The Chichewa Wijma delivery expectancy/experience questionnaire: a factor analytic study for postpartum women in Malawi

References

• Wijma K, Wijma B, Zar M. Psychometric aspects of the W-DEQ; a new questionnaire for the measurement of fear of childbirth. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;19(2):84–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haines HM, Rubertsson C, Pallant JF, et al. The influence of women’s fear, attitudes and beliefs of childbirth on mode and experience of birth. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012;12:55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha P, Larsson M, Christensson K, et al. Fear of childbirth and depressive symptoms among postnatal women: a cross-sectional survey from Chhattisgarh, India. Women Birth. 2018;31(2):e122–e133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenwick J, Gamble J, Nathan E, et al. Pre‐and postpartum levels of childbirth fear and the relationship to birth outcomes in a cohort of Australian women. J Clin Nurs. 2009;18(5):667–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouhe H, Salmela-Aro K, Toivanen R, et al. Group psychoeducation with relaxation for severe fear of childbirth improves maternal adjustment and childbirth experience–a randomised controlled trial. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;36(1):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmela-Aro K, Read S, Rouhe H, et al. Promoting positive motherhood among nulliparous pregnant women with an intense fear of childbirth: RCT intervention. J Health Psychol. 2012;17(4):520–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alipour Z, Lamyian M, Hajizadeh E. Anxiety and fear of childbirth as predictors of postnatal depression in nulliparous women. Women and Birth. 2012;25(3):e37–e43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uçar T, Golbasi Z. Effect of an educational program based on cognitive behavioral techniques on fear of childbirth and the birth process. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;40(2):146–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masoumi SZ, Kazemi F, Oshvandi K, et al. Effect of training preparation for childbirth on fear of normal vaginal delivery and choosing the type of delivery among pregnant women in Hamadan, Iran: a randomized controlled trial. J Family Reprod Health. 2016;10(3):115–121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Byrne J, Hauck Y, Fisher C, et al. Effectiveness of a mindfulness‐based childbirth education pilot study on maternal self‐efficacy and fear of childbirth. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2014;59(2):192–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laursen M, Hedegaard M, Johansen C. Fear of childbirth: predictors and temporal changes among nulliparous women in the Danish national birth cohort. BJOG. 2008;115(3):354–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spice K, Jones SL, Hadjistavropoulos HD, et al. Prenatal fear of childbirth and anxiety sensitivity. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;30(3):168–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onchonga D, Keraka M, MoghaddamHosseini V, et al. Does institutional maternity services contribute to the fear of childbirth? A focus group interview study. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2021;30:100669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khwepeya M, Monsen K, Kuo SY. nQuality of life and the related factors in early postnatal women in Malawi. Midwifery. 2020;85:102700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart RC, Umar E, Gleadow-Ware S, et al. Perinatal distress and depression in Malawi: an exploratory qualitative study of stressors, supports and symptoms. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2015;18(2):177–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell OM, Cegolon L, Macleod D, et al. Length of stay after childbirth in 92 countries and associated factors in 30 low-and Middle-income countries: compilation of reported data and a cross-sectional analysis from nationally representative surveys. PLoS Med. 2016;13(3):e1001972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenthani L, van Oosterhout JJ, Haas AD, et al. Patterns of caesarean section in HIV infected and non-infected women in Malawi: is caesarean section used for PMTCT? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Statistical Office. Malawi demographic and health survey 2015–16. Rockville (MD): National Statistical Office and ICF; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Pallant JF, Haines HM, Green P, et al. Assessment of the dimensionality of the Wijma delivery expectancy/experience questionnaire using factor analysis and rasch analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16(1):361.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korukcu O, Bulut O, Kukulu K. Psychometric evaluation of the wijma delivery expectancy/experience questionnaire version B. Health Care Women Int. 2016;37(5):550–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortazavi F. Validity and reliability of the Farsi version of wijma delivery expectancy questionnaire: an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Electron Physician. 2017;9(6):4606–4615.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fenaroli V, Saita E. Fear of childbirth: a contribution to the validation of the Italian version of the Wijma delivery expectancy/experience questionnaire (WDEQ). TPM Test Psychometr Methodol Appl Psychol. 2013;20(2):131–154.
   Google Scholar
• MoghaddamHosseini V, Makai A, Dweik D, et al. Factor analysis study of the hungarian translation of wijma delivery expectancy/experience questionnaire (version a). Curr Psychol. 2020;39(4):1098–1105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson C, Hessman E, Sjoblom H, et al. Definitions, measurements and prevalence of fear of childbirth: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malawi Project. Machinga district hospital. 2013. [cited 2018 25.12.2018]. Available from: https://www.malawiproject.org/machinga-district-hospital/
   Google Scholar
• Gutman J, Mwandama D, Wiegand RE, et al. In vivo efficacy of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of asymptomatic parasitaemia in pregnant women in Machinga district, Malawi. Malar J. 2015;14(1):197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wild D, Grove A, Martin M, et al. Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient‐reported outcomes (PRO) measures: report of the. Value Health. 2005;8(2):94–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khwepeya M, Lee GT, Chen SR, et al. Childbirth fear and related factors among pregnant and postpartum women in Malawi. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):391.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polit D, Beck C. Nursing research: generating and assessing evidence for nursing research. Baltimore (MD): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• MacCallum RC, Widaman KF, Zhang S, et al. Sample size in factor analysis. Psychol Methods. 1999;4(1):84–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart RC, Umar E, Tomenson B, et al. Validation of screening tools for antenatal depression in Malawi—a comparison of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale and self reporting questionnaire. J Affect Disord. 2013;150(3):1041–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150(6):782–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colbourn T, Masache G, Skordis-Worrall J. Development, reliability and validity of the chichewa WHOQOL-BREF in adults in Lilongwe, Malawi. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5(1):346.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHOQOL-BREF: introduction, administration, scoring and generic version of the assessment: field trial version, december 1996. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Gerbing DW, Hamilton JG. Viability of exploratory factor analysis as a precursor to confirmatory factor analysis. Struct Eq Model A Multidisciplin J. 1996;3(1):62–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser HF. An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika. 1974;39(1):31–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett MS. A note on the multiplying factors for various χ 2 approximations. J Royal Stat Soc B (Methodol). 1954;16(2):296–298.
   Google Scholar
• Ledesma RD, Valero-Mora P. Determining the number of factors to retain in EFA: an easy-to-use computer program for carrying out parallel analysis. Practic Assess Res Eval. 2007;12(2):1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Plichta SB, Kelvin EA, Munro BH. Munro’s statistical methods for health care research. 6th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Yu C. Evaluating cutoff criteria of model fit indices for latent variable models with binary and continuous outcomes. Los Angeles (CA): Education, University of California; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Simon D, Kriston L, Loh A, et al. Confirmatory factor analysis and recommendations for improvement of the autonomy‐preference‐index (API). Health Expect. 2010;13(3):234–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taber KS. The use of cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Res Sci Educ. 2018;48(6):1273–1296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pervan M, Curak M, Pavic Kramaric T. The influence of industry characteristics and dynamic capabilities on firms’ profitability. Int J Financial Stud. 2017;6(1):4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell C, Larcker DF. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J Market Res. 1981;18(1):39–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello AB, Osborne J. Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practic Assess Res Eval. 2005;10(1):7.
   Google Scholar
• Garthus-Niegel S, Storksen HT, Torgersen L, et al. The wijma delivery expectancy/experience questionnaire: a factor analytic study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2011;32(3):160–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takegata M, Haruna M, Matsuzaki M, et al. Translation and validation of the Japanese version of the wijma delivery expectancy/experience questionnaire version A. Nurs Health Sci. 2013;15(3):326–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takegata M, Haruna M, Matsuzaki M, et al. Psychometric evaluation of the Japanese wijma delivery expectancy/experience questionnaire version B. Open J Nurs. 2017;07(01):15–27.
   Google Scholar
• Webster J, Nicholas C, Velacott C, et al. Validation of the WHOQOL‐BREF among women following childbirth. Austral New Zealand J Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;50(2):132–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwick WR, Velicer WF. Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychol Bull. 1986;99(3):432–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar