The Grayness of Match-Fixing: A Study of the Prevalence and Sanctionability of Non-Betting-Related Match-Fixing in Football and Tennis

References

• Amenta, Carlo and Paolo Di Betta. 2021. “The Impact of Corruption on Sport Demand.” International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 22(2):369–84. doi:10.1108/IJSMS-01-2020-0004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkoukis, Vasssilis and Deirdre O’Shea. 2023. “Psychological Perspectives on Match-Fixing in Sport.” Pp. 147–60 in Understanding Match-Fixing in Sport. Theory and Practice, edited by B. Constandt and A. E. Manoli. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Belgische Voetbalbond, Koninklijke. 2022. Bondsreglement: boek B. editie 2022 ( last updated 14/11/2022).
   Google Scholar
• Boeri, Tito and Battista Severgnini. 2011. “Match Rigging and the Career Concerns of Referees.” Labour Economics 18(3):349–59. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2010.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeri, Tito and Battista Severgnini. 2013. “Match Rigging in Italian Professional Soccer: The Economic Determinants of Corruption.” Pp. 101–12 in Match-Fixing in International Sports: Existing Processes, Law Enforcement, and Prevention Strategies, edited by M. R. Haberfeld and D. Sheehan. Cham: Springer International Publishing
   Google Scholar
• Breuer, Markus and Sebastian Kaiser. 2016. “Match-Fixing and Manipulation in Sport.” Pp. 63–76 in Critical Issues in Global Sport Management, edited by N. Schulenkorf and S. Frawley. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bricknell, Samantha. 2015. Corruption in Australian Sport. 490 in Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Buraimo, Babatunde, Giuseppe Migali, and Robert Simmons. 2016. “An Analysis of Consumer Response to Corruption: Italy’s Calciopoli Scandal.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 78(1):22–41. doi:10.1111/obes.12094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, Kevin. 2018. “International Legal Perspectives.” Pp. 199–222 in The Palgrave Handbook on the Economics of Manipulation in Sport, edited by M. Breuer and D. Forrest. Cham: Springer International Publishing
   Google Scholar
• Chappelet, Jean-Loup. 2015. “The Olympic Fight Against Match-Fixing.” Sport in Society 18(10):1260–72. doi:10.1080/17430437.2015.1034519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chater, Mario, Luc Arrondel, Jean-Pascal Gayant, and Jean-François Laslier. 2021. “Fixing Match-Fixing: Optimal Schedules to Promote Competitiveness.” European Journal of Operational Research 294(2):673–83. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2021.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiansen, Ask Vet and Martin Wang Hjørngard. 2013. “You Can't Buy Something You aren’t. On Fixing Results in Cycling.” Fair Play 1(2):64–84.
   Google Scholar
• Costa, Jacopo. 2017. “Networks and Illicit Associations in Corrupt Exchanges: Representing a Gelatinous System in Italy.” Global Crime 18(4):353–74. doi:10.1080/17440572.2017.1332594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council of Europe. 2014a. Treaty No. 215 Council of Europe Convention on the Manipulation of Sports Competitions. Magglingen/Macolin.
   Google Scholar
• Council of Europe. 2014b. Treaty No. 215 Council of Europe Convention on the Manipulation of Sports Competitions, Magglingen/Macolin, 18 September 2014, Explanatory Report.
   Google Scholar
• Council of Europe. 2020.Group of Copenhagen (2020) Typology of Sports Manipulations—Resource Guide, T-MC(2020)17.
   Google Scholar
• Csató, László. 2020. “When Neither Team Wants to Win: A Flaw of Recent UEFA Qualification Rules.” International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 15(4):526–32. doi:10.1177/1747954120921001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Buck, Ann and Lieven Pauwels. 2020. “Het Factorial Survey Experiment in Criminologisch Onderzoek.” Pp. 241–69 in Big data en innovatieve methoden voor criminologisch onderzoek, edited by W. Hardyns and T. Snaphaan. Den Haag: Boom.
   Google Scholar
• Diaconu, Madalina and André Kuhn. 2019. “Match-Fixing, the Macolin Convention and Swiss Law: An Overview.” Jusletter 16: 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Diaconu, Madalina, Surbhi Kuwelkar, and André Kuhn. 2021. “The Court of Arbitration for Sport Jurisprudence on Match-Fixing: A Legal Update.” The International Sports Law Journal 21(1–2):27–46. doi:10.1007/s40318-021-00181-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietl, Helmut M., Markus Lang, and Stephan Werner. 2010. “Corruption in Professional Sumo: An Update on the Study of Duggan and Levitt.” Journal of Sports Economics 11(4):383–96. doi:10.1177/1527002509349028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietl, Helmut M. and Christian Weingärtner. 2012. Betting Scandals and Attenuated Property Rights – How Betting Related Match Fixing Can Be Prevented in Future. Zurich: Working Papers, University of Zurich, Institute for Strategy and Business Economics (ISU): p. 154.
   Google Scholar
• Feltes, Thomas. 2013. “Match Fixing in Western Europe.” Pp. 15–30 in Match-Fixing in International Sports: Existing Processes, Law Enforcement, and Prevention Strategies, edited by M. R. Haberfeld and D. Sheehan. Cham: Springer International Publishing
   Google Scholar
• FIFA Disciplinary Code, edition 2019.
   Google Scholar
• FIFA Statutes, edition May 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Forrest, David. 2018. “Match-Fixing.” Pp. 91–114 in The Palgrave Handbook on the Economics of Manipulation in Sport, edited by M. Breuer and D. Forrest. Cham: Springer International Publishing
   Google Scholar
• Gardiner, Simon, Jim Parry, and Simon Robinson. 2017. “Integrity and the Corruption Debate in Sport: Where Is the Integrity?” European Sport Management Quarterly 17(1):6–23. doi:10.1080/16184742.2016.1259246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyon, Julien. 2021. “Risk of Collusion: Will Groups of 3 Ruin the FIFA World Cup?” Journal of Sports Analytics 6(4):259–79. doi:10.3233/JSA-200414
   Google Scholar
• Hardyns, Wim, Lucie Vanwersch, and Bram Constandt. 2022. “Should Football Care About Its Fans’ Trust? A Study into the Consequences of a Large-Scale Fraud Scandal on Sports Fans’ Integrity Perceptions.” Managing Sport and Leisure. 1–16. doi:10.1080/23750472.2022.2148721
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, Andy. 2015. “Match-Fixing: Working Towards an Ethical Framework.” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 42(3):393–407. doi:10.1080/00948705.2015.1037767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidenheimer, Arnold J. 2002. “Perspectives on the Perception of Corruption.” Pp. 141–54 in Political Corruption: Concepts & Contexts, edited by A. J. Heidenheimer and M. Johnston. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers
   Google Scholar
• Hill, Declan. 2010a. “A Critical Mass of Corruption: Why Some Football Leagues Have More Match-Fixing Than Others.” International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 11(3):38–52. doi:10.1108/IJSMS-11-03-2010-B005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, Declan. 2010b. The Fix: Soccer and Organized Crime. Plattsburgh, NY: McClelland & Stewart.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, Declan. 2013. The Insider’s Guide to Match-Fixing in Football. Toronto: Anne McDermid & Associates Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Holden, John T. and Ryan M. Rodenberg. 2017. “Lone-Wolf Match-Fixing: Global Policy Considerations.” International Journal of Sport Policy & Politics 9(1):137–51. doi:10.1080/19406940.2016.1202304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huggins, Mike. 2018. “Match-Fixing: A Historical Perspective.” The International Journal of the History of Sport 35(2–3):123–40. doi:10.1080/09523367.2018.1476341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huggins, Mike. 2023. “Match-Fixing. A “Normal” Part of Past Sport?” Pp. 11–23 in Understanding Match-Fixing in Sport: Theory and Practice, edited by B. Constandt and A. E. Manoli. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
   Google Scholar
• ITF, Bye-Laws of ITF Limited, the Constitution of the ITF Limited 2022.
   Google Scholar
• ITIA. 2022. TACP: Sanctioning Guidelines.
   Google Scholar
• ITIA Tennis Anti-Corruption Program, edition 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, Simon, and Jim, Parry. 2018. “The Impact of Corruption on Individual Athletes, Teams, and Organisations.” Pp. 91–109 in Corruption in Sport: Causes, Consequences, and reform, Routledge Research in Sport and Corruption, edited by L. A. Kihl. London ; New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Jon, Schneider, Ariel Schvartzman, and S. Matthew Weinberg. 2016. “Condorcet-Consistent and Approximately Strategyproof Tournament Rules.” Cornell University: Computer Science.
   Google Scholar
• KEA European Affairs. 2012. Match-Fixing in Sport. A Mapping of Criminal Law Procedures in EU 27.
   Google Scholar
• Kvalnes, Øyvind and Liv Hemmestad. 2010. “Loophole Ethics in Sports.” Etikk I Praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics 1:57–67. doi:10.5324/eip.v4i1.1740
   Google Scholar
• Loyens, Kim, Inge Claringbould, Leonie Heres - van Rossem, and Frank van Eekeren. 2022. “The Social Construction of Integrity: A Qualitative Case Study in Dutch Football.” Sport in Society 25(9):1714–33. doi:10.1080/17430437.2021.1877661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treagus, Mandy, Robin C. Cover, and Christina Beasley. 2011. “Integrity in Sport Literature Review.” Australian Sports Commission (August): 1–78.
   Google Scholar
• Manoli, Argyro Elisavet, Comille Bandura, and Paul Downward. 2020. “Perceptions of Integrity in Sport: Insights into People’s Relationship with Sport.” International Journal of Sport Policy & Politics 12(2):207–20. doi:10.1080/19406940.2020.1747101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoli, Argyro Elisavet, Comille Bandura, Paul Downward, and Bram Constandt. 2022. “Does Corruption in Sport Corrode Social Capital? An Experimental Study in the United Kingdom.” Managing Sport and Leisure. 1–17. doi:10.1080/23750472.2022.2134913
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoli, Argyro Elisavet, Serhat Yilmaz, and Georgios A. Antonopoulos. 2021. “Match-Fixing in Greece and Turkey and UEFA’s Policy Responses to It: A Comparative Study.” International Journal of Sport Policy & Politics 13(1):143–58. doi:10.1080/19406940.2021.1877172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamee, Mike, and Norbert, Rubicsek. 2023. “The Macolin Convention and the Complexity of Sport Competition Manipulation.” Pp. 81–95 in Understanding Match-Fixing in Sport: Theory and Practice, edited by B. Constandt and A. E. Manoli. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
   Google Scholar
• Moriconi, Marcelo. 2018. “The Official Football Match-Fixing Prevention Discourse as a Cognitive Limitation (The Cases of Iberian Countries).” Soccer and Society 19(2):271–87. doi:10.1080/14660970.2016.1171213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriconi, Marcelo. 2020. “Deconstructing Match-Fixing: A Holistic Framework for Sport Integrity Policies.” Crime, Law and Social Change 71(1):1–12. doi:10.1007/s10611-020-09892-4
   Google Scholar
• Moriconi, Marcelo. 2023. “What Are They Talking About? Dislocations Between Institutional Narratives and On-Field Sports actors’ Perspectives on Match-Fixing.” Deviant Behavior 45(3):301–17. doi:10.1080/01639625.2023.2246094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Numerato, Dino. 2016. “Corruption and Public Secrecy: An Ethnography of Football Match-Fixing.” Current Sociology 64(5):699–717. doi:10.1177/0011392115599815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ordway, Catherine and Opie Hayden. 2016. “Integrity and Corruption in Sport.” Pp. 41–67 in Critical Issues in Global Sport Management, edited by N. Schulenkorf and S. Frawley. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• O’Shea, Deirdre, Vassilis Barkoukis, Tadhg McIntyre, Andreas Loukovitis, Carole Gomez, Severin Moritzer, Michalis Michaelides, and Nikolaos Theodorou. 2021. “Who’s to Blame? The Role of Power and Attributions in Susceptibility to Match-Fixing.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 55:101955. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101955
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palermo, Giulio and Bryce Williams. 2018. “Match-Fixing and the Evolution of CAS Jurisprudence.” CAS Bulletin 2018(2):8–25.
   Google Scholar
• Park, Jae-Hyeon, Chang-Hwan Choi, Jiwun Yoon, and Vassil Girginov. 2019. “How Should Sports Match Fixing Be Classified?” Cogent Social Sciences 5(1):1573595. doi:10.1080/23311886.2019.1573595
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebeggiani, Luca and Fatma Rebeggiani. 2013. “Which Factors Favor Betting Related Cheating in Sports? Some Insights from Political Economy.” Pp. 157–76 in Match-Fixing in International Sports: Existing Processes, Law Enforcement, and Prevention Strategies, edited by M. R. Haberfeld and D. Sheehan. Cham: Springer International Publishing
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, William M. 1982. “Development of Reliable and Valid Short Forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale.” Journal of Clinical Psychology 38(1):119–25. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198201)38:1<119:AID-JCLP2270380118>3.0.CO;2-I.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sailors, Pam R., Sarah Teetzel, and Charlene Weaving. 2015. “Lentius, Inferius, Debilius: The Ethics of “Not Trying” on the Olympic Stage.” Sport in Society 18(1):17–27. doi:10.1080/17430437.2014.919259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serby, Tom. 2015. “The Council of Europe Convention on Manipulation of Sports Competitions: The Best Bet for the Global Fight Against Match-Fixing?” The International Sports Law Journal 15(1–2):83–100. doi:10.1007/s40318-015-0069-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solberg, Harry Arne, Dag Vidar Hanstad, and Thor Atle Thøring. 2010. “Doping in Elite Sport – Do the Fans Care?” International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship 11(3):2–16. doi:10.1108/IJSMS-11-03-2010-B002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spapens, Toine. 2021. “Match-Fixing.” Pp. 135–50 in In Contemporary Organized Crime. Studies of Organized Crime, edited by H. Nelen and D. Siegel. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-56592-3_9
   Google Scholar
• Spapens, Toine and Marjan Olfers. 2015. “Match-Fixing: The Current Discussion in Europe and the Case of the Netherlands.” European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 23(4):333–58. doi:10.1163/15718174-23032077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statutes, F. I. F. A., edition May 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Tak, Minhyeok. 2018. “Too Big to Jail: Match-Fixing, Institutional Failure and the Shifting of Responsibility.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 53(7):788–806. doi:10.1177/1012690216682950
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tak, Minhyeok, Michael P. Sam, and Chang-Hwan Choi. 2020. “Too Much at Stake to Uphold Sport Integrity? High-Performance Athletes’ Involvement in Match-Fixing.” Crime, Law and Social Change 74(1):27–44. doi:10.1007/s10611-020-09887-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tak, Minhyeok, Michael P. Sam, and Steven J. Jackson. 2018. “The Politics of Countermeasures Against Match-Fixing in Sport: A Political Sociology Approach to Policy Instruments.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 53(1):30–48. doi:10.1177/1012690216639748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tennis Vlaanderen Anticorruptiecode, editie 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Tzeng, Chien-Chun, Ping-Chao Lee, and Guo-Hen Tzeng. 2020. “It’s Not All About Money: The Code of Brotherhood Has a Role to Play in Match-Fixing.” Sport in Society 23(12):1926–44. doi:10.1080/17430437.2020.1737019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UEFA Disciplinary Regulations, edition 2022b.
   Google Scholar
• UNODC and IOC. 2021. ‘Legal Approaches to Tackling the Manipulation of Sports competitions’. https://www.unodc.org/documents/corruption/Publications/2021/Legal_Approaches_to_Tackling_the_Manipulation_of_Sports_Competitions_EN.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vandercruysse, Louis, An Vermeersch, and Tom Vander Beken. 2022. “Macolin and Beyond: Legal and Regulatory Initiatives Against Match Manipulation.” The International Sports Law Journal 22(3):241–58. doi:10.1007/s40318-021-00205-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Hoeven, Stef, Bram Constandt, Argyro Elisavet Manoli, Maarten van Bottenburg, Stefano Caneppele, and Annick Willem. 2023. “Match-Fixing in European Sports: Attitudes and Experiences.” Deviant Behvior 44(11):1664–81. doi:10.1080/01639625.2023.2225678
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Hoeven, Stef, Bram Constandt, Cleo Schyvinck, Wim Lagae, and Annick Willem. 2022. “The Grey Zone Between Tactics and Manipulation: The Normalization of Match-Fixing in Road Cycling.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 57(5):798–817. doi:10.1177/10126902211038414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Hoeven, Stef, Els De Waegeneer, Bram Constandt, and Annick Willem. 2020. “Match-Fixing: Moral Challenges for Those Involved.” Ethics & Behavior 30(6):425–43. doi:10.1080/10508422.2019.1667238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanwersch, Lucie, Annick Willem, Bram Constandt, and Wim Hardyns. 2022. “A Scoping Review of the Causes and Consequences of Fraud in Sport.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 46(6):546–84. doi:10.1177/01937235221119811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villeneuve, Jean-Patrick. 2015. Acknowledging and Addressing the Issue of Match Fixing: The Case of Sport Organisations. European Journal of Risk Regulation. 6(4)633–37. doi:10.1017/S1867299X00005183
   Google Scholar
• VVan Der Hoeven, Stef and Willem. Annick. 2023. “Understanding Match-Fixing from a Normalization Perspective.” Pp. 67–77 in Understanding Match-Fixing in Sport: Theory and Practice, edited by B. Constandt and A. E. Manoli. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Code. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, Serhat, Argyro Elisavet Manoli, and Georgios A. Antonopoulos. 2019. “An Anatomy of Turkish Football Match-Fixing.” Trends in Organized Crime 22(4):375–93. doi:10.1007/s12117-018-9345-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamante. 2012. Transfers, Money and the Social Aspect in Belgian Amateur Football. https://www.slideshare.net/zamante/zamante-research-amateur-footb
   Google Scholar