Driving Simulator, Virtual Reality, and On-Road Interventions for Driving-Related Anxiety: A Systematic Review

References

• Beck, J. G., Palyo, S. A., Winer, E. H., Schwagler, B. E., & Ang, E. J. (2007). Virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD symptoms after a road accident: An uncontrolled case series. Behavior Therapy, 38(1), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blows, S., Ameratunga, S., Ivers, R. Q., Lo, S. K., & Norton, R. (2005). Risky driving habits and motor vehicle driver injury. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 37(4), 619–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2005.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators. (2013). Determining driver fitness in Canada: Part 1: A model for the administration of driver fitness programs and Part 2: CCMTA medical standards for drivers (13th ed.). CCMTA.
   Google Scholar
• Carl, E., Stein, A. T., Levihn-Coon, A., Pogue, J. R., Rothbaum, B., Emmelkamp, P., Asmundson, G. J. G., Carlbring, P., & Powers, M. B. (2019). Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 61, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, M., Lohman, M. C., & Mezuk, B. (2014). Trajectories of cognitive decline by driving mobility: Evidence from the health and retirement study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29(5), 447–453. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Classen, S., Cormack, N. L., Winter, S. M., Monahan, M., Yarney, A., Lutz, A. L., & Platek, K. (2014). Efficacy of an occupational therapy driving intervention for returning combat veterans. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 34(4), 176–182. https://doi.org/10.3928/15394492-20141006-01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Classen, S., & Evans, D. (2017). Overview of simulators by type, characteristics, and attributes. In S. Classen (Ed.), Driving simulation for assessment, intervention, and training (pp. 27–40). American Occupational Therapy Association Press.
   Google Scholar
• Classen, S., Monahan, M., Canonizado, M., & Winter, S. (2014). Utility of an occupational therapy driving intervention for a combat veteran. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(4), 405–411. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2014.010041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Classen, S., Winter, S., Monahan, M., Yarney, A., Link Lutz, A., Platek, K., & Levy, C. (2017). Driving intervention for returning combat veterans: Interim analysis of a randomized controlled trial. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 37(2), 62–71. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot/2017.71S1-PO3148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (2009). Research synthesis as a scientific process. In H. Cooper, L. V. Hedges, & J. C. Valentine (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2nd ed.). Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Curl, A. L., Stowe, J. D., Cooney, T. M., & Proulx, C. M. (2014). Giving up the keys: How driving cessation affects engagement in later life. The Gerontologist, 54(3), 423–433. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Costa, R. T. D., Carvalho, M. R. D., Ribeiro, P., & Nardi, A. E. (2018). Virtual reality exposure therapy for fear of driving: Analysis of clinical characteristics, physiological response, and sense of presence. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 40(2), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePoy, E., & Gitlin, L. N. (2016). Introduction to research: Understanding and applying multiple strategies (5th ed.). Elsevier Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Downs, S. H., & Black, N. (1998). The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 52(6), 377–384. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.52.6.377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duch, H., Fisher, E. M., Ensari, I., & Harrington, A. (2013). Screen time use in children under 3 years old: A systematic review of correlates. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eensoo, D., Paaver, M., Vaht, M., Loit, H. M., & Harro, J. (2018). Risky driving and the persistent effect of a randomized intervention focusing on impulsivity: The role of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 113, 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.01.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, D., & Akinwuntan, E. (2017). Driving simulation as a clinical intervention tool. In S. Classen (Ed.), Driving simulation for assessment, intervention, and training (pp. 133–141). American Occupational Therapy Association Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, C., Heider, J., Schröder, A., & Taylor, J. E. (2020). “Help! I’m afraid of driving!” Review of driving fear and its treatment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44(2), 420–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-019-10054-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, J., Erlandsson, L. K., & Shiel, A. (2019). A systematic review and narrative synthesis of occupational therapy-led interventions for individuals with anxiety and stress-related disorders. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 35(2), 179–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/0164212X.2018.1516172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hempel, M. E., Taylor, J. E., Connolly, M. J., Alpass, F. M., & Stephens, C. V. (2017). Scared behind the wheel: What impact does driving anxiety have on the health and well-being of young older adults? International Psychogeriatrics, 29(6), 1027–1034. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610216002271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, L. (2010). Driving rehabilitation: Frequently asked questions and answers. Occupational Therapy Now, 12(5), 19.
   Google Scholar
• Kaussner, Y., Kuraszkiewicz, A. M., Schoch, S., Markel, P., Hoffmann, S., Baur-Streubel, R., Kenntner-Mabiala, R., & Pauli, P. (2020). Treating patients with driving phobia by virtual reality exposure therapy–A pilot study. PLoS One, 15(1), e0226937–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, B. A., & Wolpe, J. (1980). In vivo desensitization of a severe driving phobia through radio contact. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 11(4), 281–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(83)90012-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke, A. B., Kirst, N., & Shultz, C. G. (2015). Diagnosis and management of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults. American Family Physician, 91(9), 617–624. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2013.0300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menelas, B. A. J., Haidon, C., Ecrepont, A., & Girard, B. (2018). Use of virtual reality technologies as an Action-Cue Exposure Therapy for truck drivers suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Entertainment Computing, 24, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2017.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michon, J. A. (1985). A critical view of driver behavior models: What do we know, what should we do?. In L. Evans & R. C. Schwing (Eds.), Human Behavior and Traffic Safety (pp. 485–524). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6 (7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munjack, D. J. (1984). The onset of driving phobias. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 15(4), 305–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(84)90093-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, K. T., Vanderloo, L. M., Bruijns, B. A., Truelove, S., & Tucker, P. (2018). Physical activity and sedentary time among preschoolers in centre-based childcare: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 15(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-018-0745-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovetto, F. M. (1983). In vivo desensitization of a severe driving phobia through radio contact with telemonitoring of neurophysiological reactions. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 14(1), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(83)90012-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serge, S. R., & Fragomeni, G. (2017). Assessing the relationship between type of head movement and simulator sickness using an immersive virtual reality head mounted display: A pilot study. In International conference on virtual, augmented and mixed reality (pp. 556–566). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57987-0_45
   Google Scholar
• Stern, E. B., Akinwuntan, A. E., & Hirsch, P. (2017). Simulator sickness: Stratigies for mitigation and prevention. In S. Classen (Ed.), Driving simulation for assessment, intervention, and training: A guide for occupational therapy and health care professionals (pp. 107–120). AOTA Press.
   Google Scholar
• Strogatz, D., Mielenz, T. J., Johnson, A. K., Baker, I. R., Robinson, M., Mebust, S. P., Andrews, H. F., Betz, M. E., Eby, D. W., Johnson, R. M., Jones, V. C., Leu, C. S., Molnar, L. J., Rebok, G. W., & Li, G. (2020). Importance of driving and potential impact of driving cessation for rural and urban older adults. The Journal of Rural Health, 36(1), 88–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. E. (2018). The extent and characteristics of driving anxiety. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 58, 70–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.05.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. E., Connolly, M. J., Brookland, R., & Samaranayaka, A. (2018). Understanding driving anxiety in older adults. Maturitas, 118, 51–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. E., Deane, F., & Podd, J. (2002). Driving-related fear: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(5), 631–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00114-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. E., Deane, F., & Podd, J. (2007). Driving fear and driving skills: Comparison between fearful and control samples using a standardised on-road assessment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(4), 805–818. 8-5-818. https://doi.org/10.0106/j.brat.2006.-07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson Reuters. (2016). EndNote (X7.8) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https://endnote.com/
   Google Scholar
• Unsworth, C. A., & Baker, A. (2014). Driver rehabilitation: A systematic review of the types and effectiveness of interventions used by occupational therapists to improve on-road fitness-to-drive. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 71, 106–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2014.04.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wald, J., & Taylor, S. (2000). Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy to treat driving phobia: A case report. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 31(3–4), 249–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7916(01)00009-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walshe, D. G., Lewis, E. J., Kim, S. I., O'Sullivan, K., & Wiederhold, B. K. (2003). Exploring the use of computer games and virtual reality in exposure therapy for fear of driving following a motor vehicle accident. Cyberpsychology & Behavior: The Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society, 6(3), 329–334. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493103322011641
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zinzow, H. M., Brooks, J. O., Rosopa, P. J., Jeffirs, S., Jenkins, C., Seeanner, J., McKeeman, A., & Hodges, L. F. (2018). Virtual reality and cognitive-behavioral therapy for driving anxiety and aggression in veterans: A pilot study. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 25(2), 296–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2017.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinzow, H. M., & Jeffirs, S. M. (2018). Driving aggression and anxiety: Intersections, assessment, and interventions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 43–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar