Taiwan: National Chung Cheng University.
   Google Scholar