Developing an Occupation-Centred Framework for Trauma Intervention

References

• Alonso, J., Kessler, R. C., & Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M. (2017). Days out of role due to common physical and mental conditions in Portugal: Results from the WHO World Mental Health Survey. Bjpsych Open, 3(1), 15–1236. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.002402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (5th ed.). APA.
   Google Scholar
• Berke, D. S., Kline, N. K., Wachen, J. S., McLean, C. P., Yarvis, J. S., Mintz, J., Young-McCaughan, S., Peterson, A. L., Foa, E., Resick, P. A., & Litz, B. T. (2019). Predictors of attendance and dropout in three randomized controlled trials of PTSD treatment for active duty service members. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 118, 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2019.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobo, W. V., Warner, C. H., & Warner, C. M. (2007). The management of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the primary care setting. Southern Medical Journal, 100(8), 797–802. https://doi.org/10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31812f6ee5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogart, N. (2017, January 5). PTSD: What happens when Canadian military members ask for help? Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/3162225/ptsd-what-happens-when-canadian-military-members-ask-for-help/
   Google Scholar
• Bracha, H. (2004). Freeze, flight, fight, fright, faint: Adaptationist perspectives on the acute stress response spectrum. CNS Spectrums, 9(9), 679–685. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900001954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A., McFarlane, A. C., Silove, D., O’Donnell, M. L., Forbes, D., & Creamer, M. (2016). The lingering impact of resolved PTSD on subsequent functioning. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(3), 493–498. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702615598756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Broadcasting Company. (2017). PTSD: Beyond Trauma. The Nature of Things. http://www.cbc.ca/natureofthings/features/ptsd-canada-has-the-highest-rate-and-other-surprising-things
   Google Scholar
• Carleton, R. N., Afifi, T. O., Turner, S., Taillieu, T., Duranceau, S., LeBouthillier, D. M., Sareen, J., Ricciardelli, R., MacPhee, R. S., Groll, D., Hozempa, K., Brunet, A., Weekes, J. R., Griffiths, C. T., Abrams, K. J., Jones, N. A., Beshai, S., Cramm, H. A., Dobson, K. S., … Asmundson, G. J. G. (2018). Mental disorder symptoms among public safety personnel in Canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 63(1), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743717723825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carleton, R. N., Afifi, T. O., Turner, S., Taillieu, T., El-Gabalawy, R., Sareen, J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2017). Chronic pain among public safety personnel in Canada. Canadian Journal of Pain, 1(1), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/24740527.2017.1410431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT). (1999). Enhancing motivation for change in substance abuse treatment. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64968/
   Google Scholar
• Champagne, T. (2020). Trauma informed care. In N. Carson (Ed.), Psychosocial occupational therapy (pp. 241–261). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Charney, M. E., Hellberg, S. N., Bui, E., & Simon, N. M. (2018). Evidenced-based treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: An updated review of validated psychotherapeutic and pharmacological approaches. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 26(3), 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, K. W., Berger, C. C., Manheimer, E., Forde, D., Magidson, J., Dachman, L., & Lejuez, C. W. (2012). Meditative therapies for reducing anxiety: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Depression and Anxiety, 29(7), 545–562. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Classen, S., Cormack, N. L., Winter, S. M., Monahan, M., Yarney, A., Lutz, A. L., & Platek, K. (2014). Efficacy of an occupational therapy driving intervention for returning combat veterans. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 34(4), 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/1539449215589309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogan, A. M. (2014). Supporting our military families: A case for a larger role for occupational therapy in prevention and mental health care. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy: Official Publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 68(4), 478–483. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2014.009712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, J. M., Simiola, V., Hamblen, J. L., Bernardy, N., & Schnurr, P. P. (2017). The influence of patient readiness on implementation of evidence-based PTSD treatments in Veterans Affairs residential programs. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 9(Suppl 1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowls, J., & Galloway, E. (2009). Understanding how traumatic re-enactment impacts the workplace: Assisting clients’ successful return to work. Work, 33(4), 401–411. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2009-0889
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cowls, J., & Hale, S. (2005). It’s the activity that counts: What clients value in psycho-educational groups. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. Revue Canadienne D'ergotherapie, 72(3), 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/000841740507200305
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cusack, K., Jonas, D. E., Forneris, C. A., Wines, C., Sonis, J., Middleton, J. C., Feltner, C., Brownley, K. A., Olmsted, K. R., Greenblatt, A., Weil, A., & Gaynes, B. N. (2016). Psychological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 43, 128–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Aliesio, R. (2017, June 19). Investigation: The unremembered. Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/veterans/article26499878/
   Google Scholar
• Debell, F., Fear, N. T., Head, M., Batt-Rawden, S., Greenberg, N., Wessely, S., & Goodwin, L. (2014). A systematic review of the comorbidity between PTSD and alcohol misuse. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(9), 1401–1425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0855-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePierro, J., Lowe, S., & Katz, C. (2020). Lessons learned from 9/11: Mental health perspectives on the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 288, 113024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgelow, M., & Krupa, T. (2011). Randomized controlled pilot study of an occupational time-use intervention for people with serious mental illness. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy: Official Publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 65(3), 267–276. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2011.001313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgelow, M., MacPherson, M., Arnaly, F., Tam-Seto, L., & Cramm, H. (2019). Occupational therapy and posttraumatic stress disorder: A scoping review. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. Revue Canadienne D'ergotherapie, 86(2), 148–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008417419831438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, D. E., Bjelajac, P., Fallot, R. D., Markoff, L. S., & Reed, B. G. (2005). Trauma-informed or trauma-denied: Principles and implementation of trauma-informed services for women. Journal of Community Psychology, 33(4), 461–477. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerson, D., Ryt, E., Sharma, R., Chaudhry, S., & Turner, J. (2009). Yoga therapy in practice trauma-sensitive yoga: Principles, practice, and research. International Journal of Yoga Therapy, 19(1), 123–128. https://doi.org/10.17761/ijyt.19.1.h6476p8084l22160
   Google Scholar
• Fagen, M. C., Redman, S. D., Stacks, J., Barrett, V., Thullen, B., Altenor, S., & Neiger, B. L. (2011). Developmental evaluation: Building innovations in complex environments. Health Promotion Practice, 12(5), 645–650. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839911412596
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilmore, A. K., Davis, M. T., Grubaugh, A., Resnick, H., Birks, A., Denier, C., Muzzy, W., Tuerk, P., & Acierno, R. (2016). “Do you expect me to receive PTSD care in a setting where most of the other patients remind me of the perpetrator?”: Home-based telemedicine to address barriers to care unique to military sexual trauma and veterans affairs hospitals? Contemporary Clinical Trials, 48, 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2016.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetter, E. M., Bui, E., Ojserkis, R. A., Zakarian, R. J., Brendel, R. W., & Simon, N. M. (2015). A systematic review of dropout from psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder among Iraq and Afghanistan combat veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(5), 401–409. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, D. C. (2005). Neurofeedback treatment of depression and anxiety. Journal of Adult Development, 12(2–3), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-005-7029-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse, M. (2006). The Readiness Ruler as a measure of readiness to change poly-drug use in drug abusers. Harm Reduction Journal, 3(1), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-3-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoggatt, K. J., Prescott, M. R., Goldmann, E., Tamburrino, M., Calabrese, J. R., Liberzon, I., & Galea, S. (2015). The prevalence and correlates of risky driving behavior among National Guard soldiers. Traffic Injury Prevention, 16(1), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2014.896994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoskins, M., Pearce, J., Bethell, A., Dankova, L., Barbui, C., Tol, W. A., van Ommeren, M., de Jong, J., Seedat, S., Chen, H., & Bisson, J. I. (2015). Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 206(2), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakupcak, M., Hoerster, K. D., Blais, R. K., Malte, C. A., Hunt, S., & Seal, K. (2013). Readiness for change predicts VA mental healthcare utilization among Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(1), 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, D., & Graham, F. (2015). The use of coaching in occupational therapy: An integrative review. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 62(3), 160–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitchen, K., & Hosegood, A. (2015). Joining forces: Occupational therapists as change agents with military personnel and Veterans using trauma-informed care. OT Now, 17(5), 24–25.
   Google Scholar
• Krupa, T., Edgelow, M., Chen, S., Mieras, C., Almas, A., Perry, A., & Bransfield, M. (2010). Action over inertia: Addressing the activity-health needs of individuals with serious mental illness. CAOT Publications ACE.
