Speech recognition in adverse conditions: A review

REFERENCES

• Adank , P. , Evans , B. G. , Stuart-Smith , J. and Scott , S. K. 2009 . Familiarity with a regional accent facilitates comprehension of that accent in noise . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 35 : 520 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akeroyd , M. A. 2008 . Are individual differences in speech reception related to individual differences in cognitive ability? A survey of twenty experimental studies with normal and hearing-impaired adults . International Journal of Audiology , 47 : S53 – S71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alais , D. , Morrone , C. and Burr , D. 2006 . Separate attentional resources for vision and audition . Proceedings of the Royal Society B , 273 : 1339 – 1345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allopenna , P. D. , Magnuson , J. S. and Tanenhaus , M. K. 1998 . Tracking the time course of spoken word recognition using eye movements: Evidence for continuous mapping models . Journal of Memory and Language , 38 : 419 – 439 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson-Hsieh , J. , Johnson , R. and Koehler , K. 1992 . The relationship between native speaker judgments of nonnative pronunciation and deviance in segmentals, prosody, and syllable structure . Language Learning , 42 : 529 – 555 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arlinger , S. , Lunner , T. , Lyxell , B. and Pichora-Fuller , M. K. 2009 . The emergence of cognitive hearing science . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 50 : 371 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assmann , P. and Summerfield , Q. 2004 . “ The perception of speech under adverse conditions ” . In The auditory basis of speech perception , Edited by: Greenberg , S. and Ainsworth , W. 231 – 308 . Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. 1986 . Working memory , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. , & Hitch , G. J. 1974 . Working memory . In G. H. Bower , The psychology of learning and motivation , Vol. 8 , pp. 47 – 89 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Badecker , W. 2005 . “ Speech perception following focal brain injury ” . In The handbook of speech perception , Edited by: Pisoni , D. B. and Remez , R. E. 524 – 545 . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Bard , E. G. , Shillcock , R. C. and Altmann , G. T. M. 1988 . The recognition of words after their acoustic offsets in spontaneous speech: Effects of subsequent context . Perception and Psychophysics , 44 : 395 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bard , E. G. , Sotillo , C. , Kelly , M. L. and Aylett , M. P. 2001 . Taking the hit: Leaving some lexical competition to be resolved post-lexically . Language and Cognitive Processes , 16 : 731 – 737 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumstein , S. E. 2007 . “ Word recognition in aphasia ” . In The Oxford handbook of psycholinguistics , Edited by: Gaskell , M. G. 141 – 155 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boothroyd , A. and Nittrouer , S. 1988 . Mathematical treatment of context effects in phoneme and word recognition . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 84 : 101 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borden , G. , Harris , K. and Raphael , L. 2003 . Speech science primer: Physiology, acoustics, and perception of speech , 4th ed. , Baltimore : Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Borsky , S. , Tuller , B. and Shapiro , L. P. 1998 . “How to milk a coat”: The effects of semantic and acoustic information on phoneme categorization . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 103 : 2670 – 2676 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradlow , A. R. and Alexander , J. A. 2007 . Semantic-contextual and acoustic-phonetic enhancements for English sentence-in-noise recognition by native and non-native listeners . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 121 : 2339 – 2349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradlow , A. R. and Bent , T. 2008 . Perceptual adaptation to non-native speech . Cognition , 106 : 707 – 729 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradlow , A. R , Torretta , G. M. and Pisoni , D. B. 1996 . Intelligibility of normal speech I: Global and fine-grained acoustic-phonetic talker characteristics . Speech Communication , 20 : 255 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bregman , A. S. 1990 . Auditory scene analysis: The perceptual organization of sound , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brennan , S. E. and Schober , M. F. 2001 . How listeners compensate for disfluencies in spontaneous speech . Journal of Memory and Language , 44 : 274 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brungart , D. S. 2001 . Informational and energetic masking effects in the perception of two simultaneous talkers . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 109 : 1101 – 1109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brungart , D. S. , Simpson , B. D. , Darwin , C. J. , Arbogast , T. L. and Kidd , G. Jr. 2005 . Across-ear interference from parametrically degraded synthetic speech signals in a dichotic cocktail-party listening task . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 117 : 292 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchsbaum , B. R. , Olsen , R. K. , Koch , P. and Berman , K. F. 2005 . Human dorsal and ventral auditory streams subserve rehearsal-based and echoic processes during verbal working memory . Neuron , 48 : 687 – 697 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan , D. and Waters , G. S. 1999 . Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 22 : 77 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherry , E. C. 1953 . Some experiments on the recognition of speech, with one and with two ears . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 25 : 975 – 979 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , H. H. and Fox Tree , J. E. 2002 . Using uh and um in spontaneous speaking . Cognition , 84 : 73 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clopper , C. G. and Pisoni , D. B. 2004 . Effects of talker variability on perceptual learning dialects . Language and Speech , 47 : 207 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connine , C. M. and Clifton , C. 1987 . Interactive use of lexical information in speech perception . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 13 : 291 – 299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , M. 2006 . A glimpsing model of speech perception in noise . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 119 : 1562 – 1573 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , M. P. , Garcia Lecumberri , M. L. and Barker , J. 2008 . The foreign language cocktail effect party problem: Energetic and informational masking effects in non-native speech perception . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 123 : 414 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowder , R. G. and Morton , J. 1969 . Precategorical acoustic storage (PAS) . Perception & Psychophysics , 5 : 365 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler , A. , Garcia Lecumberri , M. L. and Cooke , M. P. 2008 . Consonant identification in noise by native and non-native listeners: Effects of local context . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 124 : 1264 – 1268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler , A. , Webber , A. , Smits , R. and Cooper , N. 2004 . Patterns of English phoneme confusions by native and non-native listeners . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 116 : 3668 – 3678 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahan , D. , Drucker , S. J. and Scarborough , R. A. 2008 . Talker adaptation in speech perception: Adjusting the signal or the representations? . Cognition , 108 : 710 – 718 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahan , D. and Magnuson , J. S. 2006 . “ Spoken-word recognition ” . In Handbook of psycholinguistics , Edited by: Traxler , M. J. and Gernsbacher , M. A. 249 – 283 . Amsterdam : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dahan , D. and Mead , R. L. 2010 . Context-conditioned generalization in adaptation to distorted speech . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 36 : 704 – 728 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darley , F. L. , Aronson , A. E. and Brown , J. R. 1969 . Differential diagnostic patterns of dysarthria . Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , 12 : 246 – 269 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Darwin , C. J. 2008 . Listening to speech in the presence of other sounds . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B , 363 : 1011 – 1021 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. , Coleman , M. R. , Absalom , A. R. , Rodd , J. M. , Johnsrude , I. S. , Matta , B. F. , Owen , A. M. and Menon , D. K. 2007 . Dissociating speech perception and comprehension at reduced levels of awareness . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA , 104 : 16032 – 16037 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. , Ford , M. A. , Kherif , F. and Johnsrude , I. S. 2011 . Does semantic context benefit speech understanding through “top-down” processes? Evidence from time-resolved sparse fMRI . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 23 : 3914 – 3932 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. and Gaskell , M. G. 2009 . A complementary systems account of word learning: Neural and behavioural evidence . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B , 364 : 3773 – 3800 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. and Johnsrude , I. S. 2003 . Hierarchical processing in spoken language comprehension . Journal of Neuroscience , 23 : 3423 – 3431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. and Johnsrude , I. S. 2007 . Hearing speech sounds: Top-down influences on the interface between audition and speech perception . Hearing Research , 229 : 132 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. , Johnsrude , I. S. , Hervais-Adelman , A. , Taylor , K. and McGettigan , C. 2005 . Lexical information drives perceptual learning of distorted speech: Evidence from the comprehension of noise-vocoded sentences . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 134 : 222 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick , F. , Bates , E. , Wulfeck , B. , Aydelott Utman , J. , Dronkers , N. and Gernsbacher , M. A. 2001 . Language deficits, localisation and grammar: Evidence for a distributive model of language breakdown in aphasics and normals . Psychological Review , 108 : 759 – 788 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmister , W. B. , Talavage , T. M. , Ledden , P. J. and Weisskoff , R. M. 1999 . Improved auditory cortex imaging using clustered volume acquisitions . Human Brain Mapping , 7 : 89 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisner , F. , McGettigan , C. , Faulkner , A. , Rosen , S. and Scott , S. K. 2010 . Inferior frontal gyrus activation predicts individual differences in perceptual learning of cochlear-implant simulations . Journal of Neuroscience , 30 : 7179 – 7186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisner , F. and McQueen , J. M. 2005 . The specificity of perceptual learning in speech processing . Perception & Psychophysics , 67 : 224 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernestus , M. , Baayen , H and Schreuder , R. 2002 . The recognition of reduced word forms . Brain and Language , 81 : 162 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson , S. H. and Kewley-Port , D. 2002 . Vowel intelligibility in clear and conversational speech for normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 112 : 259 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes , T. , Kolinsky , R. and Ventura , P. 2010 . Cognitive noise is also noise: The impact of attention load on the use of statistical information and coarticulation as speech segmentation cues . Attention, Perception, Psychophysics , 72 : 1522 – 1532 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes , T , Ventura , P. and Kolinsky , R. 2007 . Statistical information and coarticulation as cues to word boundaries: A matter of signal quality . Perception & Psychophysics , 69 : 856 – 864 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festen , J. M. and Plomp , R. 1990 . Effects of fluctuating noise and interfering speech on the speech-reception SRT for impaired and normal hearing . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 88 : 1725 – 1736 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floccia , C. , Goslin , J. , Girard , F. and Konopczynski , G. 2006 . Does a regional accent perturb speech processing? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 32 : 1276 – 1293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , A. L. 2010 . Improved segregation of simultaneous talkers differentially affects perceptual and cognitive capacity demands for recognizing speech in competing speech . Attention, Perception, Psychophysics , 72 : 501 – 516 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , A. L. and Nusbaum , H. C. 2009 . Effects of intelligibility on working memory demand for speech perception . Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics , 71 : 1360 – 1374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankish , C. 2008 . Precategorical acoustic storage and the perception of speech . Journal of Memory and Language , 58 : 815 – 836 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freyman , R. L. , Balakrishnan , U. and Helfer , K. 2004 . Effect of number of masking talkers and auditory priming on informational masking in speech recognition . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 115 : 2246 – 2256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friederici , A. D. , Steinhauer , K. and Frisch , S. 1999 . Lexical integration: Sequential effects of syntactic and semantic information . Memory and Cognition , 27 : 438 – 453 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganong , W. F. 1980 . Phonetic categorization in auditory word perception . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 6 : 110 – 125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garci Lecumberri , M. L. and Cooke , M. 2006 . Effect of masker type on native and non-native consonant perception in noise . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 119 : 2445 – 2454 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garci Lecumberri , M. L. , Cooke , M. and Cutler , A. 2010 . Non-native speech perception in adverse conditions: A review . Speech Communication , 52 : 864 – 886 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaskell , M. G. , Quinlan , P. T. , Tamminen , J. and Cleland , A. A. 2008 . The nature of phoneme representation in spoken word recognition . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 137 : 282 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giraud , A. L. , Kell , C. , Thierfelder , C. , Sterzer , P. , Russ , M. O. , Preibisch , C. and Kleinschmidt , A. 2004 . Contributions of sensory input, auditory search and verbal comprehension to cortical activity during speech processing . Cerebral Cortex , 14 : 247 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldinger , S. D. 1998 . Echoes of echoes? An episodic theory of lexical access . Psychological Review , 105 : 251 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstone , R. L. 1998 . Perceptual learning . Annual Review of Psychology , 49 : 585 – 612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosselin , P. A. and Gagné , J. -P. 2010 . Use of dual-task paradigm to measure listening effort . Canadian Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology , 34 : 43 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Grosjean , F. 1980 . Spoken word recognition processes and the gating paradigm . Perception & Psychophysics , 28 : 267 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haggort , P. and van Berkum , J. 2007 . Beyond the sentence given . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B , 362 : 801 – 811 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , D. A. , Haggard , M. P. , Akeroyd , M. A. , Palmer , A. R. , Summerfield , A. Q. Elliott , M. R. 1999 . “Sparse” temporal sampling in auditory fMRI . Human Brain Mapping , 7 : 213 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannemann , R. , Obleser , J. and Eulitz , C. 2007 . Top-down knowledge supports the retrieval of lexical information from degraded speech . Brain Research , 1153 : 134 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding , A. and Grunwell , P. 1996 . Characteristics of cleft palate speech . European Journal of Disorders of Communication , 31 : 331 – 357 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hazan , V. , & Baker , R. 2011 Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of speech produced with communicative intent to counter adverse listening conditions . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 130 , 2139 – 2152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich , A. , Carlyon , R. , Davis , M. H. and Johnsrude , I. S. 2008 . Illusory vowels resulting from perceptual continuity: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 20 : 1737 – 1752 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich , A. , Carlyon , R. , Davis , M. H. and Johnsrude , I. S. 2011 . The continuity illusion does not depend on attentional state: fMRI evidence from illusory vowels . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 23 : 2675 – 2689 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helfer , K. S. 1994 . Binaural cues and consonant perception in reverberation and noise . Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , 37 : 429 – 438 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hervais-Adelman , A. , Davis , M. H. , Johnsrude , I. S. and Carlyon , R. P . 2008 . Perceptual learning of noise vocoded words: Effects of feedback and lexicality . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 34 : 460 – 474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hervais-Adelman , A. , Davis , M. H. , Taylor , K. , Johnsrude , I. S. and Carlyon , R. P . 2011 . Generalization of perceptual learning of vocoded speech . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 37 : 283 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickok , G. and Poeppel , D. 2007 . The cortical organization of speech processing . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 8 : 393 – 402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt , L. L. and Lotto , A. J. 2008 . Speech perception within an auditory cognitive science framework . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 17 : 42 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huckvale , M. , & Frasi , D. 2010 . Measuring the effect of noise reduction on listening effort . Audio engineering society 39 th conference on audio forensics . Copenhagen , Denmark .
