621
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Eye movements during reading proverbs and regular sentences: the incoming word predictability effect

, , &
Pages 260-273 | Received 20 Mar 2012, Published online: 08 Jan 2013

References

  • Ahissar, M., & Hochstein, S. (1997). Task difficulty and the specificity of perceptual learning. Nature, 387, 401–406. doi:10.1038/387401a0
  • Bates, D. M. (2010). lme4: Mixed-effects modeling with R. New York, NY: Springer. Prepublication version at: http://lme4.r-forge.r-project.org/book/
  • Bates, D. M., Maechler, M., & Bolker, B. (2012). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes. R package version 0.999999-0. [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4
  • Boston, M. F., Hale, J., Kliegl, R., Patil, U., & Vasishth, S. (2008). Parsing costs as predictors of reading difficulty: An evaluation using the Potsdam Sentence Corpus. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 2(1), 1–12.
  • Boston, M. F., Hale, J. T., Vasishth, S., & Kliegl, R. (2011). Parallelism and syntactic processes in reading difficulty. Language and Cognitive Processes, 26, 301–349. doi:10.1080/01690965.2010.492228
  • Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1975). Applied multiple regression and correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Dambacher, M., Kliegl, R., Hofmann, M., & Jacobs, A. M. (2006). Frequency and predictability effectson event-related potentials during reading. Brain Research, 1084, 89–103. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.010
  • Demberg, V., & Keller, F. (2008). Data from eye-tracking corpora as evidence for theories of syntactic processing complexity. Cognition, 109(2), 193–210. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.07.008
  • Drieghe, D. (2011). Parafoveal-on-foveal effects on eye-movements during reading. In S. P. Liversedge, I. D. Gilchrist, & S. Everling (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of eye movements (pp. 839–855). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ehrlich, S. F., & Rayner, K. (1981). Contextual effects on word recognition and eye movements during reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 641–655. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(81)90220-6
  • Frisson, S., Rayner, K., & Pickering, M. J. (2005). Effects of contextual predictability and transitional probability on eye movements during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31(5), 862–877. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.31.5.862
  • Heller, D., & Müller, H. (1983). On the relationship of saccade size and fixation duration in reading. In R. Groner, C. Menz, D. F. Fisher, & R. A. Monty (Eds.), Eye movements and psychological functions: International views (pp. 287–302). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Hyönä, J. (2011). Foveal and parafoveal processing during reading. In S. P. Liversedge, I. D. Gilchrist, & S. Everling (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of eye movements (pp. 819–838). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Inhoff, A. W., & Rayner, K. (1986). Parafoveal word processing during eye fixations in reading: Effects of word frequency. Perception & Psychophysics, 40(6), 431–439. doi:10.3758/BF03208203
  • Juhasz, B. J., White, S. J., Liversedge, S. P., & Rayner, K. (2008). Eye movements and the use of parafoveal word length information in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34, 1560–1579. doi:10.1037/a0012319
  • Katz, A. N., & Ferretti, T. R. (2001). Moment-by-moment reading of proverbs in literal and nonliteral contexts. Metaphor and Symbolism, 16(3), 193–221. doi:10.1207/S15327868MS1603&4_5
  • Keller, F., & Lapata, M. (2003). Using the web to obtain frequencies for unseen bigrams. Computational Linguistics, 29(3), 459–484. doi:10.1162/089120103322711604
  • Kennedy, A., & Pynte, J. (2005). Parafoveal-on-foveal effects in normal reading. Vision Research, 45(2), 153–168. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2004.07.037
  • Kennedy, A., Pynte, J., Murray, W. S., & Paul, S.-A. (2012). Frequency and predictability effects in the Dundee corpus. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. doi:10.1080/17470218.2012.676054
  • Kliegl, R. (2007). Toward a perceptual-span theory of distributed processing in reading: A reply to Rayner, Pollatsek, Drieghe, Slattery, and Reichle (2007). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(3), 530–537. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.3.530
  • Kliegl, R., Grabner, E., Rolfs, M., & Engbert, R. (2004). Length, frequency, and predictability effects of words on eye movements in reading. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 16(1), 262–284. doi:10.1080/09541440340000213
  • Kliegl, R., Nuthmann, A., & Engbert, R. (2006). Tracking the mind during reading: The influence of past, present, and future words on fixation durations. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 135(1), 12–35. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.135.1.12
  • Kuperman, V., Dambacher, M., Nuthmann A., & Kliegl, R., (2010). The effect of word position on eye-movements in sentence and paragraph reading. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(9), 1838–1857. doi:10.1080/17470211003602412
  • Landauer, T. K., & Dumais, S. T. (1997). A solution to Plato's problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of the acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge. Psychological Review, 104, 211–240. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.104.2.211
  • McConkie, G. W., & Rayner, K. (1975). The span of effective stimulus during a fixation in reading. Perception & Psychophysics, 17, 578–586. doi:10.3758/BF03203972
  • McDonald, S. A., & Shillcock, R. C. (2003). Eye movements reveal the on-line computation of lexical probabilities during reading. Psychological Science, 14, 648–652. doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1480.x
  • Ong, J. K. Y., & Kliegl, R. (2008). Conditional co-occurrence probability acts like frequency in predicting fixation durations. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 2(1):3, 1–7.
  • Pollatsek, A., Lesch, M., Morris, R. K., & Rayner, K. (1992). Phonological codes are used in integrating information across saccades in word identification and reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 148–162. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.18.1.148
  • Pollatsek, A., Rayner, K., & Balota, D. A. (1986). Inferences about eye movement control from the perceptual span in reading. Perception & Psychophysics, 40, 123–130. doi:10.3758/BF03208192
  • Pynte, J., New, B., & Kennedy, A. (2009). A multiple regression analysis of syntactic and semantic influences in reading normal text. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 2(1):4, 1–11.
  • Rayner, K. (1975). The perceptual span and peripheral cues in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 65–81. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(75)90005-5
  • Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372–422. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372
  • Rayner, K. (2009). Eye movements in reading: Models and data. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 2(5), 1–10.
  • Rayner, K., Ashby, J., Pollatsek, A., & Reichle, E. D. (2004). The effects of frequency and predictability on eye fixations in reading: Implications for the E-Z Reader model. The Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30(4), 720–732. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.30.4.720
  • Rayner, K., & Duffy, S. (1986). Lexical complexity and fixation times in reading: Effects of word frequency, verb complexity, and lexical ambiguity, Memory & Cognition, 14(3), 191–201. doi:10.3758/BF03197692
  • Rayner, K., Pollatsek, A., Drieghe, D., Slattery, T. J., & Reichle, E. D. (2007). Tracking the mind during reading via eye movements: Comments on Kliegl, Nuthmann, and Engbert (2006). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(3), 520–529. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.3.520
  • R Core Team. (2012). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. [Computer software]. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org/
  • Reichle, E. D., Liversedge, S. P., Pollastek, A., & Rayner, K. (2009). Encoding multiple words simultaneously in reading is implausible. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 115–119. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.12.002
  • Reichle, E. D., Pollatsek, A., Fisher, D. L., & Rayner, K. (1998). Toward a model of eye movement control in reading. Psychological Review, 105, 125–157. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.105.1.125
  • Schilling, H. E. H., Rayner, K., & Chumbley, J. I. (1998). Comparing naming, lexical decision, and eye fixation times: Word frequency effects and individual differences. Memory & Cognition, 26, 1270–1281. doi:10.3758/BF03201199
  • Sebastián-Gallés, N., Martí, M. A., Cuetos, F., & Carreiras, M. (1998). LEXESP: Léxico informatizado del español. Barcelona: Ediciones de la Universidad de Barcelona.
  • Taylor, W. L. (1953). Cloze procedure: A new tool for measuring readability. Journalism Quarterly, 30, 415–433.
  • Van Petten, C., & Kutas, M. (1990). Interactions between sentence context and word frequency in event-related brain potentials. Memory and Cognition, 18(4), 380–393. doi:10.3758/BF03197127
  • Vitu, F. O., Brysbaert, M., & Lancelin, D. (2004). A test of parafoveal-on-foveal effects with pairs of orthographically related words. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 16(1), 154–177. doi:10.1080/09541440340000178
  • White, S. J. (2008). Eye movement control during reading: Effects of word frequency and orthographic familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34, 205–233. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.34.1.205
  • Yan, M., Zhou, W., Shu, H., & Kliegl, R. (2012). Lexical and sublexical semantic preview benefits in Chinese reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. doi: 10.1037/a0026935

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.