The revised anatomy of the canals connecting the orbit with the cranial cavity

References

• Celik S, Kazak Z, Ozer MA, Govsa F. Navigational area of the cranio-orbital foramen andits significance in orbital surgery. Surg Radiol Anat 2014; 36:981–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macchi V, Regoli M, Bracco S, Nicoletti C, Morra A, Porzionato A, De Caro R, Bertelli E. Clinical anatomy of the orbitomeningeal foramens: variational anatomy of the canals connecting the orbit with the cranial cavity. Surg Radiol Anat 2016; 38:165–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celik S, Ozer MA, Kazak Z, Govsa F. Computer-assisted analysis of anatomical relationships of the ethmoidal foramina and optic canal along the medial orbital wall. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 272:3483–3490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regoli M, Ogut E, Bertelli E. An osteologic study of human ethmoidal foramina with special reference to their classification and symmetry. It J Anat Embryol 2016; 121:66–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bertelli E. Metoptic canal, duplication of the optic canal and Warwick’s foramen in human orbits. Anat Sci Inter 2014; 89:34–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertelli E, Regoli M. Branching of the foramen rotundum. A rare variation of the sphenoid. It J Anat Embryol 2014; 119:148–152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abed SF, Shams, P, Shen S, Adds PJ, Uddin JM, Manisali M. A cadaveric study of the cranio-orbital foramen and its significance in orbital surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 129:307e–311e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warwick R. A juvenile skull exhibiting duplication of the optic canals and subdivision of the superior orbital fissure. J Anat 1951; 85:289–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bron AJ, Tripathi RC, Tripathi BJ. The bony orbit and paranasal sinuses. In: Bron AJ, Tripathi RC, Tripathi BJ, eds. Wolff’s Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit, 8th edition. London: Arnold. 2001; 1–29.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma PK, Malhotra VK, Tewari SP. Variation in the shape of the superior orbital fissure. Anat Anz 1988; 165:55–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reymond J, Kwiatkowski J, Wysocki J. Clinical anatomy of the superior orbital fissure and the orbital apex. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2008; 36:346–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro R, Janzen AH. The Normal Skull: A Roentgen Study. New York, NY: PB Hoeber, Inc.; 1960.
   Google Scholar
• Govsa F, Kayalioglu G, Erturk M, Ozgur T. The superior orbital fissure and its content. Surg Radiol Anat 1999; 21:181–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisaria KK, Kumar N, Jaiswal AK, Sharma PK, Mittal M, Bisaria SD. An accessory foramen deep in the infraorbital fissure. J Anat 1996; 189:461–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducasse A, Segal A, Delattre JF, Burette A, Flament JB. La partecipation de l’artère carotid externe à la vascularisation orbitaire. J Fr Ophtalmol 1985; 8:333–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdogmus S, Govsa F. Importance of the anatomic features of the lacrimal artery for orbital approaches. J Craniofac Surg 2005; 16:957–964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQueen CT, DiRuggiero DC, Campbell JP, Shockley WW. Orbital osteology: a study of the surgical landmarks. Laryngoscope 1995; 105:783–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. New York, NY: Elsevier. 2016
   Google Scholar
• Moret J, Lasjaunias P, Théron J, Merland JJ. The middle meningeal artery. Its contribution to the vascularization of the orbit. J Neuroradiol 1977; 4:225–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasjaunias P, Brismar J, Moret J, Théron J. Recurrent cavernous branches of the ophthalmic artery. Acta Radiol Diagn 1978; 19:553–560.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willinsky R, Lasjaunias P, Berenstein A. Intracavernous branches of the internal carotid artery. Comprehensive review of their variations. Surg Radiol Anat 1987; 9:201–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregg L, San Millan D, Orru E, Tamargo RJ, Gailloud P. Ventral and dorsal persistent primitive ophthalmic artery. Operative Neurosurgery 2016; 12:141–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchino A, Saito N, Kurita H, Ishihara S. Double ophthalmic arteries arising from the internal carotid artery. Surg Radiol Anat 2013; 35:173–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bracco S, Gennari P, Vallone IM, Tassi R, Acampa M, Martini G, Bertelli E. Double ophthalmic arteries arising from the internal carotid artery. A case report of a hidden second ophthalmic artery. Surg Radiol Anat 2016; 38: 1233–1237.
   Google Scholar
• Padget DH. The development of the cranial arteries in the human embryo. Contrib Embryol 1948; 32:205–261.
   Google Scholar
• Renn WH, Rhoton AL. Microsurgical anatomy of the sellar region. J Neurosurg 1975; 43:288–298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayreh SS. Orbital vascular anatomy. Eye 2006; 20:1130–1144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung N, McNab AA. Venous anatomy of the orbit. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44:988–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kier EL. Embryology of the normal optic canal and its anomalies. An anatomic and roentgenographic study. Invest Radiol 1966; 1:346–362.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lang J. Structure and postnatal organization of heretofore uninvestigated and infrequent ossifications of the sella turcica region. Acta Anat 1977; 99:121–139.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diamond MK. Homologies of the meningo-orbital arteries of humans: a reappraisal. J Anat 1991; 178:223–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bracco S, Venturi C, Leonini S, Romano DG, Cioni S, Vallone IM, Gennari P, Galluzzi P, Hadjistilianou T, De Francesco S, Guglielmucci D, Tarantino F, Bertelli E. Identification of intraorbital arteries in pediatric age by high resolution superselective angiography. Orbit 2015; 34:237–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasjaunias P, Moret J, Mink J. The anatomy of the inferolateral trunk (ILT) of the internal carotid artery. Neuroradiology 1977; 13:215–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caliot Ph, Plessis JL, Midy D, Poirier M, Ha JC. The intraorbital arrangement of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina. Surg Radiol Anat 1995; 17:29–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi Y, Kakizaki H, Nakano T. Accessory ethmoidal foramina: an anatomical study. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 27:125–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadgaonkar R, Rai R, Prabhu LV, Rai AR, Tonse M, Vani PC. Morphometric study of the medial orbital wall emphasizing the ethmoidal foramina. Surg Radiol Anat 2015; 37:809–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abed SF, Shams P, Shen S, Adds PJ, Uddin JM. A cadaveric study of ethmoidal foramina variation and its surgical significance in Caucasians. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012; 96:118–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Youseef A, Al Qahtani AA, Gun R, Prevedello DM, Otto BA, Ditzel L, Carrau RL. Endoscopic anatomy of the middle ethmoidal artery. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2014; 4:164–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazak Z, Celik S, Ozer MA, Govsa F. Three-dimensional evaluation of the danger zone of ethmoidal foramens on the frontoethmoidal suture line on the medial orbital wall. Surg Radiol Anat 2015; 37:935–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser G, De Stefano GF. Epigenetic Variants of the Human Skull. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung; 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Ducasse A, Segal A, Delattre JF, Flament J-B. Aspects macroscopiques de la vascularisation artérielle orbitaire. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr 1989; 8–9:989–993.
   Google Scholar