References
- 1%er Bikers. 2021. “Great Nordic Biker War.” (https://onepercenterbikers.com/great-nordic-biker-war/).
- Alain, M. 1995. “The Rise and Fall of Motorcycle Gangs in Quebec.” Federal Probation 59:54–57.
- Athens, L. 2015. “Violentization: A Relatively Singular Theory of Violent Crime.” Deviant Behavior 36(8):625–39. doi:10.1080/01639625.2014.951577.
- Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (ACIC). 2018. “Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs.” (https://www.acic.gov.au/about-crime/organised-crime-groups/outlaw-motor-cycle-gangs).
- Bailis, D., J. G. Chipperfield, and T. R. Helgason. 2008. “Collective Self-Esteem and the Onset of Chronic Conditions and Reduced Activity in a Longitudinal Study of Aging.” Social Science & Medicine 66(8):1817–27. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.12.028.
- Barger, R., K. Zimmerman, and K. Zimmerman. 2001. Hell’s Angel: The Life and Times of Sonny Barger and the Hell’s Angels Motorcycle Club. Great Britain: Fourth Estate.
- Barker, T. 2005. “One Percent Bikers Clubs: A Description.” Trends in Organized Crime 9(1):101–12. doi:10.1007/s12117-005-1005-0.
- Barker, T. 2011. “American Based Biker Gangs: International Organized Crime.” American Journal of Criminal Justice 36(3):207–15. doi:10.1007/s12103-011-9104-8.
- Barker, T. 2014. “Motorcycle Clubs or Gangs?” Pp. 3176–84 in Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, edited by G. Bruinsma and D. Weisburd. New York, NY: Springer New York
- Barker, T. 2017. “Massacre at Waco: Biker Violence and Police Overreaction.” American Journal of Criminal Justice 42(3):668–81. doi:10.1007/s12103-016-9364-4.
- Baumeister, R. 1997. Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty. New York: Owl Books.
- Beck, A. 1999. Prisoners of Hate: The Cognitive Basis of Anger, Hostility and Violence. New York: Perrenial.
- Bizumic, B. and J. Duckitt. 2008. ““My Group is Not Worthy of Me”: Narcissism and Ethnocentrism.” Political Psychology 29(3):437–53. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00638.x.
- Blokland, A., M. Soudijn, and W. van der Leest. 2017. “Outlaw Bikers in the Netherlands: Clubs, Social Criminal Organisations or Gangs?” Pp. 91–114 in Understanding the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs: International Perspectives, edited by A. Bain and M. Lauchs. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press
- Blokland, A., L. van Hout, W. van der Leest, and M. Soudijn. 2017. “Not Your Average Biker; Criminal Careers of Members of Dutch Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs.” Trends in Organized Crime 22(1):1–24. doi:10.1007/s12117-017-9303-x.
- Boland, D., A. Morgan, T. Cubitt, I. Voce, J. Webster, C. Dowling, and R. Lowe. 2021. Effects of Outlaw Motorcycle Gang Membership and the Support Needs of Former Members. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
- Bright, D., G. R. P. Sadewo, J. Lerner, T. Cubitt, C. Dowling, and A. Morgan. 2023. “Investigating the Dynamics of Outlaw Motorcycle Gang Co-Offending Networks: The Utility of Relational Hyper Event Models.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 1–43. doi: 10.1007/s10940-023-09576-x.
- Bundeskriminalamt (BKA). 2018. “Outlaw Motorcycle Gang Crime.” (https://www.bka.de/EN/OurTasks/AreasOfCrime/OutlawMotorcycleGang/OutlawMotorcycleGang_node.html).
- Caillois, R. 2001. Man, Play, and Games. Chicago: University of Illinois press.
- Campbell, C. and D. Campbell. 2010. The Enforcer: The Real Story of One of Australia’s Most Feared Outlaw Bikers. Sydney: Pan Macmillan.
- Chappell, D., V. Eatough, M. N. O. Davies, and M. Griffiths. 2006. “EverQuest—It’s Just a Computer Game Right? An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Online Gaming Addiction.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 4(3):205–16. doi:10.1007/s11469-006-9028-6.
- Chin, K.-l. 1996. Chinatown Gangs: Extortion, Enterprise, and Ethnicity. USA: Oxford University Press.
- Connell, R. 1995. Masculinities. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
- Daniel, M. 1987. “From Blood Feud to Jury System; the Metamorphosis of Cherokee Law from 1750 to 1840.” American Indian Quarterly 11(2):97–125. doi:10.2307/1183692.
- Davis, A. 1998. “Youth Gangs, Masculinity and Violence in Late Victorian Manchester and Salford.” Journal of Social History 32(2):349–69. doi:10.1353/jsh/32.2.349.
- Dulaney, W. (2005). “A Brief History of “Outlaw” Motorcycle Clubs.” International Journal of Motorcycle Studies, Retrieved November, 2005. (ijms.nova.edu/November2005/IJMS_Artcl.Dulaney.html).
- Durrant, R. 2011. “Collective Violence: An Evolutionary Perspective.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 16(5):428–36. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.04.014.
- Eidelson, R. J. and J. I. Eidelson. 2003. “Dangerous Ideas: Five Beliefs That Propel Groups Towards Conflict.” American Psychologist 58(3):183–92. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.3.182.
- Europol. 2010. The Threat of Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (OMCG) in South East Europe. Retrieved from
- Europol. 2012. “Fear of Turf War Between Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs in Europe.” (https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/fear-of-turf-war-between-outlaw-motorcycle-gangs-in-europe).
- Eylon, Y. and A. Horowitz. 2018. “Games, Rules, and Practices.” Sport, Ethics & Philosophy 12(3):241–54. doi:10.1080/17511321.2017.1334696.
- Feng, W.-c., D. Brandt, and D. Saha. 2007. “A Long-Term Study of a Popular MMORPG.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Network and System Support for Games, Rio de Janeriro, Brazil.
- Fine, G. A. 1983. Shared Fantasy: Role-Playing Games as Social Worlds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Flood, M. 2008. “Men, Sex, and Homosociality: How Bonds Between Men Shape Their Sexual Relations with Women.” Men and Masculinities 10(3):339–59. doi:10.1177/1097184X06287761.
- Frasca, G. 1999, “Ludology Meets Narratology: Similitude and Differences Between (Video)games Ad Narrative” Parnasso, 3. https://ludology.typepad.com/weblog/articles/ludology.htm
- Fry, D., P. Soderberg, and K. Endicott. 2014. “Myths About Hunter-Gatherers Redux: Nomadic Forager War and Peace.” Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 6(4):255–66. doi:10.1108/JACPR-06-2014-0127.
- Georgiou, K. 2021. Memoirs of a Rebel: Black Market Shooting. Melbourne: Tellwell Talent.
- Granitz, N. and J. Ward. 2001. “Actual and Perceived Sharing of Ethical Reasoning and Moral Intent Among In-Group and Out-Group Members.” Journal of Business Ethics 33(4):299–322. doi:10.1023/A:1011881211040.
- Grossman, D. 1995. On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. Boston: Back Bay.
- Hagstrom, D. and V. Kaldo. 2014. “Escapism Among Players of MMORPGs—Conceptual Clarification, Its Relation to Mental Health Factors, and Development of a New Measure.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 17(1):19–25. doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0222.
- Harris, K. 2012. “Commitment and the 1% Motorcycle Club: Threats to the Brotherhood.” Paper presented at the Australian Counter Terrorism Conference, Perth, Western Australia.
- Huizinga, J. 1955. Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture. Boston: Beacon Press.
- Icli, T. G. 1994. “Blood Feud in Turkey.” British Journal of Criminology 34(1):69–74. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048384.
- Kiernan, V. 2016. The Duel in European History: Honour and the Reign of Aristocracy. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Klabbers, J. H. 2009. The Magic Circle: Principles of Gaming & Simulation. Leiden: Brill.
- Klement, C. 2016. “Outlaw Biker Affiliations and Criminal Involvement.” European Journal of Criminology 13(4):453–72. doi:10.1177/1477370815626460.
- Klement, C. and M. Lauchs. 2019. “Outlaw Biker Violence and Retaliation.” PloS One 14(5):e0216109–e0216109. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216109.
- Lauchs, M. 2017. “Nike Bikies.” Pp. 115–38 in Understanding the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs: International Perspectives, edited by A. Bain In and M. Lauchs. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press
- Lauchs, M. 2019. “Are Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs Organized Crime Groups? An Analysis of the Finks MC.” Deviant Behavior 40(3):287–300. doi:10.1080/01639625.2017.1421128.
- Lauchs, M. 2020. “A Global Survey of Outlaw Motorcycle Gang Formation.” Deviant Behavior 41(12):1524–39. doi:10.1080/01639625.2019.1630217.
- Lauchs, M. 2021. “Displacement of OMCGs in Australia: The Recent Experiene of the Australian Capital Territory.” Pp. 77–94 in Understanding the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs: International Perspectives, Volume II, edited by M. Lauchs and A. Bain. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press
- Lauchs, M. and A. Bain. 2021. “Understanding the Support Clubs.” Pp. 155–74 in Understanding the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs: International Perspectives, Volume II, edited by M. Lauchs and A. Bain. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press
- Lauchs, M., A. Bain, and P. Bell. 2015. Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs: A Theoretical Perspective. Houndsmill, UK: Palgrave Pivot.
- Lauchs, M. and Z. Staines. 2019. “An Analysis of Outlaw Motorcycle Gang Crime: Are Bikers Organised Criminals?” Global Crime 20(2):69–89. doi:10.1080/17440572.2019.1583107.
- Liebeseller, L. 2017. Rules of the House: Strategy, Tactic, and Violence in One World by Night, World of Darkness, Live-Action Role-Play Games. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
- Lyng, S. 2005. “Edgework and the Risk-Taking Experience.” Pp. 851–886 in Edgework: The Sociology of Risk-Taking, edited by S. Lyng. New York: Routledge .
- Maddison, M. and L. Watkins. 2022. “Officer Recalls Gunshots and ‘Flying bodies’ 25 Years on from Mackay Outlaw Bikie Gang Shootout.” ABC News. (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-31/mackay-bikie-gang-shootout-odins-warriors-the-outlaws-1997/101390728).
- McAleer, K. 2014. Dueling: The Cult of Honor in Fin-de-Siecle GermanyVol. 283 Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- McConnell, K., A. Bain, and A. Juhasz. 2021. “OMCGs in Canada: History, Experience, and the Future.” in Pp. 55–76 in Understanding the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs: International Perspectives, Volume II, edited by M. Lauchs and A. Bain. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press
- Meier, K. V. 1985. “Restless Sport.” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 12(1):64–77. doi:10.1080/00948705.1985.9714430.
- Montgomery, R. 1976. “The Outlaw Motorcycle Subculture.” Canadian Journal of Criminology & Corrections 18(1):332–42. doi:10.3138/cjcc.18.4.332.
- Montola, M. 2012. “Social Constructionism and Ludology: Implications for the Study of Games.” Simulation & Gaming 43(3):300–20. doi:10.1177/1046878111422111.
- Montola, M. 2014. “ Social Reality in Roleplaying Games.” Pp. 103–112 in The Foundation Stone of Nordic Larp, edited by Saitta Elanour, Holm-Anderson Marie, and Back, Jon.
- Morgan, W. J. 1987. “The Logical Incompatibility Thesis and Rules: A Reconsideration of Formalism as an Account of Games.” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 14(1):1–20. doi:10.1080/00948705.1987.9714447.
- Morgan, A., T. Cubitt, and C. Dowling. 2023. “Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs and Domestic Violence.” Trends & Issues in Crime & Criminal Justice 1–17.