   Google Scholar
• Huggins , A. W. F. 1975 . Temporally segmented speech . Perception & Psychophysics , 18 : 149 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer , N. , Brungart , D. S. and Simpson , B. D. 2010 . Effects of target-masker contextual similarity on the multimasker penalty in a three-talker diotic listening task . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 128 : 2998 – 3010 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby , L. L. 1991 . A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory . Journal of Memory and Language , 30 : 513 – 541 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacquemot , C. , Dupoux , E. , Decouche , O. and Bachoud-Lévi , A.-C. 2006 . Misperception in sentences but not in words: Speech perception and the phonological buffer . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 23 : 949 – 971 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jesse , A. , McQueen , J. M. and Page , M. 2007 . “ The locus of talker-specific effects in spoken word recognition ” . In Proceedings of the 16th international congress of phonetic sciences , Edited by: Trouvain , J. and Barry , W. J. 1921 – 1924 . Dudweiler : Pirrot .
   Google Scholar
• Jiang , J. , Chen , M. and Alwan , A. 2006 . On the perception of voicing in syllable-initial plosives in noise . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 119 : 1092 – 1105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juang , B. H. 1991 . Speech recognition in adverse environments . Computer Speech and Language , 5 : 275 – 294 .
   Google Scholar
• Junqua , J.-C. and Haton , J.-P. 1995 . Robustness in automatic speech recognition: Fundamentals and applications , Norwell , MA : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Just , M. A. and Carpenter , P. A. 1992 . A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory . Psychological Review , 99 : 122 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman , D. 1973 . Attention and effort , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Kalikow , D. N. , Stevens , K. N. and Elliott , L. L. 1977 . Development of a test of speech intelligibility in noise using sentence materials with controlled word predictability . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 61 : 1337 – 1351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalm , K. , Davis , M. H. , Norris , D. 2012 Neural mechanisms underlying the temporal grouping effect in short-term memory . Human Brain Mapping , 33 , 1634 – 1647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent , R. D. , Weismer , G. , Kent , J. F. and Rosenbek , J. C. 1989 . Toward phonetic intelligibility testing in dysarthria . Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders , 54 : 482 – 499 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kidd , G. Jr , Mason , C. R. , Richards , V. M. , Gallun , F. J. and Durlach , N. I. 2007 . “ Informational masking ” . In Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, 29: Auditory Perception of Sound Sources , Edited by: Yost , W. 143 – 190 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Kraljic , T. , Brennan , S. E. and Samuel , A. G. 2008 . Accommodating variation: Dialects, idiolects, and speech processing . Cognition , 107 : 54 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraljic , T. and Samuel , A.G. 2007 . Perceptual adjustments to multiple speakers . Journal of Memory and Language , 56 : 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause , J. C. and Braida , L. D. 2002 . Investigating alternative forms of clear speech: The effects of speaking rate and speaking mode on intelligibility . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 112 : 2165 – 2172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leek , M. R. 1987 . “ Directed attention in complex sound perception ” . In Auditory processing of complex sounds , Edited by: Yost , W. A. and Watson , C. S. 278 – 288 . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Leek , M. R. and Watson , C. S. 1984 . Learning to detect auditory pattern components . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 76 : 1037 – 1044 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levelt , W. J. M. 1989 . Speaking: From intention to articulation , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , R. L. , Vasishth , S. and Van Dyke , J. A. 2006 . Computational principles of working memory in sentence comprehension . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 10 : 447 – 454 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liss , J. M. 2007 . “ The role of speech perception in motor speech disorders ” . In Motor speech disorders , Edited by: Weismer , G. 187 – 219 . San Diego : Plural Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Liss , J. M. , Spitzer , S. , Caviness , J. N. , Adler , C. and Edwards , B. 1998 . Syllabic strength and lexical boundary decisions in the perception of hypokinetic dysarthric speech . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 104 : 2457 – 2466 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombard , E. 1911 . Le signe de l'élévation de la voix . Annales des Maladies de l'Oreille, du Larynx, du Nez et du Pharynx , 37 : 101 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Luce , P. A. and McLennan , C. T. 2005 . “ Spoken word recognition: The challenge of variation ” . In The handbook of speech perception , Edited by: Pisoni , D. B. and Remez , R. E. 591 – 609 . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Luce , P. A. , McLennan , C. T. and Charles-Luce , J. 2003 . “ Abstractness and specificity in spoken word recognition: Indexical and allophonic variability in long-term repetition priming ” . In Rethinking implicit memory , Edited by: Bowers , J. and Marsolek , C. 197 – 214 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Luce , P. A. and Pisoni , D. B. 1998 . Recognizing spoken words: The neighborhood activation model . Ear and Hearing , 19 : 1 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marslen-Wilson , W. D. 1984 . Function and process in spoken word recognition . In H. Bouma & D. G. Bouwhuis , Attention and performance X. Control of language processes . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Marslen-Wilson , W. D. and Tyler , L. K. 1980 . The temporal structure of spoken language understanding . Cognition , 8 : 1 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattys , S. L. 2004 . Stress versus coarticulation: Towards an integrated approach to explicit speech segmentation . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 30 : 397 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattys , S. L. , Brooks , J. and Cooke , M. 2009 . Recognizing speech under a processing load: Dissociating energetic from informational factors . Cognitive Psychology , 59 : 203 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattys , S. L. , Carroll , L. M. , Li , C. K. W. and Chan , S. L. Y. 2010 . Effects of energetic and informational masking on speech segmentation by native and non-native speakers . Speech Communication , 52 : 887 – 899 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattys , S. L. and Liss , J. M. 2008 . On building models of spoken-word recognition: When there is as much to learn from natural "oddities" as from artificial normality . Perception & Psychophysics , 70 : 1235 – 1242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattys , S. L. , Pleydell-Pearce , C. W. , Melhorn , J. F. and Whitecross , S. E. 2005 . Detecting silent pauses in speech: A new tool for measuring on-line lexical and semantic processing . Psychological Science , 16 : 958 – 964 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattys , S. L. , White , L. and Melhorn , J. F . 2005 . Integration of multiple speech segmentation cues: A hierarchical framework . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 134 : 477 – 500 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattys , S. L. and Wiget , L. 2011 . Effect of cognitive load on speech recognition . Journal of Memory and Language , 65 : 145 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maye , J. , Aslin , R. N. and Tanenhaus , M. K. 2008 . The weckud wetch of the wast: Lexical adaptation to a novel accent . Cognitive Science , 32 : 543 – 562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo , L. H. , Florentine , M. and Buss , S. 1997 . Age of second-language acquisition and perception of speech in noise . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , 40 : 686 – 693 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland , J. L. , Mirman , D. and Holt , L. L. 2006 . Are there interactive processes in speech perception? . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 10 : 363 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLennan , C. T. and Luce , P. A. 2005 . Examining the time course of indexical specificity effects in spoken word recognition . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 31 : 306 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQueen , J. M. 2007 . “ Eight questions about spoken-word recognition ” . In The Oxford handbook of psycholinguistics , Edited by: Gaskell , M. G. 37 – 53 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McQueen , J. M. , Cutler , A. and Norris , D. 2006 . Phonological abstraction in the mental lexicon . Cognitive Science , 30 : 1113 – 1126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQueen , J. M. , Norris , D and Cutler , A. 2006 . Are there really interactive processes in speech perception? . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 10 : 533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , G. A. , Heise , G. A. and Lichten , W. 1951 . The intelligibility of speech as a function of the context of the test materials . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 41 : 329 – 335 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller , G. A. and Isard , S. 1963 . Some perceptual consequences of linguistic rules . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 2 : 217 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , A. A. and Licklider , J. C. R. 1950 . The intelligibility of interrupted speech . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 27 : 167 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirman , D. , McClelland , J. L. , Holt , L. L. and Magnuson , J. S. 2008 . Effects of attention on the strength of lexical influences on speech perception: Behavioral experiments and computational mechanisms . Cognitive Science , 32 : 398 – 417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitterer , H. 2006 . Listeners recover /t/s that speakers reduce: Evidence from /t/-lenition in Dutch . Journal of Phonetics , 34 : 73 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , R. K. 2010 . “ Cognitive approaches to spoken language technology ” . In Speech technology: Theory and applications , Edited by: Chen , F. and Jokinen , K. 89 – 103 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Munro , M. J. and Derwing , T. M. 1995 . Processing time, accent, and comprehensibility in the perception of native and foreign-accented speech . Language and Speech , 38 : 289 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nábelek , A. K. 1988 . Identification of vowels in quiet, noise, and reverberation: Relationships with age and hearing loss . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 84 : 476 – 484 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nábelek , A. K. and Donahue , A. M. 1984 . Perception of consonants in reverberation by native and non-native listeners . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 75 : 632 – 634 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neisser , U. 1967 . Cognitive psychology , New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Newman , R. S. , Sawusch , J. R. and Wunnenberg , T. 2011 . Cues and cue interactions in segmenting words in fluent speech . Journal of Memory and Language , 64 : 460 – 476 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson , M. and Kleijn , W. B. 2001 . Avoiding overestimation in bandwidth extension of telephony speech . Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing , 2 : 869 – 872 .
   Google Scholar
• Norris , D. and McQueen , J. M. 2008 . Shortlist B: A Bayesian model of continuous speech recognition . Psychological Review , 115 : 357 – 395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris , D. , McQueen , J. M. and Cutler , A. 2003 . Perceptual learning in speech . Cognitive Psychology , 47 : 204 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nusbaum , H. and Magnuson , J. 1997 . “ Talker normalization: Phonetic constancy as a cognitive process ” . In Talker variability in speech processing , Edited by: Johnson , K. and Mullenix , J. 109 – 132 . San Diego , CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nusbaum , H. and Morin , T. 1992 . “ Paying attention to differences among talkers ” . In Speech perception, production, and linguistic structure , Edited by: Tohkura , Y. , Bateson , E. and Sagisaka , Y. 66 – 94 . Tokyo : IOS Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nusbaum , H. C. and Schwab , E. X. 1986 . “ The role of attention and active processing in speech perception ” . In Pattern recognition by humans and machines: Vol. I. Speech perception , Edited by: Schwab , E. C. and Nusbaum , H. C. 113 – 157 . San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nygaard , L. C. , Sommers , M. S. and Pisoni , D. B. 1994 . Speech perception as a talker-contingent process . Psychological Science , 5 : 42 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obleser , J. , Eisner , F. and Kotz , S. A. 2008 . Bilateral speech comprehension reflects differential sensitivity to spectral and temporal features . Journal of Neuroscience , 28 : 8116 – 8123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obleser , J. and Kotz , S. A. 2010 . Expectancy constraints in degraded speech modulate the language comprehension network . Cerebral Cortex , 20 : 633 – 640 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obleser , J. and Kotz , S. A. 2011 . Multiple brain signatures of integration in the comprehension of degraded speech . Neuroimage , 55 : 713 – 723 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obleser , J. , Meyer , L. and Friederici , A. D. 2011 . Dynamic assignment of neural resources in auditory comprehension of complex sentences . Neuroimage , 56 : 2310 – 2320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obleser , J. , Wise , R. J. S. , Dresner , M. A. and Scott , S. K. 2007 . Functional integration across brain regions improves speech perception under adverse conditions . Journal of Neuroscience , 27 : 2283 – 2289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orfanidou , E. , Davis , M. H. , Ford , M. A. and Marslen-Wilson , W. D. 2011 . Perceptual and response components in repetition priming of spoken words and pseudowords . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 64 : 96 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osberger , M. J. , & McGarr , N. S. 1982 . Speech production characteristics of the hearing-impaired . In N. Lass , Speech and language: Advances in basic research and practice , Vol. 8 pp. 221 – 284 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pallier , C. , Sebastian-Galles , N. , Dupoux , E. , Christophe , A. and Mehler , J. 1998 . Perceptual adjustment to time-compressed speech: A cross-linguistic study . Memory & Cognition , 26 : 844 – 851 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parikh , G. and Loizou , P. 2005 . The influence of noise on vowel and consonant cues . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 118 : 3874 – 3888 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peelle , J. E. , Eason , R. J. , Schmitter , S. , Schwarzbauer , C. and Davis , M. H. 2010 . Evaluating an acoustically quiet EPI sequence for use in fMRI studies of speech and auditory processing . Neuroimage , 52 : 1410 – 1419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peelle , J. E. and Wingfield , A. 2005 . Dissociable components of perceptual learning revealed by adult age differences in adaptation to time-compressed speech . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 31 : 1315 – 1330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picheny , M. A. , Durlach , N. I. and Braida , L. D. 1985 . Speaking clearly for the hard of hearing I: Intelligibility difference between clear and conversational speech . Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , 28 : 96 – 103 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Picheny , M. A. , Durlach , N. I. and Braida , L. D. 1986 . Speaking clearly for the hard of hearing II: Acoustic characteristics of clear and conversational speech . Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , 29 : 434 – 446 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Picheny , M. A. , Durlach , N. I. and Braida , L. D. 1989 . Speaking clearly for the hard of hearing. III. An attempt to determine the contribution of speaking rate to differences in intelligibility between clear and conversational speech . Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , 32 : 600 – 603 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pichora-Fuller , M. K. , Schneider , B. A. and Daneman , M. 1995 . How young and old adults listen to and remember speech in noise . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 97 : 593 – 608 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichora-Fuller , M. K. and Singh , G. 2006 . Effects of age on auditory and cognitive processing: Implications for hearing aid fitting and audiological rehabilitation . Trends in Amplification , 10 : 29 – 59 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pisoni , D. B. 1997 . “ Some thoughts on “normalization” in speech perception ” . In Talker variability in speech processing , Edited by: Johnson , K. and Mullennix , J. W. 9 – 32 . San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pisoni , D. B. and Levi , S. V. 2007 . “ Some observations on representations and representational specificity in speech perception and spoken word recognition ” . In The Oxford handbook of Psycholinguistics , Edited by: Gaskell , M. G. 3 – 18 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Poeppel , D. , Idsardi , W. J. and van Wassenhove , V. 2008 . Speech perception at the interface of neurobiology and linguistics . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences , 363 : 1071 – 1086 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigatano , G. P. and Schacter , D. L. 1991 . Awareness of deficit after brain injury , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rabbitt , P. M. 1968 . Channel-capacity, intelligibility and immediate memory . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 20 : 241 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radeau , M. , Morais , J. , Mousty , P. and Bertelson , P. 2000 . The effect of speaking rate on the role of the uniqueness point in spoken word recognition . Journal of Memory and Language , 42 : 406 – 422 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauschecker , J. P. and Scott , S. K. 2009 . Maps and streams in the auditory cortex: nonhuman primates illuminate human speech processing . Nature Neuroscience , 12 : 718 – 724 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodd , J. M. , Johnsrude , I. S. and Davis , M. H. 2010 . The role of domain-general frontal systems in language comprehension: Evidence from dual-task interference and semantic ambiguity . Brain and Language , 115 : 182 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , C. L. , Lister , J. J. , Febor , D. M. , Besing , J. M. and Abrams , H. B. 2006 . Effects of bilingualism, noise, and reverberation on speech perception by listeners with normal hearing . Applied Psycholinguistics , 27 : 465 – 485 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönnberg , J. , Rudner , M. , Foo , C. and Lunner , T. 2008 . Cognition counts: A working memory system for ease of language understanding (ELU) . International Journal of Audiology , 47 : S171 – S177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönnberg , J , Rudner , M. , Lunner , T. and Zekveld , A. A. 2010 . When cognition kicks in: Working memory and speech understanding in noise . Noise & Health , 12 : 263 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rostolland , D. 1982 . Acoustic features of shouted voice . Acustica , 50 : 118 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Rostolland , D. 1985 . Intelligibility of shouted voice . Acustica , 57 : 103 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Samuel , A. G. 1981 . Phonemic restoration: Insights from a new methodology . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 110 : 474 – 494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel , A. G. and Kraljic , T. 2009 . Perceptual learning for speech . Attention, Perception, Psychophysics , 71 : 1207 – 1218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarampalis , A. , Kalluri , S. , Edwards , B. and Hafter , E. 2009 . Objective measures of listening effort: Effects of background noise and noise reduction . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , 52 : 1230 – 1240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharenborg , O. 2007 . Reaching over the gap: A review of efforts to link human and automatic speech recognition research . Speech Communication , 49 : 336 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , B. A. , Daneman , M. and Murphy , D. R. 2005 . Speech comprehension difficulties in older adults: Cognitive slowing or age-related changes in hearing? . Psychology and Aging , 20 : 261 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzbauer , C. , Davis , M. H. , Rodd , J. M. and Johnsrude , I. S. 2006 . Sparse imaging with interleaved, silent steady state (ISSS) . Neuroimage , 25 : 774 – 782 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , S. K. , Rosen , S. , Beaman , C. P. , Davis , J. and Wise , R. J. S. 2009 . The neural processing of masked speech: Evidence for different mechanisms in the left and right temporal lobes . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 125 : 1737 – 1743 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , S. K. , Rosen , S. , Wickham , L. and Wise , R. J. S. 2004 . A positron emission tomography study of the neural basis of informational and energetic masking effects in speech perception . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 115 : 813 – 821 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahin , A. J. , Bishop , C. W. and Miller , L. M. 2009 . Neural mechanisms for illusory filling-in of degraded speech . Neuroimage , 44 : 1133 – 1143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon , R. V. , Zeng , F.-G. , Kamath , V. , Wygonski , J. and Ekelid , M. 1995 . Speech recognition with primarily temporal cues . Science , 270 : 303 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shriberg , E. E. 1994 . Preliminaries to a theory of speech disfluencies (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) . University of California , Berkeley .
   Google Scholar
• Sidaras , S. K. , Alexander , J. E. D. and Nygaard , L. D. 2009 . Perceptual learning of systematic variation in Spanish-accented speech . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 125 : 3306 – 3316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , S. and Cooke , M. P. 2005 . Consonant identification in N-talker babble is a nonmonotonic function of N . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 118 : 2775 – 2778 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smiljanic , R. and Bradlow , A. R. 2009 . Speaking and hearing clearly: Talker and listener factors in speaking style changes . Linguistics and Language Compass , 3 : 236 – 264 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith , M. R. , Cutler , A. , Butterfield , S. and Nimmo-Smith , I. 1989 . The perception of rhythm and word boundaries in noise-masked speech . Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , 32 : 912 – 920 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Summers , W. V. , Pisoni , D. B. , Bernacki , R. H. , Pedlow , R. I. and Stokes , M. A. 1988 . Effects of noise on speech production: Acoustic and perceptual analyses . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 84 : 917 – 928 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumner , M. and Samuel , A. G. 2009 . The effect of experience on the perception and representation of dialect variants . Journal of Memory and Language , 60 : 487 – 501 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swinney , D. 1979 . Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re)consideration of context effects . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 18 : 645 – 659 .
   Google Scholar
• Tanenhaus , M. K. , Leiman , J. and Seidenberg , M. 1979 . Evidence for multiple stages in the processing of ambiguous words in syntactic contexts . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 18 : 427 – 440 .
   Google Scholar
• Toro , J. M. , Sinnett , S. and Soto-Faraco , S. 2005 . The consequences of diverting attention within and across sensory modalities on statistical learning . Cognition , 97 : B25 – B34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchanski , R. M. 2005 . “ Clear speech ” . In Handbook of speech perception , Edited by: Pisoni , D. B. and Remez , R. E. 207 – 235 . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Van Engen , K. J. and Bradlow , A. R. 2007 . Sentence recognition in native and foreign-language multi-talker background noise . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 121 : 519 – 526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Petten , C. , Coulson , S. , Rubin , S. , Plante , E. and Parks , M. 1999 . Timecourse of word identification and semantic integration in spoken language . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 25 : 394 – 417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitevitch , M. S. and Luce , P. A. 1999 . Probabilistic phonotactics and spoken word recognition . Journal of Memory and Language , 40 : 374 – 408 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren , R. M. and Obusek , C. 1971 . Speech perception and phonemic restorations . Perception & Psychophysics , 9 : 358 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welby , P. 2007 . The role of early fundamental frequency rises and elbows in French word segmentation . Speech Communication , 49 : 28 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild , C. , Davis , M. H. and Johnsrude , I. S. 2012 . The perceptual clarity of speech modulates activity in primary auditory cortex: fMRI evidence of interactive processes in speech perception . Neuroimage , 60 : 1490 – 1502 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , B. S. , Finley , C. C. , Lawson , D. T. , Wolford , R. D. , Eddington , D. K. and Rabinowitz , W. M. 1991 . Better speech recognition with cochlear implants . Nature , 352 : 236 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwitserlood , P. 1989 . The locus of effects of sentential-semantic context in spoken-word processing . Cognition , 32 : 25 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar