Moving spaces: Spelling alternation in English noun-noun compounds

REFERENCES

• Andrews , S. , Miller , B. and Rayner , K. 2004 . Eye movements and morphological segmentation of compound words: There is a mouse in mousetrap . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 16 : 285 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baayen , R. H. 2008 . Analyzing linguistic data. A practical introduction to statistics using R , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baayen , R. H. , Piepenbrock , R. and Gulikers , L. 1995 . The CELEX lexical database [CD-ROM] , Philadelphia : Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania .
   Google Scholar
• Baayen , R. H. , Wurm , H. L. and Aycock , J. 2007 . Lexical dynamics for low-frequency complex words: A regression study across tasks and modalities . The Mental Lexicon , 2 : 419 – 463 .
   Google Scholar
• Balling , L. and Baayen , R. H. 2008 . Morphological effects in auditory word recognition: Evidence from Danish . Language and Cognitive Processes , 23 : 1159 – 1190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balota , D. A. , Yap , M. J. , Cortese , M. J. , Hutchison , K. I. , Kessler , B. and Loftis , B. 2007 . The English lexicon project . Behavior Research Methods , 39 : 445 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer , L. 1988 . Introducing linguistic morphology , Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bauer , L. and Renouf , A. 2001 . A corpus-based study of compounding in English . Journal of English Linguistics , 29 : 101 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Bertram , R. and Hyönä , J. 2003 . The length of a complex word modifies the role of morphological structure: Evidence from eye movements when reading short and long Finnish compounds . Journal of Memory and Language , 48 : 615 – 634 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertram , R. and Hyönä , J. The role of hyphenation in compound word identification: Facilitative for long, detrimental for short words In submission
   Google Scholar
• Bertram , R. , Kuperman , V. , Hyönä , J. and Baayen , R. H. 2011 . The hyphen as a segmentation cue: It's getting better all the time . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 52 : 530 – 544 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertram , R. , Pollatsek , A. and Hyönä , J. 2004 . Morphological parsing and the use of segmentation cues in reading Finnish compounds . Journal of Memory and Language , 51 : 325 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bien , H. , Levelt , W. M. J. and Baayen , R. H. 2005 . Frequency effects in compound production . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 102 : 17876 – 17881 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blevins , J. P. 2006 . Word-based morphology , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Borjars , K. and Burrige , K. 2001 . Introducing English grammar , London : Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Bresnan , J. , Cueni , A. , Nikitina , T. and Baayen , R. H. 2007 . “ Predicting the dative alternation ” . In Cognitive foundations of interpretation , Edited by: Boume , G. , Kraemer , I. and Zwarts , J. 69 – 94 . Amsterdam : Royal Netherlands Academy of Science .
   Google Scholar
• Bresnan , J. and Ford , M. 2010 . Predicting syntax: Processing dative constructions in American and Australian varieties of English . Language , 86 : 168 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinton , L. J. and Traugott , E. C. 2005 . Lexicalization and language change , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bybee , J. L. 2003 . “ Mechanisms of change in grammaticalization: The role of frequency ” . In Handbook of historical linguistics , Edited by: Brian , J. and Janda , R. 602 – 623 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Bybee , J. L. and Scheibman , J. 1999 . The effect of usage on degrees of constituency: The reduction of don't in English . Linguistics , 37 : 575 – 596 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherng , M. 2008 . The role of hyphenation in English compound word processing ( Unpublished bachelor's thesis ). Wesleyan College , Middletown , CT .
   Google Scholar
• Croft , W. 2003 . Typology and universals , 2nd ed. , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Croft , W. 2008 . On iconicity of distance . Cognitive Linguistics , 19 : 49 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crystal , D. 2001 . Language and the Internet , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cunnings , I. and Clahsen , H. 2007 . The time-course of morphological constraints: Evidence from eye-movements during reading . Cognition , 104 : 467 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabb , N. 1998 . “ Compounding ” . In The handbook of morphology , Edited by: Spencer , A. and Zwicky , A. M. 66 – 83 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira , V. S. 2003 . The persistence of optional complementizer mention: Why saying a ‘‘that” is not saying ‘‘that” at all . Journal of Memory and Language , 48 : 379 – 398 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank , A. , & Jaeger , T. F. 2008 . Speaking rationally: Uniform information density as an optimal strategy for language production . In B. C. Love , K. McRae , & V. M. Sloutsky (Eds.), Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society 939 – 944 . Washington , DC : Cognitive Science Society .
   Google Scholar
• Frisson , S. , Niswander-Klement , E. and Pollatsek , A. 2008 . The Role of Semantic Transparency in the Processing of English Compound Words . British Journal of Psychology , 99 : 87 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagné , C. L. and Spalding , T. L. 2009 . Constituent integration during the processing of compound words: Does it involve the use of relational structures? . Journal of Memory and Language , 60 : 20 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gennari , S. P. and MacDonald , M. C. 2009 . Linking production and comprehension processes: The case of relative clauses . Cognition , 111 : 1 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giegerich , H. J. 2009 . The English compound stress myth . Word Structure , 2 : 1 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Gries , S. 2003 . Multifactorial analysis in corpus linguistics: A study of particle placement , New York : Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Haiman , J. 1983 . Iconic and economic motivation . Language , 59 : 781 – 819 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haiman , J. 2008 . In defense of iconicity . Cognitive Linguistics , 19 : 59 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haspelmath , M. 2008 . Frequency vs. iconicity in explaining grammatical asymmetries . Cognitive Linguistics , 19 : 1 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins , J. A. 2004 . Efficiency and complexity in grammars , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Huddleston , R. 1984 . Introduction to the grammar of English , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Inhoff , A. W. and Radach , R. 2002 . The biology of reading: The use of spatial information in the reading of complex words . Comments on Modern Biology. Part C.: Comments on Theoretical Biology , 7 : 121 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Inhoff , A. W. , Radach , R. and Heller , D. 2000 . Complex compounds in German: Interword spaces facilitate segmentation but hinder assignment of meaning . Journal of Memory and Language , 42 : 23 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inhoff , A. W. , Starr , M. S. , Solomon , M. and Placke , L. 2008 . Eye movements during the reading of compound words and the influence of lexeme meaning . Memory & Cognition , 36 : 675 – 687 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger , T. F. 2008 . Categorical data analysis: Away from ANOVAs (transformation or not) and towards logit mixed models . Journal of Memory and Language , 59 : 434 – 446 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger , T. F. 2010 . Redundancy and reduction: Speakers manage syntactic information density . Cognitive Psychology , 61 : 23 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger , T. F. and Tily , H. 2011 . On language ‘utility’: Processing complexity and communicative efficiency’ . WIRE: Cognitive Science , 2 ( 3 ) : 323 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jespersen , O. 1977 . Essentials of English grammar , London : George Allen and Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Ji , H. , Gagné , C. L. and Spalding , T. L. 2011 . Benefits and costs of lexical decomposition and semantic integration during the processing of transparent and opaque English compounds . Journal of Memory and Language , 65 : 406 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juhasz , B. J. 2007 . “ The influence of semantic transparency on eye movements during English compound word recognition ” . In Eye movements: A window on mind and brain , Edited by: Van Gompel , R. P. G. , Fischer , M. H. , Murray , W. S. and Hill , R. L. 373 – 390 . Oxford : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Juhasz , B. J. 2008 . The processing of compound words in English: Effects of word length on eye movements during reading . Language and Cognitive Processes , 23 : 1057 – 1088 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juhasz , B. J. , Inhoff , A. W. and Rayner , K. 2005 . The role of interword spaces in the processing of English compound words . Language and Cognitive Processes , 20 : 291 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keuleers . 2008 . Memory-based learning of inflectional morphology . Antwerp : University of Antwerp .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , D. & Manning , C. D. 2003 . Accurate unlexicalized parsing . In E. W. Hinrichs & D. Roth (Eds.) , Proceedings of the 41st Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics 423 – 430 . Morristown , NJ : Association for Computational Linguistics .
   Google Scholar
• Krott , A. , Baayen , R. H. and Schreuder , R. 2001 . Analogy in morphology: Modeling the choice of linking morphemes in Dutch . Linguistics , 39 : 51 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krott , A. , Schreuder , R. , Baayen , R. H. and Dressler , W. U. 2007 . Analogical effects on linking elements in German compounds . Language and Cognitive Processes , 22 : 25 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krug , M. 1998 . String frequency: A cognitive motivating factor in coalescence, language processing, and linguistic change . Journal of English Linguistics , 26 : 286 – 320 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuperman , V. , Bertram , R. and Baayen , R. H. 2008 . Morphological dynamics in compound processing . Language and Cognitive Processes , 23 : 1089 – 1132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuperman , V. , Bertram , R. and Baayen , R. H. 2010 . Processing trade-offs in the reading of Dutch derived words . Journal of Memory and Language , 62 : 83 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuperman , V. , Schreuder , R. , Bertram , R. and Baayen , R. H. 2009 . Reading poly-morphemic Dutch compounds: Toward a multiple route model of lexical processing . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 35 : 876 – 895 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landauer , T. K. and Dumais , S. 1997 . A solution to Plato's problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction and representation of knowledge . Psychological Review , 104 : 211 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landauer , T. K. , Foltz , P. and Laham , D. 1998 . Introduction to latent semantic analysis . Discourse Processes , 25 : 259 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudanna , A. and Burani , C. 1995 . “ Distributional properties of derivational affixes: Implications for processing ” . In Morphological aspects of language processing , Edited by: Feldman , L. B. 345 – 364 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Lieber , R. 1983 . Argument linking and compounds in English . Linguistic Inquiry , 14 : 251 – 285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohmann , A. 2011 . Help vs help to: A multifactorial, mixed-effects account of infinitive marker omission . English Language and Linguistics , 15 : 499 – 521 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohse , B. , Hawkins , J. and Wasow , T. 2004 . Domain minimization in English verb-particle constructions . Language , 80 : 238 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milin , P. , Filipovic Durdevic , D. and Moscoso del Prado Martin , F. 2009a . The simultaneous effects of inflectional paradigms and classes on lexical recognition: Evidence from Serbian . Journal of Memory and Language , 60 : 50 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milin , P. , Kuperman , V. , Kostic , A. and Baayen , R. H. 2009b . “ Words and paradigms bit by bit: An information-theoretic approach to the processing of inflection and derivation ” . In Analogy in grammar: Form and acquisition , Edited by: Blevins , J. and Blevins , J. 214 – 252 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moscoso del Prado , F. , Deutsch , A. , Frost , R. , de Jong , N. H. , Schreuder , R. and Baayen , R. H. 2005 . Changing places: A cross-language perspective on frequency and family size in Hebrew and Dutch . Journal of Memory and Language , 53 : 496 – 512 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondorf , B. 2009a . “ How lexicalization reflected in hyphenation affects variation and word-formation ” . In Describing and modeling variation in grammar , Edited by: Dufter , A. , Fleischer , J. and Seiler , G. 361 – 388 . Berlin : Mouton De Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Mondorf , B. 2009b . More support for more-support: The role of processing constraints on the choice between synthetic and analytic comparative forms , Amsterdam : John Benjamins .
   Google Scholar
• Newmeyer , F. J. 1992 . Iconicity and generative grammar . Language , 68 : 756 – 796 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plag , I. , Kunter , G. and Lappe , S. 2007 . Testing hypotheses about compound stress assignment in English: A corpus-based investigation . Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory , 3 : 199 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• Quirk , R. , Greenbaum , S. , Leech , G. and Svartvik , J. 1985 . A comprehensive grammar of the English language , London : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Rakic , S. 2009 . Some observations on the structure, type frequencies and spelling of English compounds . SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics , 6 (1). Retrieved from http://www.skase.sk/Volumes/JTL13/pdf_doc/04.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Rastle , K. , Davis , M. H. and New , B. 2004 . The broth in my brother's brothel: Morpho-orthographic segmentation in visual word recognition . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 11 : 1090 – 1098 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roland , D. , Elman , J. and Ferreira , V. S. 2006 . Why is that? Structural prediction and ambiguity resolution in a very large corpus of English sentences . Cognition , 98 : 245 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahel , S. , Nottbusch , G. , Grimm , A. and Weingarten , R. 2008 . Written production of German compounds: Effects of lexical frequency and semantic transparency . Written Language and Literacy , 11 : 221 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Sepp , M. 2006 . Phonological constraints and free variation in compounding: A corpus study of English and Estonian noun compounds ( Unpublished doctoral dissertation ). City University of New York , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Shie , J. S. 2002 . English hyphenated compounds . Journal of the Da-Yeh University , 11 : 89 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• United States Government Printing Office . 2008 . Style manual (.) , 30th ed . United States Government Printing Office : Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Wasow , T. 2002 . Postverbal behavior , Stanford : CSLI .
   Google Scholar
• Zipf , G. K. 1929 . Relative frequency as a determinant of phonetic change . Harvard Studies in Classical Philology , 15 : 1 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Zipf , G. K. 1935 . The psycho-biology of language: An introduction to dynamic philology , Boston : Houghton Miffin .
   Google Scholar