- Morgan, A., C. Dowling, and I. Voce. 2020. Australian Outlaw Motorcycle Gang Involvement in Violent and Organised Crime A. I. o. Criminology Ed. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
- Olding, R. Restaurants at Mercy of Violent Extortionists. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved December 7, 2012 (https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/restaurants-at-mercy-of-violent-extortionists-20121206-2ay74.html).
- Parlett, D. 1991. A History of Card Games. USA: Oxford University Press.
- Peltonen, M. 2003. The Duel in Early Modern England: Civility, Politeness and HonourVol. 65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Quinn, J. 2017. “1% Bikers, the Outlaw Extreme: An Evolving Subculture.” Contemporary Organized Crime 16(7):103–22.
- Quinn, J. and C. Forsyth. 2011a. “The Tools, Tactics and Mentality of Outlaw Biker Wars.” American Journal of Criminal Justice 36(3):216–30. doi:10.1007/s12103-011-9107-5.
- Quinn, J. and C. Forsyth. 2011b. “Women in the One-Percent Subculture.” Pp. 132–56 in DEVILZ DOLLZ: The Secret World of Women in the Outlaw Biker Subculture, edited by K. Katz. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing
- Quinn, J. F. and C. J. Forsyth. 2009. “Leathers and Rolexs: The Symbolism and Values of the Motorcycle Club.” Deviant Behaviour 30(3):235–65. doi:10.1080/01639620802168700.
- Quinn, J. F. and D. S. Koch. 2003. “The Nature of Criminality within One-Percent Motorcycle Clubs.” Deviant Behaviour 24(3):281–305. doi:10.1080/01639620390117291.
- Roks, R. A. and J. A. Densley. 2020. “From Breakers to Bikers: The Evolution of the Dutch Crips ‘Gang’.” Deviant Behavior 41(4):525–42. doi:10.1080/01639625.2019.1572301.
- Rosenthal, J. T. 1966. “Marriage and the Blood Feud in ‘Heroic’ Europe.” The British Journal of Sociology 17(2):133–44. doi:10.2307/589052.
- Shay, H. 2017. “Virtual Edgework: Negotiating Risk in Role-Playing Gaming.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 46(2):203–29. doi:10.1177/0891241615603448.
- Spaaij, R. 2008. “Men Like Us, Boys Like Them: Violence, Masculinity, and Collective Identity in Football Hooliganism.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 32(4):369–92. doi:10.1177/0193723508324082.
- Stenros, J. 2012. “In Defence of a Magic Circle: The Social and Mental Boundaries of Play.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of DiGRA Nordic 2012 Conference: Local and Global–Games in Culture and Society, Tampere, Finland.
- Suits, B. 1988. “Tricky Triad: Games, Play, and Sport.” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 15(1):1–9. doi:10.1080/00948705.1988.9714457.
- Suits, B. 2014. The Grasshopper-: Games, Life and Utopia, 3rd. Ontario: Broadview Press.
- Sutton-Smith, B. 2009. The Ambiguity of Play. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
- Szakolczai, A. 2009. “Liminality and Experience: Structuring Transitory Situations and Transformative Events.” International Political Anthropology 2(1):141–72.
- Veno, A. (15 August 1999). Why Bikies are at War. The Sydney Morning Herald.
- Veno, A. and E. Gannon. 2009. The Brotherhoods. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
- Webster, J., Y.-N. Chiu, C. Dowling, A. Morgan, R. Lowe, and D. Boland. 2021. “The Changing Culture of Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs in Australia.” Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice [Electronic Resource] 615:1–16.
- Wethern, G. and V. Colnett. 2008. Wayward Angel: The Full Story of the Hells Angels. 2nd ed. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press.
- Wolfe, N. “Fears a Queensland Bikie War Could ‘Spiral Out of control’ After Numerous Violent Incidents.” News.Com.au. Retrieved March 4, 2019 (https://www.news.com.au/national/queensland/news/fears-a-queensland-bikie-war-could-spiral-out-of-control-after-numerous-violent-incidents/news-story/027655618050d13f145b3110612764f6).