   Google Scholar
• Litt, L. (2013). Clinical decision making in the treatment of complex PTSD and substance misuse. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(5), 534–542. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, H., Petukhova, M. V., Sampson, N. A., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Andrade, L. H., Bromet, E. J., de Girolamo, G., Haro, J. M., Hinkov, H., Kawakami, N., Koenen, K. C., Kovess-Masfety, V., Lee, S., Medina-Mora, M. E., Navarro-Mateu, F., O’Neill, S., Piazza, M., Posada-Villa, J., … Kessler, R. C. (2017). Association of DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder with traumatic experience type and history in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(3), 270–281. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, A. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder and occupational performance: Building resilience and fostering occupational adaptation. Work, 38(1), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2011-1102
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magruder, K. M., Kassam-Adams, N., Thoresen, S., & Olff, M. (2016). Prevention and public health approaches to trauma and traumatic stress: A rationale and a call to action. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 29715. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v7.29715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Management of Post-Traumatic Stress Working Group. (2010). VA/DOD clinical practice guideline for management of post-traumatic stress. Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense. https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/MH/ptsd/cpg_PTSD-full-201011612.PDF
   Google Scholar
• McFarlane, A. C. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder is a systemic illness, not a mental disorder: Is Cartesian dualism dead? Medical Journal of Australia, 206(6), 248–249. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja17.00048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlane, A. C., & Bryant, R. A. (2017). PTSD: The need to use emerging knowledge to improve systems of care and clinical practice in Australia. Sage UK.
   Google Scholar
• Moll, S., Gewurtz, R., Krupa, T., Law, M., Lariviere, N., & Levasseur, M. (2015). “Do-Live-Well”: A Canadian framework for promoting occupation, health, and well-being”. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. Revue Canadienne D’ergotherapie, 82(1), 9–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008417414545981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair, H. P., Ekenga, C. C., Cone, J. E., Brackbill, R. M., Farfel, M. R., & Stellman, S. D. (2012). Co-occurring lower respiratory symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder 5 to 6 years after the World Trade Center terrorist attack. American Journal of Public Health, 102(10), 1964–1973. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najavits, L. (2002). Seeking safety: A treatment manual for PTSD and substance abuse. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Najavits, L., & Hien, D. (2013). Helping vulnerable populations: A comprehensive review of the treatment outcome literature on substance use disorder and PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(5), 433–479. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negm, A., MacDermid, J., Sinden, K., D’Amico, R., Lomotan, M., & MacIntyre, N. J. (2017). Prevalence and distribution of musculoskeletal disorders in firefighters are influenced by age and length of service. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 3(2), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh.2017-0002
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson, A. A., Rabellino, D., Densmore, M., Frewen, P. A., Paret, C., Kluetsch, R., Schmahl, C., Théberge, J., Neufeld, R. W. J., McKinnon, M. C., Reiss, J., Jetly, R., & Lanius, R. A. (2017). The neurobiology of emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: Amygdala downregulation via real-time fMRI neurofeedback. Human Brain Mapping, 38(1), 541–560. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, D., Smith-Evans, K., Tam-Seto, L., & Cramm, H. (in press). A post-traumatic growth perspective on PTSD: The case of military veterans and their partners handbook of post-traumatic stress: Psychosocial, cultural and biological perspectives. Routledge Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Hagan, M., Cyr, C., McKee, H., Priest, R. (2010). Making the case for peer support. Mental Health Commission of Canada. http://media.wix.com/ugd/4d41ed_3365523d90b046be822c01816c1366d7.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Oliphant, R. C. (2016). Healthy minds, safe communities: Supporting our public safety officers through a national strategy for operational stress injuries. Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security. http://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/SECU/report-5
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (2010). Developmental evaluation: Applying complexity concepts to enhance innovation and use. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Park, B. J., Tsunetsugu, Y., Kasetani, T., Kagawa, T., & Miyazaki, Y. (2010). The physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing): Evidence from field experiments in 24 forests across Japan. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 15(1), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-009-0086-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Possis, E., Bui, T., Gavian, M., Leskela, J., Linardatos, E., Loughlin, J., & Strom, T. (2014). Driving difficulties among military veterans: Clinical needs and current intervention status. Military Medicine, 179(6), 633–639. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1992). Stages of change in the modification of problem behaviors. In L. M. Vernon, R. M. Eiesler, & P. M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in Behavioral Modification (pp. 184–214). Sycamore Press.
   Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1997). The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. American Journal of Health Promotion: AJHP, 12(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves, S., Pelone, F., Harrison, R., Goldman, J., & Zwarenstein, M. (2017). Interprofessional collaboration to improve professional practice and healthcare outcomes. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, CD000072. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000072.pub3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter, K., Andersen, S., & Carlsson, J. (2016). Neurofeedback treatment and posttraumatic stress disorder: Effectiveness of neurofeedback on posttraumatic stress disorder and the optimal choice of protocol. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(2), 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, J. D., Darte, K., & Grenier, S. (2008). Operational stress injury social support: a Canadian innovation in professional peer support. Canadian Military Journal, 9, 57–64.
   Google Scholar
• Rooney, K., Hunt, C., Humphreys, L., Harding, D., Mullen, M., & Kearney, J. (2007). Prediction of outcome for veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder using constructs from the transtheoretical model of behaviour change. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(7), 590–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670701392825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seal, K. H., Bertenthal, D., Miner, C. R., Sen, S., & Marmar, C. (2007). Bringing the war back home: Mental health disorders among 103,788 US veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan seen at Department of Veterans Affairs facilities. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(5), 476–482. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.5.476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simkus, K., VanTil, L., & Pedlar, D. (2017). 2017 Veteran Suicide Mortality Study 1976 to 2012. Veterans Affairs Canada. http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/about-us/research-directorate/publications/reports/vsms-2017
   Google Scholar
• Stadnyk, R., Phillips, J., Sapeta, S., MacAulay, A., Champion, M., Tam, L., & Craik, J. (2009). The Canadian model of client-centred enablement: Reflections from diverse occupational therapy practitioners. OT Now, 11(3), 25–27.
   Google Scholar
• Steed, R. (2014). A client-centered model of instructional design for psychoeducation interventions in occupational therapy. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 30(2), 126–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/0164212X.2014.878536
   Google Scholar
• Steenkamp, M. M. (2016). Treatment options for Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder-reply. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(7), 757–758. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenkamp, M. M., Litz, B. T., Hoge, C. W., & Marmar, C. R. (2015). Psychotherapy for military-related PTSD: A review of randomized clinical trials. JAMA, 314(5), 489–500. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.8370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stergiopoulos, E., Cimo, A., Cheng, C., Bonato, S., & Dewa, C. S. (2011). Interventions to improve work outcomes in work-related PTSD: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 838. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tema Conter Memorial Trust. (2017). Our history. https://www.tema.ca/our-history
   Google Scholar
• Torchalla, I., Killoran, J., Fisher, D., & Bahen, M. (2019). Trauma-focused treatment for individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder: The role of occupational therapy. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 35(4), 386–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/0164212X.2018.1510800
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend, E. A., Polatajko, H. J., Craik, J., & Davis, J. (2007). Canadian model of client-cenetred enablement. In E. A. Townsend & H. J. Polatajko (Eds.), Enabling occupation II: Advancing occupational therapy vision for health, well-being and justice through occupation (pp. 87–151). CAOT Publications ACE.
   Google Scholar
• Van Ameringen, M., Mancini, C., Patterson, B., & Boyle, M. H. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder in Canada. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 14(3), 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00049.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Til, L. D., Sweet, J., Poirier, A., McKinnon, K., Sudom, K., Dursun, S., & Pedlar, D. (2017). Well-being of Canadian Regular Force Veterans, findings from LASS 2016 survey. Veterans Affairs Canada. http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/about-us/research-directorate/info-briefs/lass-2016
   Google Scholar
• Watts, B. V., Schnurr, P. P., Zayed, M., Young-Xu, Y., Stender, P., & Llewellyn-Thomas, H. (2015). A randomized controlled clinical trial of a patient decision aid for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatric Services, 66(2), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, V., Murphy, D., & Greenberg, N. (2020). COVID-19 and experiences of moral injury in front-line key workers. Occupational Medicine, 70(5), 317–319. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, S., Guliani, H., & Boichev, G. (2016). On the economics of post-traumatic stress disorder among first responders in Canada. Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being, 1(2), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.6
   Google Scholar
• Zamorski, M. A., Bennett, R. E., Rusu, C., Weeks, M., Boulos, D., & Garber, B. G. (2016). Prevalence of past-year mental disorders in the Canadian Armed Forces, 2002–2013. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 61(1 Suppl), 26S–35S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716628854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoellner, T., & Maercker, A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology–A critical review and introduction of a two component model. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(5), 626–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar